Lateral Facies Variations Research Articles

Integrated 3D reservoir modelling for the unconventional reservoir prospects: a case study of Upper Cretaceous Brown Limestone reservoir, South Geisum field, Gulf of Suez, Egypt

The Gulf of Suez basin (GOS) hosts over eighty conventional oilfields spanning from the Pre-Cambrian to the Recent. This research focuses on a segment of the (GOS) sequence within the territories managed by PGM Company. It outlines a methodology for evaluating unconventional resource potential within the Brown Limestone interval of Upper Cretaceous age in this region. The Brown Limestone interval serves not only as a crucial source rock but also as a fractured reservoir widespread across many oilfields. Due to intricate reservoir architecture, diverse lateral variations in facies and the heterogeneity of the reservoir quality, uncertainties prevail. These challenges impede the optimization of reservoir exploitation throughout the GOS Basin. This study employs an integrated approach utilizing diverse datasets and techniques to ascertain the precise structural setting, property attributes of the Upper Cretaceous Brown Limestone and forecast its complex geometry in three-dimensional space within the study area. The study aims to assess the reservoir and trap heterogeneity under various scenarios to create a robust 3D static model dictating the structural and property complexities. The objective of the model is to enhance the precision of reserve estimates and provide crucial support for decision-making in the development planning of the South Geisum oilfield.

Seismic refraction investigation of the shallow bedrock in New Qena City, Eastern Desert, Egypt

The seismic refraction technique has demonstrated its efficiency as a cost-effective geophysical approach for bedrock investigation, which is very important for major construction projects. In the southern part of New Qena City, in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, construction of many domestic facilities is planned. Therefore, a prior investigation focusing on bedrock is required to validate the site for construction and other projects. In this study, a site investigation of the southern part of New Qena City is conducted using the seismic refraction method to estimate the depth and thickness of the bedrock and to present the subsurface structural features affecting the area. Ten seismic refraction profiles were measured, and the data were used for tomographic inversion. The results revealed a four-layered subsurface, with the bedrock represented by the mudstone unit of the Pliocene Durri Formation. This layer is located at a shallow depth and exhibits relatively low velocities as well as lateral velocity variations. This is attributed to the clay content of the layer, the high degree of fracturing, and the lateral facies variation. Therefore, the layer could undergo geotechnical problems that could affect future construction projects in the area. Ten subsurface faults were also detected in the velocity sections.

Rifting Basins at the Accretion-Collision Stage of Fold Belt Development: Eastern Slope of the Southern and Middle Urals in the Carboniferous

Research subject. Sedimentary basins within the Mississippian and Early Pennsylvanian (Middle Carboniferous of Russia) rift (sensu lato) structures on the eastern slope of the Southern and Middle Urals. Methods. An analysis of lithological characteristics of sedimentary rocks and relationships with volcanic complexes in order to clarify the evolution of rifting basins. Results. During the Mississippian and Early Pennsylvanian, several large rifting basins were common in this area. The Early Carboniferous rifting basins (Magnitogorsk-Bogdanovskoe graben and Alapaevsk-Kamensk rift) of accretionary margin of the East European craton were characterized by relatively shallow-water (in some places up to coastal-marine and continental) environments, caused by intensive (compensatory) filling of depressions with sedimentary material. In this case, volcanic rocks – those of fissure-type and stratovolcanoes lava flows – also played a significant role. In the Late Visean, the rifting process paused; a relatively shallow shelf basin regime was established throughout the entire area, which persisted until the end of the Early Carboniferous. In the Early Pennsylvanian, due to a hard oblique collision, the rifting process resumed. However, the rifting basins were already smaller in terms of area and most often deeper, whereas the occurring volcanic processes were less intensive. The characteristic feature of these basins was the presence of flysch complexes. The elongated shape of the rifting basins, large thicknesses of sedimentary strata, lateral facies variability, and the abundance of coarse clastic rocks, consisting largely of fragments of directly underlying sediments (Visean, Serpukhovian, Bashkirian), suggest that the Mississippian and Early Pennsylvanian rifts of the Southern and Middle Urals eastern slope had a strike-slip nature, i.e., the rifting basins were pull-apart type depressions.

Evidence of theropod dinosaurs in the upper hauterivian–lower barremian of Jebel Kebar (central Tunisia): Paleobiogeographic implications

The fossil record of Mesozoic dinosaurs in Tunisia has long been thought to be restricted exclusively to the southern part of the country. Although tidal and continental environments have been recognized within Cretaceous formations in central Tunisia based on sedimentological analyses, no skeletal remains ascribable to dinosaurs have been found in these deposits. The hypothesis of a possible land connection between central and southern Tunisia during the Early Cretaceous has not been previously explored due to notable lateral variations in facies, marked by the recurrent occurrence of shallow marine deposits separating these domains. The vertebrate ichnological record in the Central Tunisian Atlas was limited to isolated tridactyl footprints exclusively observed in the Albian Kebar Formation. Here, we report the first dinosaur tracks from the pre-Albian Cretaceous (upper Hauterivian–lower Barremian) of central Tunisia. These tracks consist of large tridactyl footprints left behind by medium to large-sized non-avian theropods. They occur within an extensively fractured dolostone bed and exhibit poor morphological preservation. Besides their dimensions, some tracks show morphological features, including broad digit impressions with some terminating in sharp claw traces, low to moderate mesaxony, and a wide divarication angle of the outer digits, reminiscent of the ichnogenus Megalosauripus. However, due to their poor state of preservation and limited number, we refrain from assigning these tracks to the ichnogeneric level and refer to them as indeterminate eubrontid footprints. The occurrence of theropod tracks in the Lower Cretaceous of central Tunisia confirms the sedimentology-based hypotheses about a temporal emergence of parts of this area, which was probably related to tectonic events. We compile previous biostratigraphic, sedimentological, and paleoichnological data to suggest possible periodic connections between the mainland in the south and the tidal flat environments within the central basins. Additionally, two possible scenarios regarding the biogeographic implications of the Jebel Kebar tracks are discussed. The first scenario suggests that a Gondwanan theropod fauna would have been exploring and residing in newly emerged regions of higher latitudes, whereas the alternative scenario posits the existence of a paleogeographic link between the northern margin of Gondwana and Adria, which would have allowed an interchange of theropod faunas between the two landmasses at least in the early Barremian.

The anatomy and stacking pattern of palustrine-dominated carbonate sequences from the Cengle Plateau, Paleocene, SE France: A multi-scalar approach

An integrated approach combining petrography, photogrammetry, geochronology, SEM, and geochemical data was utilized to analyze lithofacies, stacking patterns, and lateral facies variations, and to interpret environmental dynamics during the deposition of carbonates from ‘La Barre du Cengle’ in the Early Paleogene. Located in the SE of France, the elliptical Cengle Plateau stretches 7 km from east to west and is 2 km wide, featuring cliffs ranging in thickness from 20 to 35 m. These cliffs showcase grayish, beige, and pinkish limestones dominated by palustrine facies, forming part of the ‘Calcaire de Saint Marc’ Formation of the Arc Basin. Sedimentary deposits within this interval were repeatedly subjected to subaerial exposure due to fluctuations in lake levels driven by climate, resulting in the organization of elementary sequences at decimetric to metric scales, which stack up into small-scale sequences at the decametric order. Deposition occurred under mainly subarid climatic conditions, with paleogeographic variations in the basin corresponding to changes in lake base levels over time and space. At least four frequencies of base level variation are present: very high and seasonal frequency, responsible for the formation of palustrine facies; high frequency, which generates the elementary sequences; medium frequency, which leads to the formation of the small-scale sequences; and low frequency which corresponds to the deposition of the entire set of limestones that form the Cengle cliff. The transition between lacustrine, palustrine, and pedogenic environments consistently occurs from west to east over time. In the more distal regions, the proportion of lacustrine facies tends to increase, and the thicknesses of the preserved sedimentary record tend to be greater. Conversely, palustrine and pedogenic facies predominate in the more proximal areas, typically resulting in decreased thickness.

New fossiliferous sites from the mid-Cretaceous Tendrara dome (High Plateaus, Morocco): biostratigraphical, paleoenvironmental and paleogeographical implications

Sedimentological and stratigraphical studies in the Cretaceous series of the Tendrara dome led to the discovery of fossiliferous levels in the pre-Cenomanian and Cenomanian deposits, providing significant biostratigraphic, paleoenvironmental, and paleogeographic results. In the SW part of the Tendrara dome, the predominantly terrigenous deposits at the base of the pre-Cenomanian (Dekkar 1 Formation) yielded dinosaur eggshell fragments and charophytes, in particular Clavatoraceans, pointing to the Barremian-Aptian. Above this unit, two beds with fish remains were discovered in the Dekkar 2 Formation and at the base of the Dekkar 3 Formation, respectively. To the NE of the Tendrara dome, a fossiliferous site with diversified benthic fauna and abundant fish remains was discovered in a thin marly unit unconformably overlying the Middle Jurassic basement. Elasmobranch micro-remains indicate a Cenomanian age for this unit. The SW-NE correlations indicate a marked thickness reduction and lateral facies variations, implying a strong asymmetry in the Cretaceous paleogeography of the dome. The first continental and lagoonal basins of the Barremian-Aptian and Albian?-Cenomanian are located in the southern part of the Tendrara dome. The Cenomanian transgression, initiated from the south, gradually covered the dome, depositing reduced coastal plain elasmobranch-rich facies in its northern part. The Tendrara dome constituted a paleogeographic barrier, limiting the first transgressions of the Cenomanian sea. This paleostructure is part of an emerged area (Idrissides High) located between the Tethyan Ocean and the Saharan epicontinental sea.

3D structural modeling using seismic data and well logs for Khatatba reservoir in Matruh-Shushan Basin, North Western Desert, Egypt

Middle Jurassic reservoirs present challenges in the northern segment of the Western Desert due to geometric uncertainties arising from structural configurations, lateral facies variations, diverse lithologies, and heterogeneous reservoir quality. Consequently, this study employed an intricate approach, constructing detailed 3D geostatic models by amalgamating diverse datasets, including 2D seismic sections and digital well-logs. The focus of these 3D models was on the Khatatba Formation (Upper-Safa Member, Kabrit Member, and Lower-Safa Member) in Matruh—Shushan Basin in the North Western Desert. The objectives encompassed assessing hydrocarbon potential, precisely estimating reserves, formulating development and exploration strategies, and identifying prospective drilling locations. The resultant structural model revealed a compartmentalized region marked by major and minor NE–SW trending normal faults, establishing structurally advantageous locations for hydrocarbon trapping within the study area. Petrophysical analyses highlighted the promising potential of the Upper-Safa Member as a reservoir, featuring porosity values ranging from 10 to 18%, peaking in the northeast sector, volume of shale (Vsh) between 15 and 24%, water saturation (Sw) spanning from 18 to 53%, and increased sand thickness towards the eastern section. Similarly, the Lower-Safa Member demonstrated favorable reservoir attributes, including porosity values ranging from 10 to 16%, with higher values in the southeastern part, Vsh between 17 and 28%, and Sw varying from 15 to 47%. The study findings underscored the hydrocarbon potential in the northeast block of the study area for the Middle Jurassic Khatatba Formation. These insights contribute valuable information for decision-making in exploration and production endeavors within the basin.

Synthetic seismic-stratigraphic interpretation from a sedimentological forward model in a pre-salt field in the Santos Basin

Forward modelling of sedimentary systems is a method that simulates sedimentation processes over geological time to generate a set of facies distributed in a depositional space. The objective of using forward modelling in this work was to build a 3D facies model from which a synthetic seismic simulation was generated, and then to analyse the relation of seismic-stratigraphic interpretations with the knowledge of the a priori generated sedimentological model. This modelling methodology was applied in a pre-salt field in the Santos Basin, Brazilian offshore, focused on the Barra Velha Formation. The modelling parameters used were: (i) the initial surface of bathymetric depth; (ii) the lake-level variation; (iii) the subsidence map; and (iv) the deposition rates of the facies. Average-constant of acoustic impedance values were assigned to each facies and a synthetic seismic was obtained. With the facies and synthetic models available, it was possible to analyse: (i) the distribution of thicknesses and proportion of facies by region; (ii) the vertical stacking pattern and lateral facies variation; (iii) the Wheeler distance × time diagram; and (iv) the seismic reflector patterns through the seismic facies classification. Through these analyses it was possible to better understand the possibilities and limitations of seismic stratigraphy as an interpretation auxiliary tool in pre-salt carbonate environments.

The Mondot-1 Core, Aínsa Basin, Spanish Pyrenees: a deltaic reservoir teaching set with augmented reality

Abstract Well Mondot-1 was drilled, cored and logged behind an outcrop of the Eocene Sobrarbe deltaic complex in the Aínsa Basin, Spanish Pyrenees. The data acquired represent a fluvial-dominated delta system prograding over a carbonate slope in the presence of active tectonism, and form part of a basin-to-grain teaching set for subsurface professionals. This paper highlights the workflow step(s) to move from a 1D core description to 2D and 3D correlations, including some of the pitfalls caused by rapid lateral facies variability, which is a common challenge in subsurface reservoir description. The core allows direct log-to-lithology comparison across a full deltaic succession. In the proximal and distal delta fronts, there are clear differences from the closely adjacent outcrop that are ascribed to lateral facies changes and delta front slumping. Two approaches to core display are described, as means towards making such data available to a wider audience: an augmented reality display run over a slabbed core, and a virtual whiteboard display carrying easily scalable viewing possibilities. These approaches can be deployed for other cores, allowing visualization and analysis where people are otherwise unable to travel to the physical location, or in circumstances where the core is now inaccessible.

SEISMIC AND PETROGRAPHIC CHARACTERISATION OF THE ZECHSTEIN HAUPTDOLOMIT PLATFORMS AROUND THE ELBOW SPIT HIGH, DUTCH OFFSHORE

A multidisciplinary approach combining geological mapping based on seismic and well data with petrographic analyses of core and cuttings samples was used to gain a better understanding of the distribution of Upper Permian (Zechstein, Z2) Hauptdolomit platforms and their depositional facies around the Elbow Spit High in the northern Dutch offshore. A detailed understanding of the Hauptdolomit's lateral facies variability is of great importance for assessing its reservoir potential, since both the thickness and reservoir properties of these carbonate platforms greatly depend on local accommodation within different palaeo‐depositional environments. The platforms generally contain the thickest Hauptdolomit sequences and are largely characterised by a mix of oolitic and coated grainstones, as well as by some dolomicrites. Porosities of around 15% are reached at well E02‐02 within the grainstone intervals, and interconnectivity between the pores is generally present. Seismic mapping has indicated a rim of isolated Hauptdolomit platforms, which are up to 10 km wide, around the southern and NW margins of the Elbow Spit High. No Hauptdolomit platforms are present on the NE margin of the High, likely because the palaeo‐ basin margin was too steep and hence lacked accommodation for carbonate growth. Discoveries made in recent years in the UK sector of the southern North Sea have highlighted the importance of the Hauptdolomit hydrocarbon play, and the results of the current study provide a solid base for assessing the reservoir potential of this play in the relatively underexplored northern part of the Dutch offshore.

Microfacies Analysis and Depositional Environment of the Middle Eocene Avanah Formation in Haibat Sultan Area, Iraqi Kurdistan Region

The Avanah Formation (Middle Eocene) was studied in the Haibat sultan section at Bina Bawi Anticline, Northeast of Erbil city within the Iraqi Kurdistan region. The field observation indicated that the formation occurs as Carbonate interbeds within the lower and middle parts of the Gercus Formation, which consists mainly of light yellowish to creamy color, well-bedded, marly, and dolomitic limestone with some intercalations of sandstones and marls reaching about 32 m thick characterized by lateral variations in facies and thicknesses. A petrographic study of 16 thin slices of carbonate rocks indicated that most of the matrix is composed of micrite, with a few microspars. Foraminifers, dasycladacean green alge, and Ostracods make up the skeleton grains. Non-skeletal grains mainly include peloids, intraclasts, and extraclasts. Depending on detailed microfacies analysis in the current study, five main microfacies and fourteen submicrofacies were discovered. The total of all petrographic, facies and textural investigations indicates that the Avanah Formation in the Haibat Sultan area was deposited in the shallow marine inner platform within subtidal, intertidal, and supratidal environments

Fluvial character and architecture of an outcrop using sedimentology combined with UAV-based modeling, Cretaceous McMurray Formation, NE Alberta, Canada

ABSTRACT It is widely accepted that most occurrences of inclined heterolithic stratification (IHS) in the rock record form by laterally accreting point bars in freshwater fluvial, tidally influenced fluvial, or tidally dominated estuary channels. Despite the widespread distribution of IHS in the subsurface and outcropping strata of the lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation, the large-scale depositional architecture and lateral facies variability of these deposits remains controversial. The relatively limited lateral extent of many of the outcrops is a challenge, particularly when point-bar deposits on the scale of hundreds of meters to kilometers are interpreted in outcrops spanning anywhere from 100 to 300 meters laterally. This has in turn led researchers to leverage other datasets such as 3-D seismic to analyze the large-scale depositional architecture of the IHS, leading to two main interpretations for the IHS in the McMurray Formation: 1) a fluvially dominated environment owing to geomorphological features comparable to those in large modern fluvial systems, or 2) an estuarine environment owing to the presence of trace fossils characteristic of marine-derived faunal colonization in brackish-water settings and strong evidence of tidal modulation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the sedimentology and depositional architecture of IHS in a unique, kilometer-wide outcrop exposure of McMurray Formation strata and compare it to IHS observed at other McMurray Formation outcrops previously interpreted as estuarine channels. This is achieved by combining traditional field-based methods with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-based outcrop modeling to create a 3-D outcrop model to visualize and analyze large point-bar geobodies deposited in a channel upwards of 25 meters deep and 750 meters wide exposed in outcrop at Crooked Rapids of the Athabasca River, west of the City of Fort McMurray. Importantly, this methodology uses bed orientation trends, paleocurrent data, and sedimentological observations to identify and map architectural elements, which constitute an eastward-accreting point bar crosscut by a southwestward-accreting counter point bar in the outcrop. The results strongly suggest that the IHS at Crooked Rapids was deposited in a freshwater fluvial environment. When compared to IHS deposited in estuarine depositional environments, fluvial IHS is driven by seasonal river discharge as opposed to the interplay between river discharge and the extent of the tidal prism. Therefore, fluvial IHS is: 1) dominantly sandstone with very minor waning-flow siltstone interbeds resulting from erosion by the succeeding freshet phase, and 2) completely devoid of bioturbation until flat-lying bar top or overbank strata is encountered. Using 3-D outcrop modeling to supplement sedimentological and ichnological observations strengthens the interpretation of complex fluvial geobodies and increases the overall understanding of the large-scale depositional architecture of point bars across the tidal–fluvial transition zone.

Geophysical characterisation and improved delineation of coaly source rocks from integrated analysis of laboratory, well and seismic data

Coaly facies (coal, shaly coal and coaly mudstone) are proven petroleum source rocks in many sedimentary basins in New Zealand, Australia and Southeast Asia. Often these source rocks are mapped in the subsurface based on sparse well data and seismic amplitude character and their organic richness is estimated using average TOC (total organic content) values from well data. However, as the lateral distribution and organic richness of coaly facies are highly heterogeneous and the seismic amplitude response of facies is non-unique, delineation of coaly facies and TOC estimation away from wells are highly uncertain. To reduce this uncertainty, we characterised coaly facies in Cretaceous–Eocene intervals in Taranaki and Great South Basins using density, P-wave velocity, P-impedance and TOC data from 13 wells, supplemented with rock physics and TOC data of numerous coal samples collected from mines and outcrops around New Zealand. We then carried out a case study from the Paleocene–Eocene interval in the Maari 3D seismic survey area in offshore Taranaki Basin in which we develop a P-impedance model and delineate the coaly facies away from wells based on P-impedance character. Average P-impedance maps were analysed together with seismic amplitude character, structure maps and depositional environment maps to understand lateral and temporal variation of coaly facies. These maps were then converted to proxy-TOC maps using a relationship developed from the outcrop coal samples. The coaly facies show density <2.5 g/cc, P-wave velocity <4000 m/s, P-impedance <9000 m/s × g/cc and varied TOC character in the Cretaceous–Eocene interval.

The Late Holocene parasequence of the Banc d'Arguin (Mauritania): Role of aeolian detrital inputs in the lithology of shallow water platform parasequences

The Banc d'Arguin (BA - Mauritania) has the double originality of being a shallow water platform (SWP) located on the edge of a sandy desert. This arrangement is rare in the world: Shark Bay in Australia, the western edge of the Persian Gulf and the Namibian margin are the main examples. BA's detailed study both in the marine part of the platform and on the coastal plain has highlighted the peculiarities of the Late Holocene parasequence (LH). In the basin, it is made up of two units recognized in seismic reflection: U5 surmounted by U6 / U7 in lateral variation of facies. U7 also constitutes most of the coastal plain, the construction of which Dia (2013) described in 5 stages. On its arrival, the postglacial Nouakchottian sea invaded areas determined by the construction and progression of ergs during the glacial episode (Azefal to the north, Agneitir and Akchar to the south). Their orientation defined the axes of penetration of the sea in the inter-ergs (Ras el Mâ, sebkha Acheil). In addition, the estuaries of the paleo-wadis, functional during the wettest episodes, were occupied by the sea (Khatt des Ogols). The ingression thus exceeded 12 km in Ras el Mâ and 10 km in the sebkha Acheil. The subsequent development was characterized by the clogging of the bay heads. It mainly used wind sands pushed in the axis of thalwegs and inter-ergs. The stability of the sea level since its arrival at its current level limited accommodation. The accommodation / supply ratio of Cattaneo and Steel (2003) was well below 1. The LH parasequence is therefore generally thin but very extensive on the surface. It is made almost entirely of sandy deposits characteristic of the inter and supratidal coastal environments: beach ridges and sedimentary spits, coastal dunes, large sand-flats which evolved into sabkhas for the oldest, as progradation progressed. The occasional use of the high points of the shore by the Neolithic populations underlined the coastal morphology. The description of the arrangement of the sedimentary subunits formed during the five phases of the period shows that it was formed by progradation with little aggradation during a phase of normal high-level regression.The comparison of the conditions prevailing in the other SWPs identified in the world shows that it is not the transgressive or regressive tendency of the deposits which is their most striking character. The very different lithology of the deposits is more discriminating and underlines the role played by desert sand inputs in the expression or not of other modes of biogenic and/or chemical sediment production. In the case where there are significant wind and fluvial siliciclastic components (northwest coast of Namibia) or significant wind inputs (BA in Mauritania), the production of biogeochemical carbonate components is reduced (Namibia) or even prevented (Mauritania). On the contrary, when the detrital inputs from a nearby desert environment are low (Shark Bay in Western Australia) or inefficient to almost non-existent (west coast of the Persian Gulf), the biogeochemical processes involved in the development of carbonates become predominant and lead to the formation of carbonate platforms. This continuum of models offers the possibility of identifying the amplitude of the desert signature in the paleogeographic reconstructions of certain platforms.

Factors Predisposing and Triggering the Phenomenon of Shrinkage-Swelling of Clay Soils in the Urban Center of Diamniadio

The phenomena of shrinkage and swelling of clay induce damage to housing structures every year. Precipitation, climatic changes and drought are the cause of wall cracks due to subsidence or swelling of the supporting soil. This movement alters the balance between the soil and the structures. To explain this defection, the soil is made up of three elements: the solid, the liquid and the gas. Sometimes in a natural way or following a human intervention, one of these elements undergoes an abnormal variation that causes the loss of the balance between land and works. It is in this sense that this article deals on the one hand with the factors of predisposition and triggering of the phenomena of shrinkage-swelling of the clay soils of Diamniadio and on the other hand, the factors of aggravation linked to the lithological heterogeneity and the variation in the thickness of the layers susceptible to shrinkage-swelling. The studies carried out have enabled a deeper understanding of the behavior of expansive soils following their interactions with climate, vegetation, hydrology, hydrogeology, constructions among others, but also the influence of lateral and vertical variations of fine soil facies.

Investigation of Lateral Facies Variation and its Impact on Reservoir Quality Distribution in Complex Stratigraphic Settings

Investigation of Lateral Facies Variation and its Impact on Reservoir Quality Distribution in Complex Stratigraphic Settings

Sedimentology and New Paleogeographic Data of the Lower Eocene Chouabine Formation in the Gafsa Basin (Tunisia), Southern Tethyan Margin

Abstract Facies and paleo-environment reconstruction applied to the lower Eocene Chouabine deposits occurring in the Gafsa area in Tunisia provided important information on sediment cyclicity and paleogeographic conditions. From west to east, four sections were surveyed: Tamerza (25 m), Oued Thelja (48 m), Jebel Ong (25 m), and Jebel Chamsi (45 m). Furthermore, the facies stacking pattern allowed for the reconstruction of depositional environments in relation to sea level changes. The Chouabine Formation is formed by the succession of three sequences composed of marls, phosphorites, and carbonates. There are five main facies organized into two transgressive cycles. The gradual transition of facies from intertidal to circatidal environments unraveled the sedimentation on a homoclinal ramp, episodically swept by upwelling currents. The Chouabine Formation is made of deepening–upwards cycles. Each cycle ranges from 2 to 5 m in thickness. The proximal-distal transition of depositional environments was gradually increasing from intertidal to offshore environments. Lateral variation of thickness and facies is generated by the reactivation of inherited NW-SE extensive and/or transtensive faults, acting since the late Cretaceous during the intermediate closing phase of the Neotethys. Synsedimentary tectonics has created trap structures favouring confinement conditions in the center of the basin, permitting the accumulation and preservation of large thicknesses of phosphate deposits. Based on new litho- and biostratigraphic data, this study presents for the first time a clear and detailed regional stratigraphic correlation and paleogeographic maps.

A static modeling approach to the Brown Limestone carbonate reservoir, Geisum Oilfield, Gulf of Suez, Egypt

The Gulf of Suez in Egypt contains more than 80 conventional oil fields with reservoirs from Precambrian up to Quaternary age. To date, these fields have all been conventional resources. This abstract will take part of the Gulf of Suez sequence within the fields of Petrogulf Misr Company and present a work process for unconventional resource assessment of the Brown Limestone formation within one of these areas. The Brown Limestone formation is a Late Cretaceous Pre-rift mega sequence succession and plays an important role in the conventional system of Gulf of Suez, Brown Limestone formation is not only as one of the important source rocks, but also a fractured carbonate reservoir in multiple fields especially is the southern Geisum oil field. However, this formation is characterized by uncertainty due to the complexity of reservoir architecture, various lithologies, lateral facies variations, and heterogeneous reservoir quality. These reservoir challenges, in turn, affect the effectiveness of further exploitation of this reservoir along the Gulf of Suez Basin. In this work, we conduct an integrated study using multidisciplinary datasets and techniques to determine the precise structural, petrophysical, and facies characteristics of the Brown Limestone Formation and predict their complex geometry in 3D space. The Brown Limestone formation is considered to be as a reservoir in the study area. The value of water saturation ranges from 15 to 45%, where the value of Effective Porosity ranges from 11 to 15% for the selected potential intervals in Brown Limestone due to the highly structural setting in the study area, so Reservoir thickness was used as the proxy for reservoir effectiveness where thicker reservoir had a higher chance of containing multiple intervals for good potential intervals.

Hydrogeochemical and geophysical investigations to delineate underground water aquifer in arid regions: A case study, Gara oasis, Egypt

The goal of the present study is to investigate, delineate, and evaluate the shallow Miocene groundwater aquifer with vertical and lateral facies variations in the Gara oasis, western desert of Egypt. This oasis represents a typical arid region in North Africa. Through grid texture analysis, lineament detection, edge detection, thresholding, and identifying areas of structural complexity from the filtered residual reduced-to-pole magnetic anomaly map, it is possible to outline the fracture zones that principally control the groundwater aquifers and water flow in the area. The groundwater quality and quantity are examined hydro-geochemically through nine groundwater samples that were gathered from wells and springs distributed throughout the area around Gara Lake. Measurements of physio-chemical parameters (TDS, pH, and EC) are carried out and its spatial distribution is critically studied. The results reveal that the ion-exchange process caused by water-rock interaction is the dominant process. Furthermore, the main ions in the groundwater in the study areas were Na and Cl. This might be due to evaporation or halite dissolution with the upward flow of waters through the fractures from the deep aquifer of the Nubian sandstone to the shallow aquifer of the fractured Miocene limestone.

Shallow marine carbonates as recorders of orbitally induced past climate changes – example from the Oxfordian of the Swiss Jura Mountains

Abstract. Today and in the geologic past, climate changes greatly affect and have affected Earth surface processes. While the climatic parameters today can be measured with high precision, they have to be interpreted from the sedimentary record for ancient times. This review is based on the detailed analysis of stratigraphic sections of Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) age, with the aim to reconstruct and discuss the climate changes that controlled the sedimentation on the shallow marine carbonate platform that today is represented in the Swiss Jura Mountains. The sediments formed under subtropical conditions in which carbonate-producing organisms proliferated, and ooids and oncoids were common. The sections are composed of hierarchically stacked elementary, small-scale, and medium-scale depositional sequences wherein facies changes imply deepening–shallowing trends. The major sequence boundaries Ox 6, Ox 7, and Ox 8 can be correlated with those of other European basins and place the studied sections in a broader framework. The chronostratigraphic tie points imply that the medium- and small-scale sequences formed in tune with the orbital eccentricity cycles of 405 and 100 kyr, respectively, and the elementary sequences with the precession cycle of 20 kyr. Orbitally controlled insolation changes at the top of the atmosphere translated into climate changes: low insolation generally resulted in low amplitudes of sea level fluctuations at the 20 kyr frequency and in a cool and humid climate at the palaeolatitude of the Jura platform. Terrigenous material was eroded from the hinterland and distributed over the platform. High insolation led to sea level rise, as well as to warm and semiarid to arid conditions in which coral reefs could grow. However, nutrient input favoured growth of microbialites that encrusted the corals. The reconstruction of high-frequency sea level fluctuations based on facies analysis compares well with the curve of insolation changes calculated for the past 550 kyr. It is therefore assumed that the sea level fluctuations were mainly due to thermal expansion and retraction of ocean surface water. Two models are presented that explain the formation of elementary sequences: one for low and one for high insolation. Despite the important lateral facies variations typical of a shallow marine platform, and despite the uncertainties in the reconstruction of sea level changes, this study demonstrates the potential of carbonate ecosystems to record past climate changes at a time resolution of 20 000 years. Relatively short time windows can thus be opened in the deep geologic past, and processes and products there can be compared with those of the Holocene and the Anthropocene. For example, it appears that today's anthropogenically induced sea level rise is more than 10 times faster than the fastest rise reconstructed for the Oxfordian.