Latitude Angle Research Articles

EVALUATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR-POWERED WATER PUMPING IRRIGATION SYSTEM DURING WINTER SEASON

The experimental work was carried out at a private farm in Nubariah, Al Buhayrah Governorate, Egypt, which located at latitude and longitude angle of 30.07°N and 30.33°E, respectively, during winter season (2016).The experiments were evaluated the performance of solar powered pump on a drip irrigation system. The photovoltaic water pumping system performance (sun tracking orientated facing south direction and tilt angle, horizontal and 30˚, head pump, solar radiation) on the study indicator ( electric power output of panel W, panel efficiency %, discharge of pump m³/h, hydraulic power W,. The results showed that, the discharge of water pump increased from (33, 35, 36.5, 38.5 and 39.5 m³/h) with solar radiation increased from (622, 711, 740, 752 and 812 W/m²) at constant of operating water head 30m and tilt angle (30˚), the discharge of water pump increased from (32, 34, 36, 37.5 and 38 m³/h) with solar radiation increased from (243, 266, 307, 312 and 527 W/m²) at constant of operating water head 30m and horizontal plane in 17 January, 2016. When the operating water head change from (30, 35, 40, 45 to 50 m) the discharge of water pump decreased from (33, 31.5, 29, 26 to 24.5 m³/h) in 17 January, 2016. PV efficiency decreased from (18.7, 16.8, 16.2, 15.9 and 16.5%) with the temperature increased from (19, 20, 21, 23 and 25°c) with in 17 January, 2016. The hydraulic power increased from 2698 to 3229 W with the discharge increased from 33 to 39 m³/h in 17 January, 2016. This study recommended using pump powered by solar energy in drip irrigation system at the large area under the experimental conditions.

Design and Performance of Two Axes Solar Tracker

The possible energy gain in the case of two axes tracking as well as a fixed system with Equator facing tilted solar PV module with latitude angle and daily optimum slope is calculated basing on Hottel clear sky radiation model (HM) and ex-terrestrial solar radiation model (ESRM). The calculated results are compared with the data obtained from a PV system with 252 Wpeak power module installed on a two axes solar tracker which was designed and constructed locally. The main components of the tracker are introduced. It was found that, the maximum possible energy gain calculated basing on HM and ESRM are practically identic. For example, on 25 August from 8 O’clock to solar noon, the hourly energy gain values of HM are 1.672, 1.336, 1.170, 1.098 and 1.097 while they are 1.677, 1.337, 1.170, 1.098 and 1.098 in the case of ESRM. The corresponding measured values on the same day are 1.746, 1.36, 1.16, 1.043 and 1.027. Thus, the theoretical data are consistent with the measured ones. Moreover, it was found that the tracked system is more economic feasible than latitude tilted similar one with a relative solar energy gain of 0.32%.

Energy-efficiency gain by combination of PV modules and Trombe wall in the low-energy building design

Ubiquitous modernization of building energy and management systems brings tendencies for an effective integration of renewables in buildings. This article shows how solar energy can be in charge of energy savings within a building by integration of solar systems with Trombe wall. Numerical calculations of Trombe wall thermal resistance and its performances in comparison with a common wall are considered. Additionally, energy-efficiency gaining by a combination of PV modules and Trombe wall, using simulations by SAM (System Advisor Model) software is discussed. PV module parameters and their impact on its electricity production are observed and analyzed. The PV module parameters, analyzed in the paper are: the tilt angle α of PV modules, incident angle β of direct sunrays on PV modules, normal beam irradiation N and PV cells operating temperature. With bigger incident angle β of direct sunlight on PV modules, the normal beam irradiation is smaller, which brings less electricity production. The impact of PV module operating temperature can be neglected in comparison with the impact of tilt angle on PV module electricity production. The optimal tilt angle of PV modules for generating maximum annual electricity is around latitude angle. It varies with normal beam irradiation to achieve the maximum monthly electricity production.

Utilization of Greenhouse (Lean-to Structural Frame) as a Solar Dryer for Drying Lemon Fruits Part I: Drying Process under High Air Temperature.

A solar lean-to greenhouse dryer was designed, constructed and tested for drying lemon fruits at the experiments and researches field, Faculty of Agriculture, MansouraUniversity (latitude and longitude angles, respectively, are 31.04ᵒN and 31.35ᵒE, and 6.72 m mean altitude above the sea level). In this study a new concept has been taken into consideration to maximize the greenhouse effect (thermal trapping) by using architectural form of lean-to greenhouse structural frame. The experimental work was carried out from 21st to 26th of August 2016. The obtained results showed that, using the northern wall reflector caused in increasing both the intensity of solar radiation inside the dryer and the indoor air temperature by 36.30% and 60.90%, respectively. The daily average solar radiation incident outside and inside the solar dryer were 5.188 and 3.383 kWh, respectively with effective transmittance of 65.21%. Using the northern reflector wall increased the daily average indoor solar radiation by 36.12%. The daily average outdoor and indoor air temperatures were 30.1 and 48.4oC, respectively. Accordingly, the solar dryer increased the indoor air temperature over the outdoor by 60.80%. These conditions of solar dryer caused in decreasing the daily average air relative humidity from 67.31 to 28.38% with reduction percentage of 38.93%. Three different shapes of lemon fruits (slices, half and whole lemon) was dried from initial moisture content of 87.04% (w.b.) to the final moisture of 17.30, 17.38 and 17.69% (w.b) within 3, 5, and 6 days, respectively.

A Numerical Simulation of a Stationary Solar Field Augmented by Plane Reflectors: Optimum Design Parameters

In this study, a theoretical analysis of a solar field augmented by a fixed reflector placed in the front between the top of the preceding row and the bottom of the succeeding row is presented. An analytical model has been developed and used to estimate the solar irradiation. The analytical model is based on the anisotropic sky model, assuming an infinite length of collector and reflector rows. A simulation has been carried out in order to figure out the behavior of the solar field and to find the optimum design parameters of the solar field leading to a maximum solar energy augmentation. The results obtained are depicted synoptically as a relationship between the solar field design parameters and the latitude angle, and this presentation enables us to determine the optimum design parameters in order to achieve the intended percentage improvement of solar radiation incident on the solar field rows at any location on the Northern hemisphere, which presents the novelty of this research. Also we have introduced a new parameter named “the effective height of the collector”, which presents the portion of the collector’s height illuminated by the reflector. This parameter is very important especially in case of PV solar fields, because it determines the domain of the concentrated solar energy over the surface of the PV panel.

Comparison Study of Solar Flat Plate Collector with Single and Double Glazing Systems

Abstract: Solar energy can be converted into useful energy in the form of thermal energy. One of the most efficient methods is to harvesting heat energy by using solar flat plate collector. The function of solar collector is to heat water from the atmospheric temperature. The heated water can be used for domestic and industrial applications etc. The efficiency of the solar collector is depend with many parameters such as  number of glass cover, wind velocity, space  between absorber plate to the glass cover and overall top loss heat transfer coefficient out of which top loss heat transfer coefficient top loss (U t ) plays an important role for design of solar collector. Taking this point under consideration the present work is to reduce the overall top loss heat transfer coefficient and improve the collector efficiency. A double glaze system was introduced and optimized the space between the absorber plate to glass cover (1) and glass cover (2)were considered to analysis the overall top loss heat transfer coefficient (U t ). The single and double glazing solar flat plate collectors were fabricated with same dimensions and installed at a latitude angle of 12 degree facing towards N-S direction. The experiment has been carried out between 10.00 AM to 4.00 PM with thermosyphon principle. The result shows that the efficiency of double glazing is higher compared to single glazing system with same solar intensity. The higher efficiency has obtained because of the overall top loss heat transfer coefficient was reduced in double glazing system. However, the efficiency of collector is not constant; it varies with wind velocity, convective, radiative heat transfer coefficient and solar intensity.Â

Basic dynamic and scale study of quasi-spherical Z-pinch implosion

Unlike cylindrical Z pinch, a quasi-spherical implosion enables load plasma to implode inward spherically and concentrate its kinetic energy toward the center. This helps to improve the energy-transport efficiency and increase the shock-induced radiation intensity of the foam convertor, when the quasi-spherical implosion is used to drive a dynamic hohlraum (DH). In previous work, it has been proved that a spherical metal shell with an exact mass-distribution can implode spherically by the nonuniform magnetic field, whose magnitude increases with the load latitude, Bφ~cos-1θ. However, this ‘mass-redistribution’ method is hard to realize on the fast pulse power generator widely used in today's Z-pinch study. The rise time of the facility is only ~100 ns, and the load is wire arrays with typical weight about 1 mg/cm. We develop a method of gaining quasi-spherical implosion with wire arrays by adjusting their initial shape, and it proves feasible on the 1.5 MA Qiangguang-I facility. Recently, we try to realize the quasi-spherical dynamic hohlraum (QSDH) implosion on generator with higher current, such as the 4.5 MA Angara5-I or the 8 MA PTS facility, and to make a direct compare with its cylindrical equivalence. But first of all, a basic but relatively comprehensive study on the quasi-spherical implosion dynamics is necessary and useful for the future QSDH load design and optimization.#br#Comparing with the device for classical cylindrical Z-pinch implosions, the load and electrodes structures of quasi-spherical implosions are complex, which leads to distinct implosion dynamics and scale rules. In this paper, we develop a thin shell model for the quasi-spherical implosion, from which the movement equation, as well as the energy scale relation is derived analytically. It is found that under the same drive condition, the implosion velocity and total kinetic energy of cylindrical load are higher than those of quasi-spherical one. However, as we expected, the quasi-spherical implosion has larger kinetic energy density, which is important for the applications such as driving a dynamic holhraum. Besides the peak current, the kinetic energy of quasi-spherical implosion also depends on the initial size of the load. By increasing the initial radius and maximum latitude angle moderately, one can obtain higher kinetic energy and energy density of the implosion, which is crucial for the load design. The theoretical study is supported by simulation results. It is found that under a drive condition close to that of the ZR facility, a quasi-spherical load with an initial radius of 5 cm will reach a peak kinetic energy density of 3.2 MJ/cm, which is about 3 times those from the cylindrical ones.

Thermal Performance Analysis For Three Different Geometric Shapes Of Greenhouse Type Solar Dryer

An analytical study was carried out for evaluating and analyzing the thermal performance of three different geometrical shapes of green-house type solar dryers which can be used for date drying. The different shapes are, Quonset shape (SD1), gable-even-span (SD2) and pyramid shape (SD3). The three solar dryers was designed and installed at the Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University (latitude angle of 30.62°, longitude angle 32.27° and 5m above the sea level) during September 2015. The tested dryers were operated under three different air velocities of 0.5, 1, 1.5 m/s. The thermal performance analysis of the dryers was conducted based on the thermal balance equations. The obtained results revealed that, overall thermal efficiency for the three different solar dryers (SD1, 2 and 3) were (55.6, 52.2 and 51.1%), (62.04, 58.6 and 57.1%) and (50.6, 47.6 and 46.2%) at air velocity of 0.5, 1, 1.5 m/s, respectively. The predicted heat energy for the three solar driers was found to be very close with that measured during the experimental period. From the three different shapes, the study recommended that the Quonset shape (SD1) is the best shape solar dryer due to largest surface area which observed greatest amount of solar radiation, increased solar energy and drying air temperature.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR DETERMINING OF HOURLY AVERAGE TOTAL SOLAR RADIATION ON TILTED SURFACE OF TWO DIFFERENT CITIES (MANSOURA AND RIYADH)

The main drawback of solar energy utilization in any application based on calculated hourly average solar radiation flux incident on a horizontal plane is the clearness index of the specific location. A mathematical model using MATLAB program was functioned to compute the hourly average solar radiation flux incident on a horizontal surface of Mansoura University (latitude and longitude angles, and altitude above the sea level, respectively, are 31.045oN, 31.365oE, and 6.0 m) and King Saud University (24.725N, 46.617E, and 611 m). The hourly average solar radiation measured on a horizontal surface at the same locations and times was used with that calculated for the average day of each month throughout a whole year in order to determine the clearness index (KT). The split of total solar radiation measured on a horizontal surface into its beam and diffuse components is of interest in two contexts. Firstly, methods for calculating total solar radiation on surfaces of other orientation from data on a horizontal surface require separate treatments of beam and diffuse solar radiation. Secondly, estimates of the longtime thermal performance of most concentrating solar collectors must be based on estimates of availability of beam solar radiation. The measured data of hourly average solar radiation on tilted surface was validated against that computed by Duffie and Beckman model using coefficient of determination (R2), correlation coefficient (r), and root mean square error (RMSE). The obtained results revealed that, the validation between the measure and calculated data was highly agreement as the (R2) and (r) were high and the (RMSE) was low.

DRYING OF CUCUMBER SEEDS USING A FORCED AIR CABINET SOLAR DRAYER

This research work aims at studying the factors affecting the solar drying of cucumber seeds using a cabinet solar dryer. The experimental work was conducted on the roof of Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (latitude angle of 30o 2' 35.2N and longitude angle of 31o 12' 20E) during summer season of 2015. Three different layers thickness of cucumber seeds (5, 10, and 15 mm thick) were functioned during the experimental work. The thermal performance analysis of the cabinet solar dryer (forced convection system) was evaluated. The obtained results revealed that, the daily average solar radiation recorded on the horizontal surface during the experimental period was 7.215 kWh/m2 while, the actual solar radiation recorded on the tilted surface of the cabinet solar dryer was 10.220 kWh/m2. Accordingly, the stationary non-tracking cabinet solar dryer increased the actual received solar radiation during that period by 41.65%. The daily average solar radiation recorded outside and inside the cabinet solar dryer was 7.215 and 5.740 kWh/m2, respectively, with cover effective transmittance of 79.56%. The solar radiation available inside the cabinet solar dryer was converted into useful heat gain for the drying process, resulting in increasing the dying air temperatures above the outdoor air (31.8oC) by 16.2oC, and reduce the air relative humidity under the outside (60.5%) by 20.4%. The daily average overall thermal efficiency of the cabinet solar dryer during the drying period was 46.64%, accordingly, 53.36% of the solar energy available was lost. The obtained results also showed that, the germination percentage of cucumber seeds dried by cabinet solar dryer was ranged between 97.1 and 97.4% under different drying times, drying air temperature, and air relative humidity. The minimum drying cost (292 LE/ton) was obtained by the dryer operated at layer thickness of 5 mm.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ROOF CONFIGURATIONS ON THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF SOLAR STILLS

The goal of this study was to evaluate the thermal performance of four identical solar stills with different roof shapes. Four solar stills with similar basin area with different roof glass cover configurations were designed, installed and tested at the Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt (latitude angle of 30.62oN, Longitude angle of 32.27oE, and mean altitude above the sea level of 5 m). The solar stills had four different roofs, single slope, downward slanting cover, double slope, and pyramidal shape.The basin of each solar still made of galvanized iron sheet, with a net upper surface area of 0.42 m2. It was painted with matt black paint to absorb the maximum possible amount of solar radiation incident on it. In the bottom and sides of the basin, 0.03 m of Styrofoam insulation was placed to reduce the heat losses. The obtained results indicated that the productivity of four solar stills was 116, 107, 84 and 72 ml/hr with average thermal efficiency of 33.7, 31.0, 24.7 and 21.2% for the single slope, downward slanting, double slope, and pyramidal roofs, respectively.

Optimum tilt and azimuth angles for fixed solar collectors in South Africa using measured data

The solar resource in South Africa is among the best in the world. South Africa has seen an increase in local and international investment in solar power. The optimum angles at which a solar collector should be fixed are often debated. Similar publications on this topic often rely on mathematical models of solar resource rather than measured data. Measured data is preferred since the effects of pollution and weather are included. In this work, recently measured data from nine measuring stations in the Southern African Universities Radiometric Network (SAURAN) equipped with pyranometers and pyrheliometers are considered. The data is used to calculate the annual solar insolation on fixed collectors at all possible installation angles. SolTrace, a ray-tracing software, is used for validation. Relative to horizontally-fixed collectors, the annual solar insolation is 10% more for optimally-fixed collectors and 45% more for solar-tracking collectors. The effects of tilt and azimuth angles are presented on contour plots, which are convenient for cost analysis and the determination of the annual insolation on building surfaces. The optimum azimuth angle is a function of the longitude angle minus the absolute latitude angle, which suggests that frontal and convective precipitation effects influence the optimum azimuth angle.

Reconstruction of spectral solar irradiance since 1700 from simulated magnetograms

We present a reconstruction of the spectral solar irradiance since 1700 using the SATIRE-T2 (Spectral And Total Irradiance REconstructions for the Telescope era version 2) model. This model uses as input magnetograms simulated with a surface flux transport model fed with semi-synthetic records of emerging sunspot groups. We used statistical relationships between the properties of sunspot group emergence, such as the latitude, area, and tilt angle, and the sunspot cycle strength and phase to produce semi-synthetic sunspot group records starting in the year 1700. The semisynthetic records are fed into a surface flux transport model to obtain daily simulated magnetograms that map the distribution of the magnetic flux in active regions (sunspots and faculae) and their decay products on the solar surface. The magnetic flux emerging in ephemeral regions is accounted for separately based on the concept of extended cycles whose length and amplitude are linked to those of the sunspot cycles through the sunspot number. The magnetic flux in each surface component (sunspots, faculae and network, and ephemeral regions) was used to compute the spectral and total solar irradiance between the years 1700 and 2009. This reconstruction is aimed at timescales of months or longer although the model returns daily values. We found that SATIRE-T2, besides reproducing other relevant observations such as the total magnetic flux, reconstructs the total solar irradiance (TSI) on timescales of months or longer in good agreement with the PMOD composite of observations, as well as with the reconstruction starting in 1878 based on the RGO-SOON data. The model predicts an increase in the TSI of 1.2[+0.2, -0.3] Wm-2 between 1700 and the present. The spectral irradiance reconstruction is in good agreement with the UARS/SUSIM measurements as well as the Lyman-alpha composite.

Experimental studies on quality of desalinated water derived from single slope passive solar still

The influences of climatic, operational, and design parameters on the performance of different solar stills configurations have been examined by many experimental and numerical studies to grasp the best design. The prime factors studied were solar radiation, glass cover tilt angle, latitude angle, depth of water level, and addition of dyes with the saline water. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the correlations of physical and chemical properties of saline water used and desalinated water obtained from the single slope passive solar still. Water samples were tested in water testing laboratory available at Tamilnadu Water Supply and Drainage (TWAD) board, Chepauk, Chennai, India. The data obtained from the water samples analysis were correlated and the relationship between the various physical and chemical properties with Total Dissolved Solids was obtained. The correlation obtained could be used to predict the unknown water sample physical and chemical properties under the specified conditions. The study also finds that there is an improvement in the water quality obtained from the solar still.

EFFECT OF SHADING ON THE PERFORMANCE AND PRODUCTIVITY OF DOUBLE SLOPE SOLAR STILL UNDER CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF EGYPT

The present work aims to study the possibility of enhancing and increasing the productivity of fresh water from the double slope solar still by improving the performance of its condenser. Single basin asymmetrical double sloped solar still was employed during this study. The study was carried out on the roof of Agricultural Engineering Department, Suez Canal University, Ismailia Governorate (Latitude and Longitude angles, respectively, are 30.62oN and 32.27oE, and mean altitude above the sea level is 20 m). The solar still consists mainly of a rectangular iron basin (1.80×0.80 m) and 0.10 m deep. The bottom frame was constructed of wood and insulated by 2 cm thick of rock wool. The outer walls of the bottom frame were insulated with 7 cm thick of foam. The condensing zone consists of two inclined surfaces. The first inclined surface (which has the area of 1.46 × 1.05 m2) covered with glass sheet (3 mm thick) to transmit the maximum possible of solar radiation flux incident on it. It was orientated to face the south direction with an inclination angle of 20○. The second inclined surface (which has the area of 1.05×0.83 m2) covered with the same material and the same thickness. It was orientated to face the north direction with an inclination angle of 30○. Two configurations of experiments were performed. Firstly, studying the thermal performance of solar still under local climatic conditions. Secondly, exam lowering the northern glass cover temperature by shading it. This procedure lowered the high temperature of the northern cover, thus the temperature difference between water and northern cover was increased. The solar radiation intensity, wind speed, ambient temperature, amount of fresh water productivity and temperature of other components of the solar still were continuously measured. The experimental results revealed that, the daily average productivity of fresh water during the first and second configurations was found to be 2.9 and 3.3 l/d, respectively, with an increasing of 13.79%. The maximum values of heat transfer coefficient inside the solar still were 2.2, 7.5 and 33.3 W/m2 K for convective, radiative, and evaporative coefficients, respectively. Because of the evaporative heat transfer coefficient strongly depends on the operating water temperature it was had the highest value. It was also found that, the maximum amount of heat losses that occur in the solar still was the radiation and convection heat transfer from glass to ambient air.

STUDY ON THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF EVACUATED SOLAR COLLECTOR SYSTEM

The experimental work was carried out in Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Egypt, which located at latitude and longitude angle of 30.49°N and 30.59°E, respectively, during winter and summer seasons 2015. The experiments were designed to evaluate the thermal performance of evacuated tube solar water collector ETC with 20 evacuated tubes, tank capacity 150 liters and net surface area of 1.5 m2. The thermal efficiency for evacuated tube solar collector depends on the solar radiation, ambient temperature from sunrise to sunset. The obtained results showed that the maximum outlet water temperatures were 63 and 85.7°C during winter and summer seasons, respectively. Also, the differences between outlet water temperatures and ambient air temperatures were 46.2 and 50.1°C, and the temperature differences between outlet water temperature and inlet water temperature from sunrise to sunset were 17.09 and 17.30°C during two different seasons. While, the overall efficiency values were 77.20 and 79.90%. In addition, the linear regression analysis showed that the absorbed solar energy (Qa) was a function in available solar radiation (Q). Therefore, can be estimated the values of absorbed solar energy from the following equation: Qa = 0.818 Q ,( R2 = 0.999).

Solar Sail Body-Fixed Hovering over Elongated Asteroids

Solar sail spacecraft are proposed to accomplish body-fixed hovering missions over elongated asteroids. The body-fixed hovering flight is to maintain a fixed position relative to the surface of the spinning asteroid. A solar sail without fuel consumption can greatly expand the range of hovering locations in a variable lightness number for an extended period. A rotating mass dipole is used to produce the gravitational field created by an elongated asteroid. Dynamic equations are obtained for the approximate model in terms of the specified hovering conditions. Feasible hovering regions over elongated asteroids are presented and analyzed via numerical simulations. A parametric study is made to investigate the influence of solar latitude angles and the lightness number on the feasible hovering region. The hovering orbits around the realistic asteroid 951 Gaspra are performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the method in this paper.

Generation of arbitrary vector fields based on a pair of orthogonal elliptically polarized base vectors.

We present an arbitrary vector field with hybrid polarization based on the combination of a pair of orthogonal elliptically polarized base vectors on the Poincaré sphere. It is shown that the created vector field is only dependent on the latitude angle 2χ but is independent on the longitude angle 2ψ on the Poincaré sphere. By adjusting the latitude angle 2χ, which is related to two identical waveplates in a common path interferometric arrangement, one could obtain arbitrary type of vector fields. Experimentally, we demonstrate the generation of such kind of vector fields and confirm the distribution of state of polarization by the measurement of Stokes parameters. Besides, we investigate the tight focusing properties of these vector fields. It is found that the additional degree of freedom 2χ provided by arbitrary vector field with hybrid polarization allows one to control the spatial structure of polarization and to engineer the focusing field.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR LOCAL MANUFACTURED HEATING SYSTEM FOR HEATING BROILER HOUSE

The experimental work was held in commercial broiler house at Babil village, Menofia Governorate, latitude and longitude angles are 30.67°N and 30.98°E, respectively) during winter season of 2015in order to evaluate the performance of manufactured heating system and its effect on indoor air temperature and energy requirements. The indoor air temperature above the floor surface, indoor air relative humidity, fuel consumption, heat energy addition and specific heating power for every cubic meter of house volume were measured and specific fuel consumption also. Broilers performance evaluation was also determined in terms of live body mass. The obtained results showed that using manufactured heater in heating broiler house the weekly average indoor air temperature ranged between 31.61 to 23.26 oC at first and fifth week respectively. Whereas, the indoor relative humidity ranged between 26.15 to 52.48% at the same ages. The average heat energy addition to the house was 63.28 kW throughout the bird's life and specific heating power was 148.4 W/m 3 at the first week and reduced to be 37.07 W/m 3 at fifth week. Heating energy requirements decreased from 422.59 kJ/h.kg at the first week of age until reached to 19.45 kJ/h.kg at fifth week of age where the average broilers body mass was 2.2 kg.

EFFECT OF BLACK GRANITE BASIN ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A SINGLE SLOPE SOLAR STILL

The aim of this research work is to study the effect of granite basin in solar still and thus enhance the productivity of fresh water. Two single sloped solar still was designed, installed and tested at the Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt (latitude angle of 30.62oN, Longitude angle of 32.27oE, and mean altitude above the sea level of 5 m). Two different solar still basins were functioned during this research. One basin is constructed of rectangular black granite and the other is made up of galvanized iron sheet. The two solar stills are covered with clear glass sheet (3 mm thick) with an inclination angle of 31o. Comparison of the productivity of the granite and the conventional solar still, the productivity of the distilled water was enhanced for black granite basin solar still as compared with galvanized iron basin solar still. The productivity of the granite basin solar still was 2430 ml m-2 day-1, whilst the productivity of the galvanized iron basin still is 1928 ml m-2 day-1. Consequently, granite basin increased the productivity of fresh water by 20.6 % as compared with the galvanized iron sheet basin.