Lateral Lift Research Articles

Comments on “Lateral Subcutaneous Brow Lift: Updated Technique”

I read the article by Mahmood and Baker,1 describing their lateral subcutaneous brow lift technique, with interest. With their technique, which uses a subcutaneous flap, the authors aim to achieve long-term restoration of the lateral eyebrow. The points and ideas the authors raise, particularly the concept of employing a subcutaneous plane in brow lift procedures, are very valuable. As the authors indicate, utilizing the technique they describe tends to result in a better outcome compared with the deeper dissection employed in endoscopic brow lifts. However, when considering Mahmood and Baker's brow lift technique, I would like to draw the reader's attention to an alternative, which could produce a more dynamic end result. Static fixation is a part of both endoscopic and subcutaneous brow lift approaches.2 In the former approach, the muscle is attached to the skull with a screw or a MiTek anchor (Chesterfield, MO), and, in the latter …

Lateral Brow Lift: A Multi-Point Suture Fixation Technique.

BackgroundDescent of the lateral aspect of the brow is one of the earliest signs of aging. The purpose of this study was to describe an open surgical technique for lateral brow lifts, with the goal of achieving reliable, predictable, and long-lasting results.MethodsAn incision was made behind and parallel to the temporal hairline, and then extended deeper through the temporoparietal fascia to the level of the deep temporal fascia. Dissection was continued anteriorly on the surface of the deep temporal fascia and subperiosteally beyond the temporal crest, to the level of the superolateral orbital rim. Fixation of the lateral brow and tightening of the orbicularis oculi muscle was achieved with the placement of sutures that secured the tissue directly to the galea aponeurotica on the lateral aspect of the incision. An additional fixation was made between the temporoparietal fascia and the deep temporal fascia, as well as between the temporoparietal fascia and the galea aponeurotica. The excess skin in the temporal area was excised and the incision was closed.ResultsA total of 519 patients were included in the study. Satisfactory lateral brow elevation was obtained in most of the patients (94.41%). The following complications were observed: total relapse (n=8), partial relapse (n=21), neurapraxia of the frontal branch of the facial nerve (n=5), and limited alopecia in the temporal incision (n=9).ConclusionsWe consider this approach to be a safe and effective procedure, with long-lasting results.

Optimum Design of Compound Helicopters that Use Higher Harmonic Control

The optimal design of a compound helicopter comprised of counterrotating coaxial rotors, a propeller, and optionally a fixed wing is investigated. The blade geometry, azimuthal blade pitch inputs, optimal shaft angle (rotor angle of attack), and division of propulsive and lifting forces among the components that minimize the total power for a given flight condition are determined. The optimal design problem is cast as a variational statement that minimizes the sum of induced and viscous power losses for a prescribed lift, propulsive force, and vehicle trim condition. The rotor, propeller, and wing geometry and control inputs are related to the far-field circulation through a lifting-line model that accounts for experimentally or computationally determined nonlinear lift and drag polars. The variational statement is discretized using a vortex lattice wake, and the resulting nonlinear constrained optimization problem is solved via Newton iteration. Results show that varying the prescribed propulsive force of the system affects the optimal shaft angle and rotor design, that higher harmonic control reduces the total vehicle power loss (inefficiency) in high-speed flight by as much as 15%, and that imposing a maximum allowable lateral lift offset can greatly increase the power loss of the coaxial rotors.

Lateral Subcutaneous Brow Lift: Updated Technique.

Age-related changes affecting the periorbital area and resulting in eyebrow ptosis have a greater impact on the lateral eyebrow; correction of this deformity is a common request from patients seeking periorbital rejuvenation.1 Various techniques have been utilized to address eyebrow ptosis, including the coronal brow lift, endoscopic technique, anterior hairline approach, transpalpebral lift, midforehead lift, and direct brow lift. Furthermore, arguments for dissection in each of the different tissue planes—subcutaneous, subgaleal, or subperiosteal—have all been discussed. Each of these approaches has specific indications, risks, and benefits, and should be selected after comprehensive evaluation of the patient.2-4 In our experience, a full coronal incision often results in an obvious midline scar in the central forehead, increases the risk of elongating the vertical height of the forehead, and can result in paresthesias posterior to the hairline, a symptom that is very bothersome to patients. Endoscopic brow lifts require additional equipment with increased operative time, and the deeper dissection involved in this technique results in suboptimal brow elevation compared to the subcutaneous approach. Furthermore, not all patients are appropriate candidates for endoscopic brow lifts, including those with significant convex frontal bones, high or receding hairlines, deep transverse rhytides, or significant brow ptosis. In patients presenting with lateral brow descent, the temporal or lateral subcutaneous brow lift has produced consistent and effective results. This technique has been well described in the literature, and has several advantages, including shorter operative time, feasibility under local anesthesia, decreased …

Does SAQ training improve the speed and flexibility of young soccer players? A randomized controlled trial

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a 12week speed, agility and quickness (SAQ) training program on speed and flexibility in young soccer players. One hundred and thirty-two soccer players were randomly assigned to experimental (EG; n=66, mean±SD: age: 18.5±0.4years (range 17–19years); body mass: 71.30±5.93kg; stature: 177.2±6.5cm) and control groups (CG; n=66, mean±SD: age: 18.6±0.6years (range 17–19years); body mass: 70.63±4.87kg; stature: 175.9±5.7cm). The experimental group performed SAQ training whilst the control group undertook straight-line sprint training matched for volume and duration. Sprint performance was assessed using 5 and 10m sprints and a further test including maximal speed, a 20m sprint. Flexibility was assessed using sit and reach, V-sit and reach, leg lift from supine position and lateral leg lift while lying on the side tests. Sprints over 5, 10 and 20m did not differ between groups at baseline, but by week 12, the 5m sprint had significantly improved (P<.05) in the SAQ training group compared to the control group (1.40±0.13 vs. 1.46±0.12s, respectively) although this improvement had a trivial effect size (ES=0.15). The 10m sprint time had improved by 3.3% (P<.01) in the SAQ group with a moderate effect size (ES=0.66). No significant differences (P>.05) for all flexibility tests were found between experimental and control group at baseline and after the training programs. Consequently SAQ training was found to be an effective way of improving sprint time for short distances over 5 and 10m but not over 20m (where maximum speed was achieved) or flexibility. These results indicate that SAQ training may be more effective for improving sprint performance for some soccer players but more research is required to determine ideal training methods for improving acceleration and flexibility in young soccer players.

Numerical investigation on lateral migration and lift force of single bubble in simple shear flow in low viscosity fluid using volume of fluid method

Two phase flow systems have been widely used in industrial engineering. Phase distribution characteristics are vital to the safety operation and optimization design of two phase flow systems. Lift force has been known as perpendicular to the bubbles’ moving direction, which is one of the mechanisms of interfacial momentum transfer. While most widely used lift force correlations, such as the correlation of Tomiyama et al. (2002), were obtained by experimentally tracking single bubble trajectories in high viscosity glycerol–water mixture, the applicability of these models into low viscosity fluid, such as water in nuclear engineering system, needs to be further evaluated. In the present paper, bubble in low viscosity fluid in shear flow was investigated in a full 3D numerical simulation and the volume of fluid (VOF) method was applied to capture the interface. The fluid parameter: fluid viscosity, bubble parameter: diameter and external flow parameters: shear stress magnitude and liquid velocity were examined. Comparing with bubble in high viscosity shear flow and bubble in low viscosity still flow, relative large bubble in low viscosity shear flow keep an oscillation way towards the moving wall and experienced a shape deformation process. The oscillation amplitude increased as the viscosity of fluid decreased. Small bubble migrated to the static wall in a line with larger migration velocity than that in high viscosity fluid and no deformation occurred. The shear stress triggered the oscillation behaviors while it had no direct influence with the behavior. The liquid velocity had no effect on lift coefficient in the present research range of 0<V<0.186m/s.

The Dynamics of Ascent-Forced Orographic Convection in the Tropics: Results from Dominica*

Abstract The mountainous Caribbean island of Dominica was chosen as a natural laboratory for studying orographic convection in the tropics. Here, the authors focus on a prototypical case study, taken from the Dominica Experiment (DOMEX) field campaign in the spring of 2011. Airborne measurements and high-resolution numerical experiments are used to examine the mesoscale dynamics of moist airflow over Dominica and its relationship to convection, turbulence, and rainfall. Upwind of the island, there is minimal lateral deflection or lifting of the flow, largely because of latent heat release in the overisland convection. Over the terrain, forced ascent leads to rapid development of moist convection, buoyancy-generated turbulence, and rainfall. Although this convection produces sporadic bursts of heavy rainfall, it does not appear to enhance the time-mean rainfall. Over the lee slopes, a dry plunging flow produces anisotropic shear-generated turbulence and strong low-level winds while quickly dissipating convection and rainfall. In the wake, low-level air is decelerated, both by turbulence in the plunging flow and by frictional drag over the island. Low-level wake air is also dried and warmed, primarily by turbulent vertical mixing and regional descent, both associated with the downslope flow. Rainfall and latent heating play only a secondary role in warming and drying the wake.

Study on Failure Trend of Lateral Lifting Platform Structure on Basis of Static Strength Analysis

To ensure the safe use of lateral lifting platform for processing and manufacturing railway vehicles. This paper analyzes the use conditions of lateral lifting platform, and makes a contact nonlinear finite element analysis on various typical use conditions. The positions of parts subject to danger can be found out through the results of static strength analysis, which finds out the weaknesses and prejudges the failure trend of parts, and which provides guidance for prejudging the faults in actual production and can prevent occurrence of accidents.

Transition between regimes of a vertical channel bubbly upflow due to bubble deformability

The effect of the deformability of viscous bubbles on the flow rate of bubbly upflow in a vertical channel is examined using direct numerical simulations. A sharp transition between two different flow regimes has been observed. At large bubble deformability, characterized by large Eötvös number (Eo), the flow rate is close to the single phase flow rate, with adjusted pressure gradient, and the bubbles are almost uniformly distributed in the middle of the channel. On the other hand, at low Eo the bubbles are concentrated near channel walls and flow rates are much smaller than the single phase flow. The transition from high flow rate to low flow rate occurs rather abruptly. It is found that the transition occurs when the less deformable bubbles enter the viscous sublayer due to the lateral lift force on the bubbles. This leads to an increase in the viscous dissipation near the wall which leads to a decrease in the flow rate.

Transverse Tensor Fascia Lata Myocutaneous Flap for Microvascular Breast Reconstruction

The transverse tensor fascia lata (TTFL) flap is an important alternative flap for autologous breast reconstruction. It is a horizontal variant of the tensor fascia lata myocutaneous flap and contains fat from the prominence of the upper lateral thigh (saddle bag). We present the surgical management of a woman with trochanteric lipodystrophy, who underwent staged bilateral mastectomy and autologous breast reconstruction with TTFL flaps. We discuss technical points in TTFL flap design and harvest. Breast reconstruction was successful and the thigh donor sites had excellent aesthetic contour. There were no complications at either recipient or donor sites. The TTFL flap is an important alternative flap for autologous breast reconstruction when other options are less optimal, and has a secondary benefit of thigh donor site closure with lateral thigh lift techniques. The TTFL flap should be presented as an option for autologous breast reconstruction in women with prominent trochanteric lipodystrophy of the upper lateral thighs.

An analysis of the transient forces acting on Savonius rotors with different aspect ratios

The present study deals with the analysis of the transient forces of a Savonius vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Unsteady, Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes CFD simulations were conducted using two different rotors and two simulation methodologies. The first rotor had an aspect ratio of 1.1 and simulations were conducted by incorporating the dynamic equations of the rigid-rotor motion using a one degree-of-freedom (1-DOF) module to evaluate the rotor's free motion. The second rotor had an aspect ratio of 0.7 and simulations were conducted by specifying a fixed rotational velocity. The predicted torque and power curves were validated using experimental data. The transient forces from the two rotor blades, the resultant forces, and the longitudinal drag and lateral lift coefficients were evaluated using the two complementary data sets. The lateral force coefficient had a large contribution to the rotor torque at low azimuth angles and at low tip speed ratios (λ). At tip speed ratios above 0.6, the effect of the longitudinal drag force on the rotor operation increased and the lateral lift force contribution decreased. The resultant force angle was shown to become more acute due to the increase in the longitudinal force with increasing λ.

In vivo kinematics and articular surface congruency of total ankle arthroplasty during gait

Relatively high rates of loosening and implant failure have been reported after total ankle arthroplasty. Abnormal kinematics and incongruency of the articular surface may cause increased contact pressure and rotational torque applied to the implant, leading to loosening and implant failure. We measured in vivo kinematics of two-component total ankle arthroplasty (TNK ankle), and assessed congruency of the articular surface during the stance phase of gait. Eighteen ankles of 15 patients with a mean age of 75±6 years (mean±standard deviation) and follow-up of 44±38 months were enrolled. Lateral fluoroscopic images were taken during the stance phase of gait. 3D–2D model-image registration was performed using the fluoroscopic image and the implant models, and three-dimensional kinematics of the implant and incongruency of the articular surface were determined. The mean ranges of motion were 11.1±4.6°, 0.8±0.4°, and 2.6±1.5° for dorsi-/plantarflexion, inversion/eversion, and internal/external rotation, respectively. At least one type of incongruency of the articular surface occurred in eight of 18 ankles, including anterior hinging in one ankle, medial or lateral lift off in four ankles, and excessive axial rotation in five ankles. Among the four ankles in which lift off occurred during gait, only one ankle showed lift off in the static weightbearing radiograph. Our observations will provide useful data against which kinematics of other implant designs, such as three-component total ankle arthroplasty, can be compared. Our results also showed that evaluation of lift off in the standard weightbearing radiograph may not predict its occurrence during gait.

Task-specific postures in low-seam underground coal mining

The objective of this study was to determine low-seam mine worker exposure to various postures as they pertain to job classifications and job tasks. Sixty-four mine workers from four low-seam coal mines participated. The mine workers reported the tasks they were required to complete and the two postures they used most frequently to perform them. They were provided with a schematic of postures from which to select. The two postures reported most frequently were identified for each task along with the job classification of the workers performing the tasks. Of the 18 tasks reported, over two thirds were performed by at least two different job classifications and over one third were performed by four or more job classifications. Across tasks, the postures used appeared to vary greatly. However, when grouped by job classification, the most frequently reported posture across all job classifications was kneeling near full flexion. Operating the continuous miner was associated with frequent squatting and was likely used because it affords great mobility, allowing operators to move quickly to avoid hazards. However, for environments with a restricted vertical height such as low-seam mining, the authors recommend squatting be avoided as data demonstrates that large amounts of femoral rollback and high muscle activity for the extensors when performing lateral lifts in this posture. Kneeling near full flexion was reported as the most frequently used posture by all job classifications and was likely due to the fact that it requires the least amount of muscle activity to maintain and has reduced pressures at the knee. However, the authors recommend this posture be avoided when performing lateral lifting tasks. Like squatting, kneeling near full flexion results in increased femoral rollback and may increase the stresses applied to the meniscus. Unlike lateral lifting, maintaining a static posture results in knee loading and muscle activity such that the mine worker should consider kneeling near full flexion and sitting on their heels. Although kneeling near full flexion is associated with injuries, there are benefits to this posture that are realized when statically kneeling (minimal muscle activity, allows worker to maintain an upright torso in low heights, and decreased loading at the knee). However, cartilage is avascular and nourished by synovial fluid. Therefore, one should frequently rotate between postures, assuming a more upright kneeling posture when possible and frequently fully flexing and extending the knee allowing nutrients to the cartilage. Relevance to industryIn 2009, over one fourth of underground coal mines that produced coal in the United States were considered low seam with an average working height of <109.2 cm (MSHA, 2009) restricting workers to their knees. Data exists regarding the biomechanical implications of kneeling postures and demonstrates the possibility of detrimental consequences to varying degrees for each posture. With each posture posing a different level of exposure to musculoskeletal disorder risk factors, it is essential to determine the postures mine workers use to perform their job tasks and how their postural options are restricted by the low-seam underground mining environment.

List of Participants

The current paper presents the prediction results of a bubbly flow under plunging jet conditions using multiphase mono- and poly-dispersed approaches. The models consider interfacial momentum transfer terms arising from drag, lift, and turbulent dispersion force for the different bubble sizes. The turbulence is modeled by an extended k–ɛ model which accounts for bubble induced turbulence. Furthermore in case of a poly-dispersed air–water flow the bubble size distribution, bubble break-up and coalescence processes as well as different gas velocities in dependency on the bubble diameter are taken into account using the Inhomogeneous MUSIG model. This model is a generalized inhomogeneous multiple size group model based on the Eulerian modeling framework which was developed in the framework of a cooperative work between ANSYS-CFX and Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (FZD). The latter is now implemented into the CFD code CFX.According to the correlation on the lateral lift force obtained by Tomiyama (1998); this force changes its sign in dependence on the bubble size. Consequently the entrained small bubbles are trapped below the jet. They can escape from the bubble plume only by turbulent fluctuations or by coalescence. If the size of the bubbles generated by coalescence exceeds the size at which the lift force changes its sign these large bubbles go out from the plume and rise to the surface.A turbulent model based on an additional source term for turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence eddy dissipation equation is compared to the common concept for modeling the turbulence quantities proposed by Sato et al. (1981). It has been found that the large bubble distribution is slightly affected by the turbulence modeling which affects particularly the bubble coalescence and break-up process.

Wind-Direction Effects on Urban-Type Flows

Practically all extant work on flows over obstacle arrays, whether laboratory experiments or numerical modelling, is for cases where the oncoming wind is normal to salient faces of the obstacles. In the field, however, this is rarely the case. Here, simulations of flows at various directions over arrays of cubes representing typical urban canopy regions are presented and discussed. The computations are of both direct numerical simulation and large-eddy simulation type. Attention is concentrated on the differences in the mean flow within the canopy region arising from the different wind directions and the consequent effects on global properties such as the total surface drag, which can change very significantly—by up to a factor of three in some circumstances. It is shown that for a given Reynolds number the typical viscous forces are generally a rather larger fraction of the pressure forces (principally the drag) for non-normal than for normal wind directions and that, dependent on the surface morphology, the average flow direction deep within the canopy can be largely independent of the oncoming wind direction. Even for regular arrays of regular obstacles, a wind direction not normal to the obstacle faces can in general generate a lateral lift force (in the direction normal to the oncoming flow). The results demonstrate this and it is shown how computations in a finite domain with the oncoming flow generated by an appropriate forcing term (e.g. a pressure gradient) then lead inevitably to an oncoming wind direction aloft that is not aligned with the forcing term vector.

Numerical study of a bubble plume generated by bubble entrainment from an impinging jet

The current paper presents the prediction results of a bubbly flow under plunging jet conditions using multiphase mono- and poly-dispersed approaches. The models consider interfacial momentum transfer terms arising from drag, lift, and turbulent dispersion force for the different bubble sizes. The turbulence is modeled by an extended k– ɛ model which accounts for bubble induced turbulence. Furthermore in case of a poly-dispersed air–water flow the bubble size distribution, bubble break-up and coalescence processes as well as different gas velocities in dependency on the bubble diameter are taken into account using the Inhomogeneous MUSIG model. This model is a generalized inhomogeneous multiple size group model based on the Eulerian modeling framework which was developed in the framework of a cooperative work between ANSYS-CFX and Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (FZD). The latter is now implemented into the CFD code CFX. According to the correlation on the lateral lift force obtained by Tomiyama (1998); this force changes its sign in dependence on the bubble size. Consequently the entrained small bubbles are trapped below the jet. They can escape from the bubble plume only by turbulent fluctuations or by coalescence. If the size of the bubbles generated by coalescence exceeds the size at which the lift force changes its sign these large bubbles go out from the plume and rise to the surface. A turbulent model based on an additional source term for turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence eddy dissipation equation is compared to the common concept for modeling the turbulence quantities proposed by Sato et al. (1981). It has been found that the large bubble distribution is slightly affected by the turbulence modeling which affects particularly the bubble coalescence and break-up process.

On the role of the lateral lift force in poly-dispersed bubbly flows

An extensive experimental database comprising air–water as well as steam-water upwards vertical pipe flows for a pressure up to 6.5 MPa was used to investigate the effect of the lateral lift force on turbulent poly-dispersed flows with medium or high gas volume fraction. It was clearly shown that the lift force plays an important role also in such flows. Several effects such as bubble coalescence and breakup as well as fast rising large bubbles which push small bubbles towards the pipe wall superpose the effect of the lift force but can be separated from this effect. The critical bubble diameter, at which the lift force changes its sign, predicted by using Tomiyama’s correlation agrees well with experimental data obtained for turbulent air–water and steam-water flows with medium and high void fraction and a broad spectrum of bubbles sizes. The values for this critical bubble diameter are confirmed by the experimental data within the frame of the uncertainty of the data. Consequences of the action of the lateral lift force on flow structures in different flow situations are discussed. From the investigations it can be concluded that the lift force including the bubble size dependent change of its sign should be considered in a proper numerical 2D or 3D-simulation on flows in which bubbles in the range of several millimeters are present.

Responsiveness to Change of 10 Physical Tests Used for Patients With Back Pain

Few studies have examined the responsiveness of physical tests. The purpose of this study was to explore the responsiveness of 10 physical tests used for patients with back pain in order to illuminate the significance of changes in scores. Cross-sectional and longitudinal designs within a prospective cohort study were applied. Distribution-based and anchor-based methods were used. Ninety-eight patients (18-65 years of age) with long-lasting back pain were recruited consecutively at an outpatient spine clinic. Measurements The participants were assessed using 10 physical tests and 2 questionnaires (Hannover Functional Ability Questionnaire and Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire) at inclusion and after rehabilitation. Six predefined hypotheses for each test were examined regarding the association between changes in scores on the physical tests and the self-report measures of functioning and regarding the relationship of changes in scores on the physical tests and external anchors of important change. Five physical tests demonstrated responsiveness by both distribution-based and anchor-based methods: spondylometry, lateral flexion test, fingertip-to-floor test, lift test, and Back Performance Scale (4 hypotheses confirmed). The minimal important change values were all within the range of the smallest detectable change for individual patients. Responsiveness by distribution-based methods only (3 hypotheses confirmed) was shown for the Biering-Sørensen test and the loaded reach test, whereas little evidence of responsiveness (1 hypothesis confirmed) was shown for the Global Physiotherapy Examination flexibility subscale, the Progressive Isoinertial Lifting Evaluation, and the 15-m (50-ft) walk test. Limitations The smallest detectable change values were examined in a small sample of patients and need further exploration. Responsiveness varied among the 10 physical tests.

Blepharoplasty and Brow Lift

Brow lift and blepharoplasty are among the most commonly requested procedures in facial aesthetic surgery. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of current concepts, including goals, surgical options, and outcomes for aesthetic improvement of the forehead and periorbital region. Preoperative patient assessment, anatomical and surgical concepts, advantages and disadvantages, and prevention and management of complications and expected results are discussed. Surgical results of endoscopic and lateral brow lift, upper lid blepharoplasty with supratarsal fixation, and lower lid blepharoplasty with correction of the tear trough are presented. Details of the perioperative techniques are presented in accompanying video format. A critical understanding of patient expectation, surgical anatomy, and operative technique is important for avoiding complications and achieving aesthetic results in brow and eyelid rejuvenation.

Lateral Brow Lift: A Surgical Proposal

In search of alternative techniques for lateral brow lifts in an attempt to offer a less traumatic procedure with lasting results, we developed a simple technique for a lateral brow lift (LBL) that involves suspending the lateral portion of the frontalis muscle. It replaces raising the temporal flap in a conventional face-lift. We present a description of the technique and review the histories of 71 patients who underwent this procedure in a private practice from 2002 to 2008. The technique may have been combined with a blepharoplasty or face-lift. The mean operative time was 20 min. Postoperative edema lasted 2 days. We obtained optimal results in 93% of the patients at postoperative month 6. There were complications in 10% of the cases, the most frequent of which was recidivism. No alopecia, paralysis, or vascular complications were observed. Our technique is safe and versatile and produces good results, which makes it an excellent choice in the surgical armamentarium of facial rejuvenation.