Lateral Transfer Research Articles

Research on Stability Control Algorithm of Distributed Drive Bus under High-Speed Conditions

Aiming at the instability problem of a four-wheel independent drive electric bus under high-speed conditions, this paper first designs a vehicle yaw stability controller based on a linear two-degree-of-freedom model and a linear quadratic programming (LQR) algorithm. A vehicle roll stability controller is then designed based on a linear three-degree-of-freedom model and a model predictive control algorithm (MPC). Moreover, a coordinated control rule based on the lateral load transfer rate (LTR) is designed for the coupled problem of yaw and roll dynamics. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm is verified by simulation. The obtained results show that when the vehicle is running at a high speed of 90 km/h, the stability control algorithm can control the yaw rate tracking error within 0.05 rad/s. In addition, the control algorithm can reduce the maximum amplitude of the side slip angle, the maximum value of the roll angle, the maximum value of the roll angular velocity, and the amplitude of the lateral acceleration by more than 96%, 81.1%, 65.0%, and 11.1%, respectively.

Influence of vegetation‐induced water table seasonality on groundwater chloride concentration dynamics in a riparian fen peatland

AbstractPeatlands are environments that rely mainly on high water levels to accumulate organic matter. Depending on the chemical species observed, the lowering of the water table can change biogeochemical equilibriums, with various impacts. This paper aims to understand the effect of shallow groundwater seasonality on chloride concentrations in a French riparian peatland by combining water table monitoring, geochemical and stable water isotopes analysis. Water table levels and groundwater samples were recorded and collected for 3 years, every 2 months, in nine observation wells and the nearby river. Chloride concentrations were highly variable in space and time, ranging from 10 to 100 mg L−1. They are shown to be related to the water table dynamics, which are closely linked to the life cycle of the local vegetation. These dynamics were characterized by a significant drawdown between June and October due to plant transpiration and a fast recovering period just after its senescence. Results show that the chloride accumulates within the unsaturated zone during the drying phase and is solubilized back into the groundwater during the rewetting phase, increasing its concentration. Moreover, the water table rises in autumn with various dynamics according to the location in the peatland, which induces some special differences in hydraulic gradients. Such gradients allow lateral transfers from zones of fast recovery to zones of slow recovery, where year‐to‐year chloride accumulation was observed. These complex 3D processes preclude the use of chloride to constrain how the peatland hydrogeological system functions. Conversely, the use of stable water isotopes in this work emphasizes the importance of the river's role during the summer as a water supplier to counterbalance vegetation transpiration.

Outcomes for 160 Consecutive Lateral Arm Free Flaps for Head and Neck Reconstruction.

Examine outcomes for lateral arm autologous tissue transfer in head and neck reconstruction. Retrospective cohort study. Tertiary cancer center. All patients who underwent traditional lateral arm, extended lateral arm, and lateral forearm flaps for head and neck reconstruction from 2012 to 2022 were assessed. Disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) was measured. Factors associated with complications and enteral or mixed diet were evaluated by multivariable regression. Among 160 patients followed for a median of 2.3 ± 2.1 years, defects were 54% oral tongue, 18% external, 9% maxilla, 8% buccal mucosa, 9% floor of mouth, and 3% pharynx. Flap types (and median pedicle lengths) were 41% traditional lateral arm (8 cm), 25% extended lateral arm (11.5 cm), and 34% lateral forearm (14 cm). All donor sites were closed primarily; 19.6% and 0% of patients had increased DASH scores 2 and 12 weeks after reconstruction. Major complications occurred in 18.1% of patients, including 6.3% reoperation, 6.9% readmission, 3.7% fistula, and 1.8% flap loss. Complications were independently associated with peripheral vascular disease (odds ratio [OR]: 5.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-21.6, P = .01), pharyngeal defects (OR: 11.3, 95% CI: 1.4-94.5, P = .025), and interposition vein grafts (OR: 3.78, 95% CI: 1.1-13.3, P = .037). The lateral arm free flap was safe, versatile, and reliable for head and neck reconstruction with low donor-site morbidity. Complications occurred in a fifth of patients and were associated with peripheral vascular disease, pharyngeal defects, and vein grafts.

Investigating the viral ecology and contribution to the microbial ecology in full-scale mesophilic anaerobic digesters

In an attempt to assess the diversity of viruses and their potential to modulate the metabolism of functional microorganisms in anaerobic digesters, we collected digestate from three mesophilic anaerobic digesters in full-scale wastewater treatment plants treating real municipal wastewater. The reads were analyzed using bioinformatics algorithms to elucidate viral diversity, identify their potential role in modulating the metabolism of functional microorganisms, and provide essential genomic information for the potential use of virus-mediated treatment in controlling the anaerobic digester microbiome. We found that Siphoviridae was the dominant family in mesophilic anaerobic digesters, followed by Myoviridae and Podoviridae. Lysogeny was prevalent in mesophilic anaerobic digesters as the majority of metagenome-assembled genomes contained at least one viral genome within them. One virus within the genome of an acetoclastic methanogen (Methanothrix soehngenii) was observed with a gene (fwdE) acquired via lateral transfer from hydrogenotrophic methanogens. The virus-mediated acquisition of fwdE gene enables possibility of mixotrophic methanogenesis in Methanothrix soehngenii. This evidence highlighted that lysogeny provides fitness advantage to methanogens in anaerobic digesters by adding flexibility to changing substrates. Similarly, we found auxiliary metabolic genes, such as cellulase and alpha glucosidase, of bacterial origin responsible for sludge hydrolysis in viruses. Additionally, we discovered novel viral genomes and provided genomic information on viruses infecting acidogenic, acetogenic, and pathogenic bacteria that can potentially be used for virus-mediated treatment to deal with the souring problem in anaerobic digesters and remove pathogens from biosolids before land application. Collectively, our study provides a genome-level understanding of virome in conjunction with the microbiome in anaerobic digesters that can be used to optimize the anaerobic digestion process for efficient biogas generation.

Effectiveness of Safe Patient Handling Equipment and Techniques: A Review of Biomechanical Studies.

This review aimed to evaluate all studies that have evaluated the biomechanical effects when using assistive devices. The physical demands of patient handling activities are well known. One safety strategy for the reduction of the physical risks is use of assistive devices. The search process identified articles published in English-speaking journals through Google Scholar, Medline, and ISI Web of Science. The included 56 studies contained a biomechanical assessment of a patient handling activity with assistive devices. The biomechanical effects included four groups: changes in body posture (spinal, other joints), subjective assessment (force, effort, discomfort), measured force (hand force, ground reaction force, spine force, joint torque), and physiological measures. The evidence showed caregivers benefited from using lift hoists, air-assisted devices, and to a lesser extent friction reducing devices for lateral transfers and repositioning, while floor and ceiling lifts were most effective for patient transfers. Some gaps were noted in the evidence and other handling tasks such as sit-to-stand, turning patient in bed, limb lifting, and repositioning and some more high hazard activities like supporting people with limited balance and those that fall need to be investigated with respect to biomechanical outcomes. There is a growing level of biomechanical evidence to support the use of assistive devices for many patient-handling tasks, but the benefits of equipment use in some transfers remain uninvestigated. Evidence indicates the best way to lift patients safely is with floor or ceiling lifts, and air-assisted devices for lateral and repositioning tasks.

Laterally loaded pile response in spatially variable soil

The spatial variability of soil has long been recognised, yet there is a dearth of research on the response of piles under lateral loading that considers this variability, especially for the lateral load transfer (P-y) curve in spatially variable clay. To address this gap, the study presents a three-dimensional random finite element analysis utilising a non-stationary random field to model soil variability with a linearly increasing trend. The results reveal that the spatial variability significantly affects the lateral capacity of the pile, emphasising the importance of accounting for this variability in pile design. Additionally, the study finds that while the spatial variability affects the failure mechanism, the mechanism remains comparable to that observed in deterministic analyses. The spatial variability has a substantial effect on ultimate soil resistance pressure, which can be fitted using a normal probability distribution function. An adjust factor is suggested to calculate the characteristic value, and from this characteristic value, the fractiles of ultimate soil resistance pressure can be calculated. This study provides an evaluation method for the spatial variability effect of soil, facilitating a cost-effective design of pile foundation.

Crashworthiness and dimensional stability analysis of zero Poisson's ratio Fish Cells lattice structures

The present article introduces Zero Poisson's Ratio (ZPR) Fish Cells metamaterial and investigates the effects of Poisson's ratio on the crashworthiness of Positive (PPR), Negative (NPR), and Zero Poisson's ratio lattice structures. High-fidelity Finite Element (FE) models of the proposed sandwich structures are built, based on identical domains for unit cells. Impact performances of lattice structures are addressed for low (2 m/s) and high (5 m/s) impact velocities in three orthogonal directions. The parameters investigated for crashworthiness include impactor's penetration depth, von Mises stress distribution, edges deformation and dimensional stability. Numerical results demonstrate that, unlike PPR and NPR models, the Fish Cells ZPR model possesses greater lateral stability and structural integrity with minimal edge deformations in all three directions. This leads to reduced lateral impact transfer to adjacent components and localised damaged zones, increasing the life span of structural components while reducing maintenance and repair downtime. Experimental analyses are conducted on the Fish Cells metamaterial through a drop tower test for demonstrating agreement with simulations and validation of the proposed modelling approach.

Topological Optimization of Vehicle ISD Suspension under Steering Braking Condition

Anti-roll and anti-pitch are important directions in the comprehensive research of automobiles. In order to improve the anti-roll and anti-pitch performance of the vehicle, an inerter was applied to the vehicle suspension system, and a 14 DOF vehicle nonlinear dynamics model was established. The influence of the change in inertance in the eight kinds of improved ISD (Inerter-Spring-Damper) suspension structures on the RMS (root mean square) value of performance indexes of roll, vertical, and pitch motion of the vehicle was studied. Based on this, the vehicle’s ISD structure with better performance was selected, and the NSGA-Ⅱ algorithm was adopted to optimize the selected structural parameters. The simulation results showed that the four kinds of suspension hadbetter comprehensive performance, and their structureswere, respectively, excluding the supporting spring in parallel, (1) an inerter in series with a spring and a damper in parallel, (2) a damper in series with a spring and an inerter in parallel, (3) an inerter and a damper in series, and (4) the damper in parallel with a spring and an inerter in series. The ISD suspension structure had better comprehensive performance under step steering braking, which was obviously better than the passive suspension, and effectively improved the vehicle ride comfort, anti-roll and anti-pitch performance. Under the hook steering braking, the lateral load transfer rate was used to evaluate the vehicle’s anti-rollover ability. The results showed that the ride comfort and anti-rollover ability of ISD suspension were better than those of passive suspension. Under the condition of taking into account the anti-pitching ability, the suspension consists of a supporting spring in parallel with an inerter, and a damper in series was better.

ASYST4.1 validation for gas cooled SMR applications using the HTTF experiment

Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) based on High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactors (HTGR) concepts are being considered for remote communities in Canada (power ∼ 5 MWe or less) and elsewhere. One such design is Micro-Modular Reactor (MMR) from USNC (Ultra-Safe Nuclear Corporation). It uses helium as primary coolant and molten salt as intermediate coolant and for thermal energy storage (TES). The molten salt can then be used to generate steam on-demand to match the local communities’ energy requirements. Reliable computational tools are needed for thermal hydraulic analysis of the integrated nuclear and molten salt systems.ASYST4.1 (Advanced SYStem Thermal system) is one such tool which has been recently validated for Solar Salt (40 % NaNO3 + 60 %KNO3) applications and has capability to simulate the helium coolant and reactor core behaviour. To enable the code to model the primary and intermediate loops of MMR there is a need to validate the code for helium coolants and its capabilities to simulate lateral conduction, natural circulation, and radiative heat transfer. The HTTF (High Temperature Test Facility) experiment PG-26, a Depressurized Conduction Cooldown transient, is used for this validation exercise. The results are compared with those of the experiment and those from RELAP5-3D calculations. The reference case and sensitivity analyses for the important parameters are presented.Mass flow rate and temperatures in the primary loop are compared for the steady-state and for the transient PG-26. For the initial assessment ASYST4.1 predictions are found in good agreement with RELAP5-3D, but these results deviate from the experiment. Significant improvement in simulation results is observed when simulations consider the entire trajectory of the warm-up period and of the experiment, indicating that the experiment was not in a steady-state condition at the time of the depressurization test. This is an important factor to be considered in all HTTF cases going forward.

SHIP: identifying antimicrobial resistance gene transfer between plasmids.

Plasmids are carriers for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and can exchange genetic material with other structures, contributing to the spread of AMR. There is no reliable approach to identify the transfer of AMR genes across plasmids. This is mainly due to the absence of a method to assess the phylogenetic distance of plasmids, as they show large DNA sequence variability. Identifying and quantifying such transfer can provide novel insight into the role of small mobile elements and resistant plasmid regions in the spread of AMR. We developed SHIP, a novel method to quantify plasmid similarity based on the dynamics of plasmid evolution. This allowed us to find conserved fragments containing AMR genes in structurally different and phylogenetically distant plasmids, which is evidence for lateral transfer. Our results show that regions carrying AMR genes are highly mobilizable between plasmids through transposons, integrons, and recombination events, and contribute to the spread of AMR. Identified transferred fragments include a multi-resistant complex class 1 integron in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and a region encoding tetracycline resistance transferred through recombination in Enterococcus faecalis. The code developed in this work is available at https://github.com/AbeelLab/plasmidHGT.

Numerical analysis and experimental validation of the jet impingement cooling of a turbine-blade leading edge at different rotation speeds

A detailed experimental and numerical validation studies are conducted on internal channel jet impingement cooling where seven jets impinging inside a rotating semi-cylindrical channel. The study objective is to mimic the cooling flow structure in gas turbine leading edge by using the rotating the semi-circular channel. These studies are conducted by considering a jet Reynolds number of 7500 at five different rotation speeds (ranging from 0 to 200 rpm). Numerical analysis is performed using the shear stress transport (SST) k−ω turbulence model with a properly analyzed fine mesh containing around eight million nodes. A test setup with required instrumentation is developed inhouse for this study. Two temperature measurement techniques, namely thermochromic liquid crystals (TLCs) and thermocouples, are adopted. Further, the target surface temperature contours are precisely analyzed by comparing the TLC temperature measurements with the numerical temperature results. The captured temperature contours indicated points of minimum-temperature regions, which corresponded to the jet impingement regions. By examining the temperature distribution along the axial centerline, a good agreement has been established between the numerical results and the experimental measurements. For a jet Reynolds number of 7500, increasing channel rotation speed from 0 to 250 rpm has reduced the variation in temperature between different jets. The size of inlet port used to guide flow to the feeding duct has a strong impact on jet formation and flow structure, and it has led to different mass flow rate across jets. Furthermore, a small deviation between numerical and experimental data can be observed near the end side of the channel owing to the radial and lateral heat transfer losses and outlet flow restriction.

Rollover Investigation of Two-Axle Heavy Vehicle Based on Load Transfer Ratio with Vehicle and Road Condition: A Simulation Approach

Commercial heavy vehicle is commonly used to transport goods and people efficiently and safely. A previous study has shown a number of gross vehicle weight (GVW) and speed violations recorded in selected areas in Malaysia, and two-axle single unit truck (SUT) is the most commercial heavy vehicle type that violated the weight and speed regulation. Moreover, accidents involving heavy vehicles result in severe traffic disruption and fatalities to other road users due to heavy vehicle size and capability to carry huge amounts of goods. Thus, the objective of this paper is to investigate the correlation and effect of the vehicle and road condition on the two-axle SUT rollover during cornering on the curved road using the simulation approach. The verified two-axle SUT model is simulated using IPG-TruckMaker® with different GVW, speed, and coefficient of friction values while the cornering radius, driver behaviour and load’s center of gravity remain constant. A correlation based on performance indices is established, and it is found that the heavy vehicle speed has a strong correlation to the lateral load transfer to cause a rollover followed by GVW and coefficient of friction, respectively.

A rollover safety margin-based approach for quantifying the tractor-semitrailers' emergency lane-changing response on expressway curves.

In emergency scenarios, lane changing can provide a considerable advantage over braking by aiding in the prevention of rear-end collisions. However, executing lane changes on horizontal curves might lead to rollover collisions. This study proposes a systematic methodology for quantifying the rollover safety margin during lane-changing maneuvers by encompassing the complex characteristics of vehicle-road interactions. Specifically, an enhanced six-degree-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model was developed for a tractor-semitrailer and integrates road superelevation. Using this model, the rollover safety margin reduction rate (fS) was calculated. The fS represents the ratio of the difference between the lateral load transfer ratio margins under both reference state and emergency lane change conditions to the lateral load transfer ratio margin in the reference state. The reference state corresponds to vehicles maintaining 80 km·h-1 on a 270 m radius curve, while the emergency condition is defined as lane change durations of less than 4 seconds. The results reveal that emergency lane change maneuvers and roadway alignment significantly affect rollover safety margin. Shorter lane change duration, higher speed, and smaller radius worsen the rollover safety margin; these effects are further amplified when the lane change direction is opposite to the curve's bending direction. When the tractor-semitrailer performs a lane change at 60 km·h-1 within a 4-second duration on a 600 m radius curve, the fS exceeds 100%, indicating an imminent rollover. Consequently, this study contributes valuable evidence to the development of more reliable and secure lane-change strategies.

Nonlinear model predictive control for yaw rate and body motion control through semi-active and active suspensions

Active and semi-active suspensions for passenger cars traditionally enhance comfort through body control, and vehicle handling by reducing the tyre load variations induced by road irregularities. Active suspensions can also be designed to track a desired yaw rate profile through the control of the lateral load transfer distribution between the front and rear axles. This paper considers an integrated system including semi-active and active suspension actuation to control the yaw, roll, pitch and heave dynamics excited by the driving actions. To this purpose, two novel real-time-capable implicit nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) formulations, excluding and including cost function weight adaptation, are proposed and compared with the passive vehicle, and the controlled vehicle with two combinations of skyhook and active roll control, the first based on a pseudoinverse decoupling transformation for obtaining the damping force contributions, and the second using an inverse formulation. The algorithms are assessed through an experimentally validated simulation model, along manoeuvres corresponding to sub-limit and limit handling operation, to analyse the trade-off between body motion reduction and cornering response enhancement. The results show that the adaptable NMPC configuration provides the best performance in all scenarios, also for significant variations of the main vehicle and tyre parameters.

Exploring plausible contributions of end-use harvested wood products to store atmospheric carbon in China

The lateral transfer of carbon from forests to end-use Harvested Wood Products (HWPs), such as furniture and buildings through harvesting and industrial processing, creates an end-use HWPs carbon pool. This carbon pool serves as a substantial storage for atmospheric carbon dioxide, thus contributing to the mitigation of greenhouse gas effects. As new wood products enter this carbon pool and old products are disposed of upon reaching the end of their service lives, monitoring the carbon inflow and outflow allows for assessment of the size of HWPs carbon pool. Numerous factors, including climate change, population, and economy, significantly influence the supply and demand for wood products, consequently affecting the size of this carbon pool. Therefore, incorporating crucial factors to project plausible futures of carbon stock in HWPs is essential for predicting land-atmospheric carbon exchange and regional carbon budgets. In this study, we compiled and analyzed historical records of wood production and trade data, outlined their plausible futures using a recursive dynamic economic equilibrium model, and employed a product-type and service-life based accounting approach to quantify the HWPs carbon pool in China. Our findings indicate that from 1961 to 2020, the end-use HWPs carbon pool in China functioned as a net annual carbon sink, sequestering 14.9 Tg C of carbon per year and accumulating a total of 893 Tg C, with 76% stored in furniture products. The model predictions suggest that the HWPs carbon pool could potentially sequester carbon up to 2979 ± 806 Tg C by 2070.

Strain generated by the stacking faults in epitaxial SrO(SrTiO3) N Ruddlesden–Popper structures

Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) phases present outstanding physical properties triggering significant academic interest. Out-of-plane stacking faults (OP-SFs), which are the main channel for accommodating stoichiometry imbalance in RP thin layers, affect these properties. The mechanisms underlying the formation and spatial distribution of these defects remain largely unknown to date. This work shows that the residual mismatch related to the presence of OP-SFs in SrTiO3-based RP thin layers is accommodated by a delocalized mechanism of lateral strain transfer from the disturbed regions to the RP structure, generating a distribution of compressive strain in the latter. Analysing the RP X-ray diffractograms in the light of this mechanism allows the assessment of the OP-SF distribution along the growth axis. It also allows the separate and accurate determination of the SrTiO3 lattice parameter (c = 3.9214 ± 0.0003 Å) and the SrO–SrO inter-reticular distance (d = 2.549 ± 0.001 Å) in the RP structure.

Vehicle stability control strategy for high-speed curves based on mode switching

This study aims to design a mode-switching control system based on a non-singular fast terminal sliding mode (NFTSM) algorithm for the lateral stability problem of vehicles driving in high-speed curves. First, a three-degrees-of-freedom model of the vehicle was established, and a predicted lateral load transfer ratio (PLTR) was proposed as a threshold for dividing the lateral stability index based on the conventional PLTR. Second, for the vehicle driving state in which the vehicle does not satisfy the PLTR threshold, the vehicle lateral deflection angle is adjusted based on the NFTSM controller to improve the bending path-tracking accuracy of the vehicle. For the vehicle critical rollover state that satisfies the PLTR threshold, an NFTSM-based additional yaw moment control algorithm is proposed to estimate various unknown disturbance and parameter ingestion terms in the vehicle modeling process using an adaptive radial basis function neural network and adaptively adjust the key parameters of the NFTSM controller. Finally, a joint Carsim-Simulink simulation model was built to verify the control algorithm proposed herein. The simulation results show that the mode-switching control system can improve the vehicle’s yaw and rollover stability in high-speed curves and prevent the occurrence of rollover.

Impact of Molecular Orientation on Lateral and Interfacial Electron Transfer at Oxide Interfaces.

Molecular dyes, called sensitizers, with a cis-[Ru(LL)(dcb)(NCS)2] structure, where dcb is 4,4'-(CO2H)2-2,2'-bipyridine and LL is dcb or a different diimine ligand, are among the most optimal for application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Herein, a series of five sensitizers, three bearing two dcb ligands and two bearing one dcb ligand, were anchored to mesoporous thin films of conducting tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) or semiconducting TiO2 nanocrystallites. The number of dcb ligands impacts the surface orientation of the sensitizer; density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed an ∼1.6 Å smaller distance between the oxide surface and the Ru metal center for sensitizers with two dcb ligands. Interfacial electron transfer kinetics from the oxide material to the oxidized sensitizer were measured as a function of the thermodynamic driving force. Analysis of the kinetic data with Marcus-Gerischer theory indicated that the electron coupling matrix element, Hab, was sensitive to distance and ranged from Hab = 0.23 to 0.70 cm-1, indicative of nonadiabatic electron transfer. The reorganization energies, λ, were also sensitive to the sensitizer location within the electric double layer and were smaller, with one exception, for sensitizers bearing two dcb ligands λ = 0.40-0.55 eV relative to those with one λ = 0.63-0.66 eV, in agreement with dielectric continuum theory. Electron transfer from the oxide to the photoexcited sensitizer was observed when the diimine ligand was more easily reduced than the dcb ligand. Lateral self-exchange "hole hopping" electron transfer between surface-anchored sensitizers was found to be absent for sensitizers with two dcb ligands, while those with only one were found to hop with rates similar to those previously reported in the literature, khh = 47-89 μs-1. Collectively, the kinetic data and analysis reveal that interfacial kinetics are highly sensitive to the surface orientation and sensitizers bearing two dcb ligands are most optimal for practical applications of DSSCs.

Factors affecting axial and lateral load transfer of hollow fibre-reinforced polymer piles in soft clay

ABSTRACT The growing interest in the long-term performance of pile foundations and their ability to resist the negative effects of water exposure and aggressive environmental conditions has led to considering non-corrosive materials such as fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP). The most common applications are light-bearing structures in waterfront environments, while applications for larger structures have not been widely accepted in industry due to the lack of long-term records and design guidelines available. In this study, a numerical model using the finite element method was developed to simulate small-scale load tests of hollow carbon-fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass-fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) piles in soft clay. The findings of this research indicate that the number of FRP layers impacts loading behaviour significantly, while inner tube soil height has a reasonable influence on axial load response and fibre orientation has a minor effect under lateral load conditions.

A COMPUTATIONAL GENOME ANALYSIS OF STRAIN BACILLUS SUBTILIS MIZ-8 ISOLATED FROM BEKANG REVEALS A DISTINCT CHROMOSOME AND PLASMID CONFERRING SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE

Bacillus subtilis Miz-8 is isolated from Bekang, a traditional fermented soybean food of Mizoram, India. Here, we report computationally analyzed strain Miz-8 mapped to the annotated genome of the reference strain Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto BEST195. Miz-8 has a circular chromosome and a small plasmid with genome size of 4105264 bp and 5838 bp, respectively. Genome contains the genes responsible for synthesis of biosynthetic metabolites like surfactin, fengycin, bacillibactin, bacilysin, subtilosin A and alpha amylase production. The strain Miz-8 harbored virulence genes identical to the strain BEST195 render themselves harmless for human consumption. However, Strain Miz-8 has one intact prophage region but no integrase protein, making it incapable of lateral transfer of antimicrobials. Antibiotic resistance genes were predicted among which tmrB gene was on perfect hit. Plasmid of strain Miz-8 contains no prophage sequences and antibiotic resistance genes. Furthermore, there were several single nucleotide polymorphisms and 344 insertion-deletion polymorphisms. Bacillus subtilis Miz-8's genomic information unmasks its functional significance on human health.