Lateritic Research Articles

CORN-COB ASH AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT FOR STABILIZATION OF LATERITE SOIL

Properties of underlying soils and borrowed soil samples are some of the key factors that determine the performance rate of roads. Most of the underlying soils possess some characteristics that make them unsuitable for use. There are available agricultural waste products in most rural settlements which can be used to treat unsuitable soils. This research examined the use of corn cob ash (CCA) as an admixture to cement on some selected geotechnical properties of laterite soil. The choice of the A-7-5 class of laterite soil is due to its general rating as poor material for subgrade and other layers of road pavement by the classification system of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Cement was gradually added to the soil sample in steps of 2% from 0% to 10% by weight of the soil sample and its effect on the plasticity of the sample was examined. The addition of cement performed optimally on the soil’s plasticity at 4% which was used to form different mixtures of cement and CCA having a total sum not exceeding 4%. The additives were added to the soil sample which was subjected to laboratory tests such as compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) compacted with the efforts of 596kN/m2 and 1192kN/m2. The combination of 2% cement and 2% CCA on the soil sample improved the plasticity index and UCS properties of the soil to its optimal level while 3-1 and 4-0 cement-CCA performed optimally for CBR and compaction respectively. Thus, it was concluded that CCA performed optimally with cement at a ratio varying between 4:0 to 3:1 total percentage not exceeding 4% of the weight of the soil sample.

Potential of Bamboo Leaf Ash for Soil Stabilization - Literature Review

Soil stabilization is an important topic in geotechnical engineering as many problematic soils were found during construction. One of the commonly used soil stabilization is cement, but it is widely known as a non-sustainable material. Much research provided the usage of industrial waste as a substitute for cement, which is then known as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM). One of the alternatives is bamboo, which has the second highest silica content after rice husk. This paper conducted a literature review on the potential of using bamboo leaf ash (BLA), which is the main composition of silica in bamboo. Various studies indicated the usage of BLA, ranging from its initial usage in concrete to its development in soil stabilization. Five studies were pointed out as the extensive research of BLA usage in Nigeria, focusing on lateritic soils. The results indicated that stabilizing lateritic soils with BLA increases the CBR values and the bearing capacity, whereas it decreases plasticity index values. Later studies followed by using other types of soils. The results are all consistent, where the shear strength of soil and CBR values increases with the usage of BLA as SCM.

MODELING AND EVALUATION OF THE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF OKE-BALE SOFT SOIL AMENDED WITH CALCIUM CHLORIDE SALT

This research aimed to model and assess the impact of calcium chloride salt (CCS) on the Oke Bale soft soil, known as Lateritic soil, in Osogbo, Nigeria, as a potential pavement material due to high cost of conventional materials. The conducted laboratory tests included particle size distribution, Liquid limit (LL), Plastic limit (PI), and Plasticity index (PI), compaction (Maximum dry density (MDD); Optimum moisture content (OMC) with compactive efforts of British Standard Light, West Africa Standard, and British Standard heavy, and unsoaked California bearing ratio (CBR) on both Oke bale soft soil and modified soil. The soft soil underwent stabilization with varying concentrations of CCS at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16%. The results were analyzed using regression analysis and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The findings indicated advancement in the gradation of lateritic soil as the percentage of CCS salt increased. Additionally, the PI lessened from the value of 14.68% in the regular lateritic soil to the value of 11.49% at 12% CCS content, afterward amplified to the value of 15.6% at 16% CCS content. Simultaneously, the LL of the natural lateritic soil decreased from 60.05% to 35.55% at 16% CCS content. The MDD of original lateritic soil for BSL, WAS, and BSH decreased from 1.63 to 1.45 Mg/dm³, 1.66 to 1.48 Mg/dm³, and 1.69 to 1.52 Mg/dm³ at 4% CCS content, subsequently increasing up to 16% CCS, respectively. Although the OMC amplified from 19.47% to 24.0%, 18.22% to 22.73%, and 17.44% to 21.85% at 4%, it later increased up to 16% CCS, respectively. At 8% CCS content, the CBR value improved from 13.22% to 24.65%, 14.44% to 26.28%, and 15.68% to 28.62% for BSL, WAS, and BSH compactive effort, respectively. Regression analysis indicated that grading properties, MDD, LL, PF, and PI influenced strength qualities of Oke-bale lateritic soil amended with CCS, with positive coefficient values. Furthermore, regression analysis suggested a solid bond between the measured and predicted values of CCS-LS. However, statistical significance was shown in the lateritic-CCS mixed analyses of variance during the duration of the test. Based on the outcome of CBR test, 8% CCS-lateritic soil mixture could be effectively utilized to enhance low-traffic roads.

Geotechnical Properties of Cement-Stabilized Lateritic Soil with Bamboo Leaf Ash in the Takie Area of Ogbomoso

Geotechnical Properties of Cement-Stabilized Lateritic Soil with Bamboo Leaf Ash in the Takie Area of Ogbomoso

Thermal stability of artificial radiation-induced defects in kaolinite: Enhancing EPR dating protocol

Kaolinite naturally contains radiation-induced electron defects in its structure induced by ionizing radiations and can be analyzed with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). They include the so-called A-center, which is crucial for geochronological applications due to its stability at the scale of geological periods. Indeed, previous studies have substantiated the thermal stability of naturally occurring A-centers in kaolinite through annealing experiments. However, the stability of artificially created A-centers, which are used to determine paleodose through calibration via irradiation experiments and subsequent dating of kaolinite formation, still needs to be more adequately specified to confirm their relevance. Therefore, this research probed the thermal stability of A-centers produced by ionizing 1.5 MeV He+ beams in two samples, i.e., the reference KGa-2 and a very disordered lateritic soil kaolinite. Heating experiments showed that the annealing of irradiated samples at 250 °C was relevant to determining A-center concentration. Second, the annealing of artificial A-centers at higher temperatures was found to be a second-order process, as for natural A-centers. Annealing parameters such as activation energy (2–2.6 eV) were determined with estimates of half-life at 300 K, which was found to be >1012 years for natural and artificial A-centers. Thus, the parameters for artificial A-centers are consistent with the thermal annealing behavior of their natural counterparts. These new findings affirm that artificially generated A-centers mimic natural ones in terms of EPR spectra and thermal stability, enhancing the reliability and precision of the EPR dating methodology used in kaolinite dating.

Identification of soil properties influencing primary productivity of fish ponds under red and lateritic soil zones

Aim: The present study aimed to identify the key soil factors influencing the primary productivity of water in the fish ponds situated under low productive red and lateritic soil zones. Methodology: General properties of fish pond soils (n=42) from different red and lateritic soil zones of West Bengal, India were determined along with the gross primary productivity (GPP) values of corresponding pond waters. All the soil properties were correlated with GPP values and the soil factors which were significantly correlated with GPP of pond water were further used for step down regression analysis with regard to GPP.This helped to develop a minimum data set of the key soil factors which showed maximum influence on GPP. The efficiency of the regression equation, generated with the critical soil parameters, in predicting the GPP values of other ponds was also assessed through a study on the variations in calculated and on-farm GPP values of eight fish ponds. Results: Among all the studied soil properties, pH and availability of three major nutrients viz. N, P and K were observed to contribute 84.15% variations in gross production of primary fish food organisms in these pond environment. Of these 4 soil properties, again, pH and available P values of the pond soils appeared to be more important. A regression equation was also developed to predict the GPP of such pond water using soil pH and available P values only. This equation showed a precision range of 83.0 to 99.7% and was found to be statistically at par with the GPP values observed under actual pond condition. Interpretation: High efficiency in predictability of pond GPP values using the minimum data set of two key soil factors viz. soil pH and available P indicates that proper management of these productivity attributing soil properties will be particularly helpful to improve the primary productivity levels of the predominantly low yielding fish ponds under the red and lateritic soil zones. Key words: Fish ponds, Minimum data set, Productivity attributes, Red and lateritic soil zones, Soil factors

Optimizing the Use of Heavy Equipment on Earthworks on the Syamsudin Noor Banjarbaru Airport Ring Road

Earthworks on the Syamsudin Noor Banjarbaru Airport Ring Road Construction Project in 2019 include activities of digging, moving, displacing, leveling, forming the road body and compacting embankment soil in a loose volume of 375,000.00 m3 in solid with laterite soil type (chosen fill) . The heavy equipment used will be calculated for productivity, tool requirements and operational costs for each tool, namely: Komatsu PC 200 Excavator, Nissan Hino FM 260 JD 16 m3 Dump Truck, Catterpillar D6R Bulldozer, Catterpillar 120 G Motor Grader and Vibratory Roller Bomag Komatsu BW 217 D. Analysis and calculations using data analysis methods include material analysis, work implementation methodology, equipment production calculations, tool requirements, and equipment operating costs to complete the work. The results of the analysis show that Excavator productivity is 150.70 m3/hour, number of 3 units, operational costs Rp. .77m3/hour, number of 2 units, operational costs Rp. 1,617,521,830.24, Motor Grader productivity 1,392 m3 / hour, quantity 1 unit, operational costs Rp. 247,830,796, 12 and Vibratory Roller productivity 241.07 m3 / hour, number of 2 units, operational costs Rp. 757. 806,142.93. with a total cost of using heavy equipment for earthworks of Rp. 8,481,158,634.27

A Remote Sensing Approach to Estimating Cropland Sustainability in the Lateritic Red Soil Region of China

Spatiotemporal assessment and a comprehensive understanding of cropland sustainability are prerequisites for ensuring food security and promoting sustainable development. However, a remote sensing-based approach framework that is suitable for large-scale and high-precision assessment and can reflect the overall sustainability of cropland has not yet been developed. This study considered a typical lateritic red soil region of Guangdong Province, China, as an example. Cropland sustainability was examined from three aspects: natural capacity, management level, and food productivity. Ten typical indicators, including soil organic matter, pH, irrigation guarantee capability, multiple cropping index, and food productivity, among others, were constructed using remote sensing technology and selected to represent these three aspects. Based on the indicator system, we assessed the spatiotemporal patterns of cropland sustainability from 2010 to 2020. The results showed that the natural capacity, management level, and food productivity of cropland had improved over the 10 years. The cropland sustainability score increased from 67.95 to 69.08 over this period. The sustainability scores for 68.64% of cropland were increased and were largely distributed in the eastern and western region of the study area. The croplands with declining sustainability scores were mostly distributed in the central region. The prefecture-level regions differed in cropland sustainability, with Zhongshan, Zhuhai, and Qingyuan cities exhibiting the highest values, and Zhanjiang the lowest. Exploring the underlying mechanisms of cropland sustainability and proposing improvement measures can guide decision-making, cropland protection, and efficient utilization, especially in similar lateritic red soil regions of the world.

Influence of the addition of carbon nanotube on the physical behavior of a lateritic soil from the southwest Amazon

In this work we evaluate the physical-mechanical behavior of lateritic soil with addition of carbon nanotubes. The soil was collected in a commercial deposit located in Rio Branco – AC and later characterized through particle size tests, X-Ray Diffraction, X-Ray Dispersion Spectroscopy and Tropical Compressed Miniature essay. The dispersion of nanotubes in solution was carried out and the size of the nanoparticles was verified using Dynamic Light Spreading - DLS, Zeta Potential and PDI. Three percentages of additions (0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2%) of carbon nanotubes were evaluated and compared with the control group according to the parameters of Atterberg limits, real density, dry density maximum and optimum humidity. The results indicate that the soil has a clayey behavior with a medium texture, with the presence of clay mineral kaolinite in its composition and silicon and iron oxides. The dispersion of carbon nanotubes reached particles with an average hydrodynamic diameter of 68.9 nm and Zeta Potential of -24.87 mV and PDI of 0.231, characterizing a solution as moderately dispersed and kinetically stable. The results of the liquidity limit and plasticity tests showed a reduction of 10 and 13%, respectively, with the addition of carbon nanotubes, while for the parameters of plasticity index, real specific mass, maximum dry density and optimal moisture, they did not show significant variation. Carbon nanotubes interact with soils with lateritic behavior, and further studies are essential to better understand the mechanisms behind this interaction.

Intrinsic compressibility of laterites and lateritic soils

Laterites and lateritic soils, prevalent in tropical and subtropical climates, have growing applications in earthwork construction. They usually present unique compression properties compared to conventional clays. Therefore, a thorough understanding of their intrinsic compressibility is crucial. This paper reports on modified oedometer tests conducted on reconstituted samples of four distinct laterites and lateritic soils with varying initial water contents. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to identify the microstructural features to reveal the mechanisms of intrinsic compression. The results demonstrate that intrinsic compression curves of reconstituted laterites and lateritic soils align with Burland’s normalization framework. However, they exhibit a higher void ratio at an effective vertical stress of 100 kPa ( e* 100) and a lower compression index ( C* c) compared to traditional clays; therefore, existing formulas for calculating e* 100 and C* c are inapplicable to laterites and lateritic soils. The SEM analysis revealed that sesquioxide interacts with soil minerals, resulting in a porous structure and robust inter-unit cementation. This unique microstructure contributes to the observed intrinsic constants of compressibility, e* 100 and C* c. Based on the experimental observations, new empirical equations are introduced to evaluate e* 100 and C* c in laterites and lateritic soils. The experimental results elucidate the role of sesquioxide in inherent compressibility and improve our understanding of compressibility characteristics that are unique to laterites and lateritic soils.

Influence of Calcium Carbide Residue on Corn Stalk Ash Stabilized Lateritic Soil for Highway Pavement Construction

The most common binder used for roads and buildings is cement, and its annual production rate is rising at an unprecedented rate, which has significant negative effects on the environment. This research investigated the effect of a varying percentage of Calcium Carbide Residue (CCR) and Corn Stalk Ash (CSA) samples on lateritic soils. A total of 25 mixture samples of CCR and CSA were prepared and mixed with lateritic soils to evaluate the mechanical and strength properties according to the Standard for transportation materials and methods of sampling and testing, AASHTO. The results showed that CCR has the property that reacts with CSA which is a good pozzolana yielding a product similar to the cement hydration process. Particle size analysis, Atterberg limits, Specific gravity, Compaction, and California Bearing Ratio were developed for each test sample, and the corresponding optimum mixtures were determined for the general specification for roads and bridges. Tests showed that in comparison to the control sample, there is an increase in the Atterberg limits properties with a decrease in the compaction properties and an increase in the CBR values upon the addition of 8% CCR and 2.5% CSA mixture before soaking and after soaking for 24 hours respectively which falls within the guidelines of the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Highways and Transportation (1997). Similarly, CCR was found to be advantageous for use as an activator with CSA to stabilized soil as a sub-base material in Highway Pavement Construction.

Regression Analysis on California Bearing Ratio of Selected Soft Soils in Osun State for Pavement Construction

This paper presents a regression analysis on the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of selected soft soils in Osun State for pavement construction. The lateritic soil used, obtained along Osogbo-Ikirun road, Osogbo-Ilesha road, and West By-Pass Okebale in Osogbo, Osun State, is labeled as locations P, Q, and R, respectively, for easy identification. Geotechnical tests were carried out in line with British Standard (1990), encompassing parameters such as moisture content, specific gravity, particle size analysis, Atterberg limits, Compaction, and California Bearing Ratio. A correlation relationship between CBR and LL, PL, PI, OMC, and MDD was developed using multiple linear regression analysis. Standard Minitab 13 and Microsoft Excel 2013 software packages were utilized for the analysis. The comparison between experimental and predicted CBR values from the derived model yielded R² values of 1, 1, and 0.9741 for locations P, Q, and R, respectively. The analysis underscores that geotechnical properties, including percentage fines for Osogbo-Ikirun road, optimum moisture content for Osogbo-Ilesha road, and specific gravity for West By-Pass soils, can be employed to reliably predict CBR values. The regression analysis indicates a robust quality control measure for the variables PF, OMC, and SG during field compaction. The inclusion of these variables into a comprehensive quality control and specification framework is recommended to enhance the longevity and durability of road pavements.

Weed seedbank as influenced by tillage and herbicide in direct seeded rice‐mustard cropping sequence in lateritic soil of eastern India

AbstractThe above‐ground community dynamics of weeds represent the soil weed seedbank in an agro‐ecosystem. Hence, understanding the seedbank will offer an idea for future weed management tactics. We aimed to determine the density of weed seedbank and emergence of major weeds in direct seeded rice (DSR) (Oryza sativa L.)—mustard (Brassica campestris L. var. yellow sarson) cropping sequence under varied tillage and herbicide combinations. The present study on weed seedbank was conducted using seedling emergence method after collecting the soils at the harvest of mustard at the completion of 2 years field experimentation. The experiment was conducted in split‐plot design with two tillage practices [zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT)] in main plot and eight weed management practices in DSR [oxadiargyl followed by (fb) bispyribac‐sodium, penoxsulam + cyhalofop‐butyl, oxadiargyl fb penoxsulam + cyhalofop‐butyl, fenoxaprop‐p‐ethyl + ethoxysulfuron, oxadiargyl fb fenoxaprop‐p‐ethyl + ethoxysulfuron, pendimethalin fb bispyribac‐sodium, unweeded control, and weed free check] as subplot. The carry‐over effect of tillage and weed management practices were recorded in mustard crop. Seed emergence study revealed that ZT reduced the emergence of grassy weeds (by 13.7%) and total weed emergence (19.5%) in comparison to the CT (p < 0.05). However, emergence of broadleaf weeds was 24.5% higher in ZT than in CT. The higher infestation was recorded for Ludwigia parviflora (Jacq.) Raven under penoxsulam + cyhalofop‐butyl, fenoxaprop‐p‐ethyl + ethoxysulfuron, Cyperus iria (L.) under fenoxaprop‐p‐ethyl + ethoxysulfuron, and Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. under pendimethalin fb bispyribac‐sodium, oxadiargyl fb bispyribac‐sodium. Sole application of post‐emergence (POE) herbicide decreased the total weed emergence by 22.2%–28.1% than unweeded control (p < 0.05). Whereas, sequential application of PRE + POE herbicides decreased the total weed emergence by 32.8%–36.9% than unweeded control (p < 0.05). Notably, sedge weeds such as Cyperus iria (L.) and Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl were lower in ZT than in CT under herbicide treated plots (by 66.6%–84.3%) than unweeded control. Thus, ZT with oxadiargyl 90 g a.i. ha−1 fb fenoxaprop‐p‐ethyl + ethoxysulfuron (90 + 15 g a.i. ha−1) as tank‐mix can be effectively used to lower the weed seedbank density vis‐à‐vis managing complex weed flora in DSR and rice‐mustard cropping sequence.

Residue Kinetics of Insecticide Pymetrozine in Rice Field Soil

Soils are the most diverse and complex ecosystem in the world. In addition to providing humanity with 98.8% of its food, soils provide a broad range of other services, from carbon storage and greenhouse gas regulation, to flood mitigation and providing support for our sprawling cities. Therefore, protection of soil health from various pollutants including pesticides is important for its future sustenance. The pesticide Pymetrozine widely used in rice fields for the control of aphids and whiteflies is also registered in India for crop protection in Paddy. This study aimed to examine how long the pesticide Pymetrozine persists and how it breaks down in different types of soil in West Bengal. This research was conducted through laboratory experiments using LC-MS/MS at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia. Applied two doses of Pymetrozine and analyzed soil samples over 30 days. Pymetrozine levels decreased by 95-97% after 15 days and fell below detectable levels after 30 days. Dissipation followed first-order kinetics, with a faster rate in new alluvial soil compared to red lateritic soil. This difference could be due to variations in soil properties, like organic carbon content and water retention.

Effect of date of sowing and level of phosphorus on growth and yield of summer mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) in Red and Lateritic soils of West Bengal

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of two sowing dates (16th March and 26th March) and five phosphorus levels (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg P2 O5 / ha) in mungbean during pre-kharif (summer) season of 2022 at Instructional Farm of Seacom Skills University, Kendradangal, Birbhum, West Bengal, India. The research work revealed that growth parameters were significantly higher under 26th March sowing over 16th March. Among the P levels, higher dose of P improved growth parameters. In case of yield attributes maximum number of pods/plant (9.6), pod length (6.9 cm) and seeds/pod (10.3) were recorded in 26th March sown crop of mungbean. Maximum seed yield (705 kg/ ha) and stover yield (1609 kg/ha) also recorded in 26th March sowing. Different P dose showed significant variations for yield traits and maximum pods/plant (11.45), pod length (7.96 cm) and seeds/pod (11.23) recorded with 80 kg P2 O5 / ha. Highest seed yield (812 kg/ha) and stover yield (1710 kg/ha) were obtained with 80 kg P2 O5 /ha. The gross returns, net returns and benefit: cost ratio was maximum when the crop sown on 26th March with 80 kg P2 O5 /ha. Hence, mungbean sown on 26th March 2022 along with 80 kg P2 O5 /ha application could be more effective in augmenting growth, yield and economics in the red and lateritic soils of West Bengal.

Discussion of “Flexural and Shear Strength Properties of Laterite Soil Stabilized with Rice Husk Ash, Coir Fiber, and Lime”, by Rithy Domphoeun and Amin Eisazadeh (2024), Published in Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology, DOI.org/10.1007/s40515-023-00364-5

Discussion of “Flexural and Shear Strength Properties of Laterite Soil Stabilized with Rice Husk Ash, Coir Fiber, and Lime”, by Rithy Domphoeun and Amin Eisazadeh (2024), Published in Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology, DOI.org/10.1007/s40515-023-00364-5

Weed management in soybean using early post emergence herbicide in lateritic soil and residual effects of herbicide in succeeding crops

Weed management in soybean using early post emergence herbicide in lateritic soil and residual effects of herbicide in succeeding crops

Characteristics of west coast lateritic soils of Southern India

Characteristics of west coast lateritic soils of Southern India

Compaction and strength characteristics of lead contaminated lateritic soil treated with eco-friendly biopolymer for use as road foundation material

Reuse of unwanted soil material due to contamination is one of the available alternative to mitigate the depletion of natural construction material like lateritic soil. Lateritic soil can become contaminated as a result of mining activities. However, assessment of such soil for adequate compaction and strength development is a critical requirement for establishing foundation for road pavement failure of which can result in rapid deterioration of structural integrity of pavement. The research paper investigated the efficacy of Gum Arabic biopolymer (GAB) as eco-friendly additive, in enhancing strength development of lead-contaminated lateritic soil (LCLS) for use as foundation material for road pavement. Varying contents of GAB up to 25% of the dry weight of soil in 5% succession was used in treating LCLS. Compaction characteristics, Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and Optimal Moisture Content (OMC), and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) with microstructural analysis of the treated soil were assessed using three distinct compactive efforts: British Standard Light (BSL), West African Standard (WAS), and British Standard Heavy (BSH). With increase in GAB content, there is a corresponding rise in MDD, while OMC decreased across all three compaction efforts. Optimal CBR values were obtained at 10% GAB content across the three compactive efforts. The Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) analysis revealed modifications in the surface morphology occurring at the peripheries of clay particles. The R-squared (R2) values of the regression models derived from statistical analysis of all dependent variables revealed that GAB, MDD, OMC and CE (compactive effort) collectively exert considerable significant effect over CBR values. However, the ultimate strength values fall short of the recommended thresholds for sub-base stabilization. This suggests that a GAB content of 10% enhances the characteristics of contaminated lateritic soil. However, it should not be employed as a sole stabilizer; instead, it could be considered as a potential admixture in cement stabilization.

Karakterisasi Tanah Vulkanik di Kabupaten Kediri, Jawa Timur, Indonesia Berdasarkan Uji CPT, SPT, dan PMT

Indonesia is a country surrounded by the Pacific Ring of Fire so that various areas are dominated by volcanic soil. Volcanic soils have unique and unusual characteristics, different structures and properties from soil in general, and are strongly influenced by geological processes. Volcanic soils were also found to be problematic and caused a lot of geotechnical damage. Research on volcanic soils from a geotechnical perspective in Indonesia is still very limited. This study aims to characterize volcanic materials in Kediri Regency, East Java, Indonesia, based on in situ testing using CPT (Cone Penetration Test), Standard Penetration Test (SPT), and Pressuremeter Test (PMT). CPT and SPT are the most common and frequently used field tests, while PMT is used to obtain horizontal stresses. Some data from the X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD) test and corebox drilling results will also be used in this study. Field test results will display soil classification and parameters, which will then be combined, and empirical correlations will be obtained for site characterization as well as comparisons with other volcanic soil literature studies. The results showed that the volcanic soil in Kediri Regency consists of non-lateritic to lateritic soil. Based on the CPT and SPT correlations, it was found that the qc/N value was greater than in general soils for both cohesive and non-cohesive soils. The authors also found a relationship between parameters and interpretation of PMT data against NSPT for cohesive volcanic soils in the study area.