Latifolia Leaf Research Articles

Antibacterial Effect of Gongronema latifolium Leaf Extract on Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Skin of Human Subjects in Lafia Metropolis

Antibiotics have been critical in the fight against infectious diseases. However, plants have also been used to treat diseases due to presence of some chemical compounds (active ingredients) that possess medicinal properties. This study investigated the antibacterial effect of Gongronema latifolium (amaranth globe) leaf extract on staphylococcus aureus isolates from the skin of human subjects in Lafia metropolis, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of G. latifolium were screened for antibacterial activity against S. aureus isolates using the agar disk diffusion method. A total of forty specimens were collected and S. aureus was isolated using standard biochemical methods. Hospital isolates had the highest lowest percentage sensitivities of 85.71% and 0.00% from 300 mg/mL ethanol and 200 mg/mL aqueous extracts respectively. Also, restaurant isolates had the highest percentage and lowest sensitivities of 83.33% and 0.00% from 300 mg/mL ethanol and 200 mg/mL aqueous extracts respectively. Both extracts showed significant differences observed in their concentration effects against S. aureus isolates from restaurant subjects (p<0.05). MIC was 75 mg/mL for the aqueous extract against isolates obtained from both sources and that for the concentration ranges of 300-9.375 mg/mL and 200-6.25 mg/mL ethanol extract was observed to be 37.5 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL respectively. The result of the study showed that both extracts of G. latifolium have an inhibitory effect proportional to concentration on the test organism S. aureus isolates obtained from both subjects. Hence, ethanol extract of G. latifolium may potentially control skin respiratory and enteric infections caused by S. aureus.

Biofabrication Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles from Oxalis latifolia Leaf Extract and Assessment of Their Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-diabetic and Larvicidal Properties

Biofabrication Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles from Oxalis latifolia Leaf Extract and Assessment of Their Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-diabetic and Larvicidal Properties

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GONGRONEMA LATIFOLIUM LEAF MEAL AS A POTENTIAL FEED RESOURCE

An analysis was carried out to investigate the proximate and phytochemical composition of Gongronema latifolium leaf meal using the AOAC methods of analysis. The fresh leaves were air-dried, milled and analysed in triplicates. The results showed that air-dried Gongronema latifolium leaf meal contains 17.16% crude protein, 5.14% ether extract or fat, 9.86% crude fibre and 10.97% ash while the phytochemicals present include: phytic acid, 0.25%; total oxalates, 5.26%; saponins, 0.57%; tannins, 3.85%; glycosides, 4.62%; alkaloids. 6.01%; mimosine. 0.18%; L-Dopa, 0.06%; haemaglutinins, 0.62% and trypsin inhibitor, 0.03%. High crude protein content and the presence of these phytochemicals have shown that this plant has nutritive benefits and potential as a feed resource.

Toxicity assessment of 3-O-[6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl]-17β–marsdenin isolated from Gongronema latifolium leaf on selected brain and kidney function indices in mice

The safety of bioactive compounds, especially those isolated from medicinal plants, is a major concern for health authorities, pharmaceutical industries, and the public. Of recent, anti-tumor pregnane glycosides were isolated from Gongronema latifolium leaf, of which the toxicity of one, 3-O-[6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl]-17β–marsdenin (3DMAOM), has not been evaluated. This study, therefore, evaluated the effects of 3DMAOM on selected brain and kidney function indices in mice. Female Swiss albino mice were randomly administered 5% dimethyl sulphoxide and different doses of 3DMAOM (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg body weight) for fourteen (14) days, and their blood, brains, and kidneys were collected for biochemical analysis. There was no significant alteration in the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acetylcholinesterase, creatine kinase, Na+/K+-ATPase, Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase, and Mg2+-ATPase in the brain of the treated groups compared to control. Also, no significant changes in the activities of ALP, gamma-glutamyltransferase, Na+/K+-ATPase, Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase, and Mg2+-ATPase in the kidney of the treated groups compared to control. The plasma concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl−, PO43−, creatinine, and urea of mice were not significantly altered at all doses of the 3DMAOM compared to controls. However, the plasma concentration of Ca2+ was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) at all doses of the 3DMAOM, and the plasma concentration of uric acid was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) at 2 mg/kg body weight of the 3DMAOM compared to controls. These findings suggest that 3DMAOM isolated from Gongronema latifolium leaf may not adversely affect brain function but may affect calcium ion homeostasis in subjects.

Effects of Inclusion of Gongronema Latifolium Leaf Extract as a Supplementary Source of Vitamins and Minerals on the Growth Performance and Haematology of Broiler Finishers

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of Gongronema latifolium leaves extract (GLLE) as a supplementary source of vitamins and minerals on growth performance and haematology of broiler finishers. A total of 20 four (4) weeks old broilers were randomly selected and assigned to five treatment groups, namely water (control), water+ vitalyte, water+ 60ml GLLE, water+ 30ml GLLE and water+ 10mIGLLE. Results showed that there were significant (P&lt;0.05) differences in weight gain but there were no significant differences (P&gt;0.05) in Hb, PCV and RBC. The relative weights of gizzard, heart and liver of the broilers fed extract (except 30ml extract) were significantly (P&lt;0.05) reduced compared with the broilers fed vitalyte. The group fed 30ml extract had the highest weight in gizzard. 30ml GLLE enhanced the growth performance of broilers without any adverse effect on their blood. GLLE can serve as a substitute to the commercially synthetic vitamins and minerals premixes in feeding poultry.

Determination of the Toxic Effects of Heavy Metals on the Morpho-Anatomical Responses of the Leaf of Typha latifolia as a Biomonitoring Tool.

Typha latifolia leaves act as sensitive barometers for trace heavy metal pollution, as revealed by their pronounced anatomical responses in a constructed wetland. Monthly water samples and Typha latifolia leaf tissue were collected over three consecutive months in 2018 from the Burgas Lake wetlands (Taoura), northeast Algeria. While physical and chemical parameters improved after treatment, atomic absorption spectrometry (Perkin Elmer A Analyst 800 AAS) detected persistent trace levels of cadmium, chromium, and lead in both the treated water and leaf tissue, highlighting the need for continued phytoremediation efforts. Microscopic examination of leaf tissue exposed to these metals revealed distinct anatomical adaptations, including shrunken vascular bundles, altered cell shapes, and stomatal closure. These findings underscore Typha latifolia's effectiveness in accumulating heavy metals and its potential as a highly sensitive biomonitor for persistent pollution in lake ecosystems.

Probing the multitargeting potential of n-hexane fraction of Gongronema latifolium leaves in neurodegeneration via in vitro, GC–MS and in silico studies

BackgroundNeurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) are associated with increased activities of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) as well as Aβ-amyloid (Aβ) neurotoxicity; therefore, they offer a therapeutic option for the treatment of NDDs such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study was aimed at identifying multi-targeting neurotherapeutics from Gongronema latifolium leaves using in vitro analysis, GC–MS profiling and computational methods.ResultsThe n-hexane solvent partition fraction of the methanol extract of Gongronema latifolium leaf (HF) exhibited concentration-dependent inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase but not against MOA in vitro. The GC–MS chemical profiling identified 17 phytochemicals from the HF; these were further screened against human AChE, BChE, β-secretase enzyme (BACE1) and amyloid-β (Aβ) fibrils using molecular docking, ensemble-based docking (EBD), molecular dynamics simulation (MDs) and binding free energy (BFG) coupled with predictive adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) analysis. The lead phytochemicals (LPs) (dihydroactinidiolide and 1H-Indole-3-ethanamine), with mean binding energies (− 6.525 ± 0.895 and 6.475 ± 0.985; − 6.833 ± 0.461 and − 6.466 ± 0.577; − 6.2 ± 0.845 and − 5.95 ± 0.353 kcal/mol) exhibited multi-target binding tendencies to the catalytic residues of hAChE, hBChE and hBACE1, in addition to hAβ fibril-disruptive tendencies (− 6.325 ± 0.545 and − 5.95 ± 0.353 kcal/mol), respectively. These results corroborated the initial molecular docking and BFG computations. The lead phytochemical–protein complexes were stable during the period of MDs. The LP presented favorable drug-likeness and ADMET properties coupled with the capacity to traverse the BBB.ConclusionDihydroactinidiolide and 1H-Indole-3-ethanamine, in part or in synergy, are identified as neurotherapeutic constituents of Gongronema latifolium that may have been responsible for the ethnopharmacologically reported neurotherapeutic activities of the leaf, and hence they are suggested as potential drug candidates that can be useful for managing or treating neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease, subject to further investigation.

Phytochemical profiling, human insulin stability and alpha glucosidase inhibition of Gymnema latifolium leaves aqueous extract: Exploring through experimental and in silico approach

Diabetes mellitus Type 2 (DM2T) is a rapidly expanding metabolic endocrine disorder worldwide. It is caused due to inadequate insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells as well as development of insulin resistance. This study aimed to investigate the anti-α-glucosidase, insulin stabilization effect, and non-cytotoxic nature of Gymnema latifolium leaf aqueous extract (GLAE). FTIR analysis revealed the functional groups of compounds present in GLAE. Through LC/ESI-MS/MS analysis, about 12 compounds which belongs to different classes, triterpene glycosides, flavonoids, phenolics, stilbene glycosides and chlorophenolic glycosides were identified. GLAE showed in vitro antioxidant activity. GLAE stabilized insulin by increasing its α-helical content. GLAE inhibited the mammalian α-glucosidase (IC50 = 144 μg/mL) activity through competitive mode (Ki = 61.30 µg/mL). GLAE did not affect the viability of normal cell line (Vero cell line) which shows its non-toxic nature. Molecular docking of phytocompounds identified in GLAE was done with human α-glucosidase and insulin. The top 2 compounds [Gymnema saponin V (GSV) and quercetin 3-(2-galloylglucoside) (QGG) with α-glucosidase; GSV and Z)-resveratrol 3,4′-diglucoside (RDG) with human insulin] with low binding free energy were subjected to 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation to ascertain the stable binding of ligand with protein. The MM/GBSA analysis revealed binding free energy of GSV/α-glucosidase and QGG /α-glucosidase to be - 20.9935 and, − 30.9461 kcal/mol, respectively. Altogether GLAE is valuable source of anti-α-glucosidase inhibitors and insulin stabilizing compounds, suggesting potential lead for further exploration as complementary medicine against DM2T.

Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis of Gongronema latifolium Leaf Extract

Phytochemical compounds are secondary metabolites produced by plants in which some have medicinal uses. The aim of this study is to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the phytochemical composition of G. latifolium leaf extract. Fresh and healthy leaves of the medicinal plant of G. latifolium leaf were harvested, washed thoroughly in distilled water and dried at room temperature for 7 days. The dried leaf was milled to fine powder. The pulverized plant was weighed and used for the phytochemical analysis. Based on qualitative analysis, the results show the presence of tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, reducing sugar, cardiac glycoside, protein and carbohydrate, while steroids was absent. The quantitative analysis of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and tannins were done and the results obtained were expressed as a mean± SEM in each group, analysed using ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test P&lt;0.05 considered as significant. The quantitative analysis revealed that alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and tannins had mean results of 9.85±1.50, 9.66±0.77, 6.83±6.25 and 4.54±6.70 mg/100mg respectively. This result shows that G. latifolium leaf extract possesses an appreciable level of phytochemicals which contributed to its efficacy in the treatment of diseases such as helminthiasis.

A Study on the Chemical and Phytochemical Composition of Gongronema Latifolia (Utasi) Leaf Meal, Using Performance and Organ Histopathology of Grower Rabbits as Indices of Its Nutritional Significance

Studies were carried out to determine the chemical composition of the leaf meal of Gongronema latifolia (Utasi), using organ histopathology of mixed breed grower rabbits as an in-vivo confirmatory reflector of its nutritional significance after a feeding trial. The proximate analysis of the leaf meal yielded 8.04%; 14.25%, 60.39%, 6.26%, 2.84% and 2.84% of moisture; crude protein, NFE, ash, ether extract and crude fibre respectively on dry matter bases and 2903.41Kcal/kg. In the mineral analysis, minerals detected were: Calcium (10.80mg/ 100g), Magnesium (45.00mg/ 100g), Potassium (486.00mg/ 100g), Sodium (3.86mg/ 100g), and Phosphorus (395.30mg/ 100g). The phytochemical screening of the leaf meal yielded 1.03, 0.37, 0.47, and 0.55g/100g of Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins and Tannin, respectively. Other phytochemicals found were Phenols (0.17mg/100g), Phytates (0.12mg/100g), and cyanogenic glycosides (7.07mg/100g). Analysis of the leaf meal protein detected 17 (seventeen) amino acids, comprising of both essential and non-essential amino acids, almost in the ratio of 1:1. In the feeding trial with rabbits, 4 experimental diets were formulated such that diet 1 (control) contained 0% Gongronema latifolia leaf meal (GLLM) while diets 2, 3 and 4 contained 10%, 20% and 30% GLLM, respectively. Each diet was fed to a group of 9 grower rabbits for 49 days. All performance parameters (average initial body weight, average final body weight, average body weight gain, average daily feed intake, average daily body weight gain, and feed-to-gain ratio), were not significantly (P&lt;0.05) affected by dietary treatments. There were no lesions of pathologic significance in the tissues (liver, kidney and pancreas) examined. The results of the in-vivo and in vivo investigations suggest that GLLM is not toxic, and is sufficiently nutritious to support rabbit production.&#x0D;

Phenolics Content and DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Dalbergia latifolia leaf ethanolic extract

Dalbergia latifolia is one of the famous species that naturally grows in Java, Indonesia. The wood of this species is purple in color and the leaf is utilized as forage. The purpose of this study is to determine the bioactivity and phenol contents of D. latifolia leaf ethanolic extract. The antioxidant activity and anti-termite activity were measured through the DPPH method and Neotermes bosei activity. Furthermore, phenol contents were determined through colorimetric method and ethanolic extract constituents were identified by GC-MS. The DPPH inhibition of ethanol extract of D. latifolia leaf exhibited 138.20±2.14 µg/ml. While the measurement of total phenol and total flavonoid content of D. latifolia leaf showed a value of 192.67±9.41 mg GAE/ g and 55.23±5.11 mg QE/ g of dried extract sample. The termiticidal activity of ethanolic extract showed low activity. The GC-MS detection showed fatty acids as dominant compounds. The inhibition of DPPH by D. latifolia leaf ethanol extract in this study suggested this leaf is potent as antioxidant agents.

Computer-aided identification of bioactive compounds from Gongronema latifolium leaf with therapeutic potential against GSK3β, PTB1B and SGLT2

The modulation of certain molecular targets via small-molecule ligands has been regarded as a promising approach for the treatment and management of diabetes-related complications. Notable among these targets are the Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3β), protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTB1B), and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), whose inhibitions have been associated with high prognostic patients with diabetic related complications. However, inhibitors capable of exerting co-modulating effects on the three aforementioned proteins are lacking. Therefore, research aimed at the development of small molecule inhibitors capable of co-targeting these proteins remains unfaltering. Consequently, this study investigated the inhibitory potentials of Gongronema latifolium leaf's compounds against these proteins. Molecular docking was employed to screen 134 compounds against these targets; this gave rise to the identification of ten lead compounds (rutin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, silymarin, hyperoside, luteolin, baicalin, rosmarinic acid, naringin, butein, and isoorientin) based on their high binding affinities. Subsequently, the toxicity profiles of the compounds were assessed while their bioactivities against the proteins were predicted using 2D quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to study the reactivity and stability of the aforementioned compounds. Ultimately, toxicity assessment revealed epigallocatechin-3-gallate and butein as the compounds with minimal toxicity, while DFT calculations revealed baicalin, rosmarinic acid, and butein as the most reactive among the lead compounds. Conclusively, this study provides insight into the discovery of phytocompounds with promising inhibitory potential that could facilitate the development of regimens for diabetes management after further in vitro and in vivo studies.

Assessment of Bush Buck (Gongronema latifolia) as a Dietary Supplement on Haematological and Serum Biochemical Indices of Broiler Chickens

The high cost of conventional feed ingredients for livestock and competition between man and his animals, necessitate the need for alternative and under-utilized plant materials in poultry nutrition. However, in doing so, it is important to ensure that such plant materials are not deleterious to the animals. This research therefore examines the effect of bush buck (Gongronema latifolia) leaf extracts as dietary supplements on haematological and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. Fresh leaves (6kg) of bush buck (Gongronema latifolia) were after rinsing with de-ionized water air-dried for ten (10) days under room temperature and were ground in a hammer mill to pass through 0.5mm sieve. It was thereafter dissolved in de-ionized warm water (40oC) at 1kg per 5 litres of water and was left to settle for 1 hour before decanting the supernatant. One hundred and ninety-two (192) broiler chicks, after brooding for two weeks were divided into six (6) dietary treatment groups of thirty two (32) birds each. Birds on dietary treatment 1, had no vitamin/mineral supplement in water, while dietary treatment 2 birds had supplemental commercial vitamin/mineral premix (vitalyte extra). Dietary treatments 3, 4, 5 and 6 had Gongronema latifolia leaf warm water extract in the following ratios; 25, 50, 75, and 100ml/litre of water respectively. The vitalyte extra was administered (5g/l) once a week while the birds had access to feed and water/GLLE ad libitum. On the last day of the experiment, blood samples were collected from the birds for haematological analysis. All the assayed parameters such as packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), heterophil (H), lymphocyte (L), monocyte (M), eosinophil (E), basophil (B), haemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) were significantly (P&lt;0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. The analyzed serum biochemical indices such as total protein, albumin, globulin, creatinine, uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, sodium and potassium were generally better in the 25ml/l GLLE. Glucose was significantly reduced in the vitalyte treatment while total cholesterol, high and low density lipoprotein were least in the 50ml/l GLLE treatment. In conclusion, the results above revealed that the Gongronema latifolia leaf warm (40oC) water extract of 50ml/l was safer and supported better health and wellbeing of the broiler chickens. This shows that Gongronema latifolia leaf warm (40oC) water extract could be used to wholly replace the conventional vitamins and minerals (vitalyte extra) in broiler diets without any adverse effect on growth and health performance of the birds.

Hepato and Nephro-protective Potentials of Gongronema latifolium in Streptozotocin Induced diabetic Rat Model

Gongronema latifolium (GL) is reported to have hepato-protective and nephron-protective ability. Diabetes is associated with liver and kidney damage. This work was designed to evaluate the effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium on liver and kidney functions in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. 40 Wistar rats of both sexes (150g-200g) were divided into five (n=8). Group 1- normal control (received normal saline placebo orally). Group 2 received 200mg/kg GL orally. Group 3 was the diabetic group administered 65mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally for two consecutive days with an interval of one day in between. Group 4 (diabetic + GL group) had STZ (65mg/kg i.p.) + oral administration of 200mg/kg GL. Group 5 was the diabetic group treated with insulin subcutaneously. Blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture to assess Liver enzymes activity, Serum electrolytes biomarkers, Urea and Creatinine. The Result shows a significant (P&lt;0.05) increase in the glucose level of the diabetic group compared to the control. Intervention with GL and insulin significantly reduced the glucose level towards normal. The liver enzymes activity was significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased in the diabetic group but was significantly (p&lt;0.01) decreased following treatment with GL and insulin. Sodium, potassium, chloride, urea and creatinine were significantly (p&lt;0.01) increased in the diabetic group with a decrease in bicarbonate. GL and insulin significantly (p&lt;0.01) reversed these changes in electrolytes and liver enzymes activity towards normal. Results presented shows that GL just like insulin possess hypoglycemic, nephro and hepato-protective potential. Thus, in diabetic condition, Gongronema latifolium leaf extract may exert ameliorative effect on these target organs.&#x0D; Keywords: Gongronema Latifolium, Diabetes, insulin, serum electrolytes, liver enzymes, rats.

Hepatoprotective potential of flavonoid-rich extracts from Gongronema latifolium benth leaf in type 2 diabetic rats via fetuin-A and tumor necrosis factor-alpha

This study assessed the hepatoprotective potential of flavonoid-rich extracts from Gongronema latifolium Benth on diabetes-induced type 2 rats via Fetuin-A and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TnF-α). In a standard procedure, the flavonoid-rich extract was prepared. For experimental rats, streptozotocin was injected intraperitoneally (45mg/kg body weight) to induce diabetes mellitus. Following this, rats were given 5% of glucose water for 24h. Hence, the animals were randomly divided into five groups of ten rats each, consisting of non-diabetic rats, diabetic controls, diabetic rats treated with low and high doses of flavonoid rich-extracts from Gongronema latifolium leaf (FREGL) (13 and 26mg/kg, respectively), and diabetic rats treated with 200mg/kg of metformin glibenclamide orally for 3 weeks. Afterwards, the animals were sacrificed, blood and liver were harvested to evaluate different biochemical parameters, hepatic gene expressions and histological examinations. The results revealed that FREGL (especially at the low dose) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphate (ALP) activities, lipid peroxidation level, as well as relative gene expressions of fetuin-A and TNF-α in diabetic rats. Furthermore, diabetic rats given various doses of FREGL showed an increase in antioxidant enzymes and hexokinase activity, as well as glucose transporters (GLUT 2 and GLUT 4), and glycogen levels. In addition, histoarchitecture of the liver of diabetic rats administered FREGL (especially at the low dose) was also ameliorated. Hence, FREGL (particularly at a low dose) may play a substantial role in mitigating the hepatopathy complication associated with diabetes mellitus.

Standardization of the ethanolic extract of Crinum latifolium leaves by two bioactive markers with antiproliferative activity against TGF-β-promoted prostate stromal cells (WPMY-1)

BackgroundCrinum latifolium L. (Amaryllidaceae) has been used in Southeast Asian traditional medicine to alleviate the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The pathological mechanism of BPH is associated with the induction of prostate stromal cell proliferation through transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). Standardization as well as investigation of the potential anti-BPH activity of C. latifolium extract could benefit the further development of BPH-related analyses and provide evidence to support the application of this extract for BPH treatment. This study aimed to standardize and investigate the antiproliferative activity of the ethanolic extract of C. latifolium leaves. The major alkaloids isolated from C. latifolium were also explored for their potential use as bioactive markers.MethodsTwo major alkaloids were isolated from the ethanolic extract of C. latifolium leaves by chromatographic techniques, identified by NMR and MS, and quantified by a validated UHPLC method. Their antiproliferative activity was studied in human prostate stromal cells (WPMY-1) induced by TGF-β. The synergistic effect of combining the two major isolated alkaloids was analyzed by the zero interaction potency (ZIP) model.ResultsTwo alkaloids, lycorine (1) and 6α-hydroxybuphanidrine (2), were isolated from the ethanolic leaf extract of C. latifolium. A UHPLC method for the quantification of (1) and (2) was developed and validated in terms of linearity, precision, and accuracy. The C. latifolium leaf extract contained 0.279 ± 0.003% (1) and 0.232 ± 0.004% (2). The crude extract was more potent than either (1) and (2) alone against TGF-β-treated WPMY-1 cell proliferation. The drug combination study revealed that the greatest synergistic effect of (1) and (2) was achieved at a 1:1 ratio.ConclusionsThe results of this study support the anti-BPH activity of C. latifolium in traditional medicine and suggest that these the two isolated alkaloids may promote the efficacy of the C. latifolium extract. Additionally, major alkaloids (1) and (2) can be used as bioactive markers for the standardization of C. latifolium extracts.

Iloneoside, an antimalarial pregnane glycoside isolated from Gongronema latifolium leaf, potentiates the activity of chloroquine against multidrug resistant Plasmodium falciparum

The rapid spread of drug resistant malaria parasites has necessitated the search for novel antimalarials and chemosensitizers capable of reversing drug resistance in the parasites. A number of studies have revealed the resistance reversal activities of pregnane glycosides and the antimalarial activity of a pregnane glycoside obtained from Gongronema species. However, the pregnane (2) and pregnane glycosides (1, 3–4) isolated from Gongronema latifolium leaf have not been evaluated for these activities. This study was therefore carried out to evaluate the antiplasmodial and chloroquine resistance reversal activities of a pregnane and three pregnane glycosides isolated from G. latifolium leaf in vitro. The compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against P. falciparum 3D7 (a chloroquine-sensitive strain) and P. falciparum W2 (a chloroquine-resistant clone) in vitro. The activities of chloroquine in separate combination with each of the compounds against P. falciparum W2 were also evaluated. Moreover, the interaction of the active compounds (1 and 4) with selected P. falciparum proteins (PfProteins) were evaluated in silico. The results revealed that only 1 and 4 were active against P. falciparum 3D7 and P. falciparum W2. Also, 2 and 3 did not exhibit chloroquine resistance reversal activity. Activity of chloroquine against P. falciparum W2 was potentiated by 1 by 3200% at concentrations higher than 0.625 µg/mL. Also, 1 and 4 demonstrated similar binding patterns and higher binding tendencies to the selected PfProteins compared to chloroquine. Thus, 1 (iloneoside) is an antimalarial pregnane glycoside which can potentiate the activity of chloroquine against multidrug resistant P. falciparum.

Ameliorative effect of flavonoid-rich extracts from Gongronema latifolium against diabetic cardiomyopathy via serpin A3 and socs3-a in streptozocin treated rats

Introduction The present study access the effect of the flavonoid-rich extract from Gongronema latifolium against cardiomyopathy streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods The flavonoid-rich extract from G. latifolium leaf (FREGL) was prepared using a standard method. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozotocin. The experimental animals were divided into five groups as non-diabetic rats, diabetic control, diabetic rats administered low and high doses of FREGL (13 and 26 mg/kg), and metformin-glibenclamide orally for 21 days. Hence, the experimental animals were sacrificed; blood and heart were harvested to determine diverse biochemical parameters, including the gene expressions of serpin A3 and socs3-a as well as histological examination. Results The results demonstrated that FREGL significantly (p < 0.05) reduced fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride (TG), lipid peroxidation levels, as well as the activities of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase-MB, including the relative gene expressions of serpin A3 and Socs3-A in diabetic rats. Also, diabetic rats that received different doses of FREGL showed a substantial rise in insulin and high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as, normal histoarchitecture of the heart tissues. Conclusion Therefore, FREGL may be beneficial in alleviating diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Exploring the effect of Crinum latifolia in obesity: possible role of oxidative, angiogenic, and inflammatory pathways.

Obesity is a multifaceted disease encompassing deposition of an unnecessary amount of fat which upsurges the possibility of other complications, viz., hypertension and certain type of cancers. Although obesity results from combination of genetic factors, improper diet and inadequate physical exercise also play a major role in its onset. The present study aims at exploring the anti-obesity activity of Crinum latifolia leaf extract in obese rats. The leaves were extracted using hydroalcoholic extraction which was later diluted with water and given to obese rats. The dosing was started from the 4th week (by oral administration of extract of Crinum latifolia (100mg/kg and 200mg/kg) and combination of Crinum latifolia leaf extract 200mg/kg and orlistat 30mg/kg) till the 10th week. Various angiogenic, antioxidant, biochemical, and inflammatory biomarkers were assessed at the end of the study. The obese symptoms were progressively reduced in treatment groups when compared to disease control groups. The angiogenic parameters and inflammatory parameters were consequently reduced in treatment groups. The oxidative parameters superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase were gradually increased, while levels of TBARS were reduced in treatment groups showing antioxidant nature of leaf hydroalcoholic extract. The Crinum latifolia leaf extract possesses anti-obesity properties and therefore can be used as a therapeutic option in the management of obesity.

Radioprotective effects of ethanolic extracts of Gongronema latifolium leaf against radiation induced oxidative stress in Wistar albino Rats

Radioprotective effects of ethanolic extracts of Gongronema latifolium leaf against radiation induced oxidative stress in Wistar albino Rats