Lateral Field Research Articles

Description of Deladenus tonekabonensis sp. n. from Iran with a key to species

Summary Deladenus tonekabonensis sp. n. was isolated from dried wood of the Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) from the Sehezar forests in Tonekabon city in Mazandaran Province. The new species is characterised by a body length of 655 (561-777) and 592 (488-735) μm for mycetophagous females and males, respectively, a short stylet (7.5-8.8 μm) with three knobs backward. Lateral field with ten incisures, and an excretory pore toward the anterior part of the neck, located at 27.5 (22.0-35.5) and 28.0 (21.0-38.0) μm from the anterior end of the mycetophagous females and males, respectively. The distance of the excretory pore to the hemizonid is 66.0 (59.0-71.0) and 61.0 (57.0-67.5) μm for the mycetophagous females and males, respectively. Adults have a long overlapping dorsal pharyngeal gland, lacking a post-uterine sac (PUS), and in some specimens a very short post-uterine sac, 2.4-5.1 μm long, and a conical tail, narrowing towards the tail tip. Males are frequent with slender tylenchoid spicules and a leptoderan bursa reaching the tail tip. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on 28S rDNA placed the new species close to Deladenus and Anguillonema species in a clade with 0.99 posterior probability support. The measurements, line illustration and light microphotographs are given for the new species.

Asymmetric Gate and SiC Substrate Grooved InGaN Back‐Barrier AlGaN/GaN HEMTs for High‐Power RF Applications

We report high‐power InGaN back‐barrier AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors with the gate placed closer to the source with an Au‐filled groove in the SiC substrate near the drain end. An InGaN back‐barrier is known to reduce short‐channel effects at high drain‐to‐source (VDS) voltage. However, the improvement is realized at the cost of reduced two‐dimensional electron gas density (ns) and saturation drain‐to‐source (IDS,SAT) current. Here, we demonstrate that both ns and IDS,SAT are recovered when the gate is appropriately delineated near the source. The junction temperature increases at higher VDS, which tends to deteriorate the power performance and suppress the benefits from higher IDS,SAT. This problem is contained by further thinning down the SiC substrate near the drain by creating a backside groove using deep reactive‐ion‐etching and filling it with Ti/Au. An enhanced thinned‐down substrate distributes the lateral electric field uniformly near the drain end, compounding its benefits with an asymmetric gate and lower junction temperature. The proposed device shows an output power of Pout = 6.7 W mm−1 at VDS = 28 V at 15 GHz for a 200 nm gate length (LG).

Point-of-care potentials of lateral flow-based field screening for Mycoplasma bovis infections: a literature review.

Point-of-care (POC) field screening for tools for Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is still lacking due to the requirement for a simple, robust field-applicable test that does not entail specialized laboratory equipment. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, this review identifies the methodologies that were retrieved based on our search strategy that have been reported for the diagnosis of m. bovis infection between 2014 and diagnostics. A search criterion was generated to curate 103 articles, which were reduced in number (to 46), following the screening guidelines of PRISMA. The 43 articles included in the study present 25 different assay methods. The assay methods were grouped as microbiological culture, serological assay, PCR-based assay, LAMP-based assay, NGS-based assay, or lateral flow assay. We, however, focus our discussion on the three lateral flow-based assays relative to others, highlighting the advantages they present above the other techniques and their potential applicability as a POC diagnostic test for M. bovis infections. We therefore call for further research on developing a lateral flow-based screening tool that could revolutionize the diagnosis of M. bovis infection.

MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF A BRAND NEW ISOLATE OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODE, STEINERNEMA FELTIAE (FILIPJEV) (RHABDITIDA: STEINERNEMATIDAE) FROM THE UZBEKISTAN

Steinernema feltiae isolate Sf:1 changed into recovered from one soil pattern gathered from the Surkhandarya region, Uzbekistan. The new isolate may be prominent from different isolates through morphologic and morphometric data, and rRNA sequences. The first generation male is characterized through spicule duration 79,5 (73±87) mm, SW ratio [(spicule length/anal body diameter)*100] 160 13 (137±177), GS ratio GS [(gubernaculum/ spicule length)*100] 79 8 (62±87), genital papillae association and the second one technology male through a mucron 10 1 (9±11) mm long. For the infective juvenile, the frame is 883 82 (754±975) mm long, lateral fields with 8 similarly evolved ridges, head smooth, barely offset, massive gonad primordium cells, a protracted hyaline tail portion (identical to 1/2 of of tail duration), and pore-like phasmid at 41% of the tail duration to the semicircle anus are the differentiation factors.

Proton FLASH irradiation setup for preclinical studies at HZB

The HZB cyclotron continues to provide protons for eye-tumor treatment in collaboration with the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin after 24 years and more than 4400 patients so far. With the perspective of broadening its research capabilities in the field of radiation therapy, intensive effort has been dedicated towards proton FLASH irradiation, which requires ultra-high dose rates or beam intensities.By combining a fast and reliable switch-off mechanism, accurate dosimetry, and a double-scattering beam nozzle with a static 3D-printed range modulator, HZB is now able to deliver a dose rate above 150 Gy/s within a flat circular irradiation field of 18mm diameter and a 27mm spread-out Bragg peak with a distal fall-off of 1mm in water. The reproducibility of the delivered dose meets the clinical acceptance criteria for a total irradiation time as low as 2.5 ms.The first experiments with this setup were used on fibroblastic and sarcoma organoids. By adapting the design to a 35mm lateral field and using optimal accelerator tuning to increase beam transmission, similar or even higher dose rates are expected, satisfying thus the FLASH conditions for eye-tumor treatment with protons.

Cactodera xinanensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderinae), a new species of cyst-forming nematode from Southwest China, with a key to the Genus Cactodera.

The cyst nematodes, subfamily Heteroderinae, are plant pathogens of worldwide economic significance. A new cyst nematode of the genus Cactodera within the Heteroderinae, Cactodera xinanensis n. sp., was isolated from rhizospheres of crops in the Guizhou and Sichuan provinces of southwest China. The new species was characterized by having the cyst with a length/width = 1.3 ± 0.1 (1.1-1.6), a fenestral diameter of 28.1 ± 4.3 (21.3-38.7) μm, vulval denticles present; second-stage juvenile with stylet 21.5 ± 0.5 (20.3-22.6) μm long, tail 59.4 ± 2.0 (55.9-63.8) μm long and hyaline region 28.7 ± 2.7 (25.0-36.3) μm long, lateral field with four incisures; the eggshell with punctations. The new species can be differentiated from other species of Cactodera by a longer tail and hyaline region of second-stage juveniles. Phylogenetic relationships within populations and species of Cactodera are given based on the analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS-rRNA), the large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA (28S-rRNA) D2-D3 region and the partial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences here. The ITS-rRNA, 28S-rRNA and COI gene sequences clearly differentiated Cactodera xinanensis n. sp. from other species of Cactodera. A key and a morphological identification characteristic table for the species of Cactodera are included in the study.

Two-Axis Electromagnetic Scanner Using an Asymmetric Frame on a One-Axis Lateral Magnetic Field

Two-Axis Electromagnetic Scanner Using an Asymmetric Frame on a One-Axis Lateral Magnetic Field

Formation of compounds with diverse polyelectrolyte morphologies and nonlinear ion conductance in a two-dimensional nanofluidic channel.

Aqueous electrolytes subjected to angstrom-scale confinement have recently attracted increasing interest because of their distinctive structural and transport properties, as well as their promising applicability in bioinspired nanofluidic iontronics and ion batteries. Here, we performed microsecond-scale molecular dynamics simulations, which provided evidence of nonlinear ionic conductance under an external lateral electric field due to the self-assembly of cations and anions with diverse polyelectrolyte morphologies (e.g., extremely large ion clusters) in aqueous solutions within angstrom-scale slits. Specifically, we found that the cations and anions of Li2SO4 and CaSO4 formed chain-like polyelectrolyte structures, whereas those of Na2SO4 and MgSO4 predominantly formed a monolayer of hydrated salt. Additionally, the cations and anions of K2SO4 assembled into a hexagonal anhydrous ionic crystal. These ion-dependent diverse polyelectrolyte morphologies stemmed from the enhanced Coulomb interactions, weakened hydration and steric constraints within the angstrom-scale slits. More importantly, once the monolayer hydrated salt or ionic crystal structure was formed, the field-induced ion current exhibited an intriguing gating effect at a low field strength. This abnormal ion transport was attributed to the concerted movement of cations and anions within the solid polyelectrolytes, leading to the suppression of ion currents. When the electric field exceeded a critical strength, however, the ion current surged rapidly due to the dissolution of many cations and anions within a few nanoseconds in the aqueous solution.

PHYSIOLOGY OF AFFERENT AND CENTRAL PARTS OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and the endocrine system control the internal environment of the body. The organization of the ANS is on the basis of the reflex arc. Changes in chemical composition, blood pressure, osmotic pressure, stretch in viscera, and temperature are detected by autonomic receptors. The visceral afferent fibres are myelinated and they accompany the visceral motor fibres. The sensory autonomic neurons are pseudo-unipolar cells located in the dorsal root ganglia of somatic spinal nerves. Once the afferent fibres gain entrance to the spinal cord or the brainstem, they are thought to travel alongside the somatic afferent fibres to the autonomic centres in different parts of the brain. Information reaches the higher autonomic centres from viscera through an ascending system that involves the nucleus tractus solitarius, the parabrachial nucleus, the periaqueductal gray matter, and the hypothalamus. The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, pontine A5 cell group, rostral ventrolateral medulla, and medullary raphe nuclei send direct output to the preganglionic autonomic neurons. The amygdala, mesencephalic periaqueductal gray, caudal ventrolateral medulla, nucleus of the tractus solitarius, and medullary lateral tegmental field feed into these direct pathways. Pak J Physiol 2023;19(4):1-2

Two-dimensional directed lamellar assembly in silicon- and fluorine-containing block copolymer with identical surface energies

A block copolymer (BCP) with specific monomer structures of fluoroacrylate polymers was designed by exploiting the inorganic superhydrophobicity and low glass transition temperature of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). With the use of a fluorine-containing block providing a surface tension as low as that of PDMS (19.9 < γ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\gamma$$\\end{document} < 21.5 mN/m), PDMS-b-poly(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl acrylate) (PDMS-b-PPeFPA) copolymer was synthesized to create a volume-symmetric lamellar structure. The compositional randomness of the BCP chains adsorbed onto the substrates provided well-balanced interfacial interactions toward the overlaid PDMS-b-PPeFPA (γ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\gamma$$\\end{document}PDMS-ads ≈ γ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\gamma$$\\end{document}PPeFPA-ads). Under this symmetric confinement with simultaneous dual neutral interfaces, lamellar microdomains with a sub-10 nm half-pitch feature size were successfully oriented perpendicular to the interfaces at room temperature. We showed the response of the BCP films to a lateral electric field, demonstrating that the perpendicular lamellae were adaptively aligned along the electric vector within a short treatment period. Furthermore, the PDMS-b-PPeFPA system exhibited a remarkable etch contrast for O2 reactive ion etching, yielding unidirectionally aligned air–inorganic nanoarrays emanating from the perpendicular lamellae between the electrodes. This study reports a system engineering approach for conceiving highly immiscible, silicon- and fluorine-containing BCP whose components exhibit identical surface tensions (γ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\gamma$$\\end{document}PDMS ≈ γ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\gamma$$\\end{document}PPeFPA) and for generating perpendicularly oriented lamellar microdomains due to substrate neutrality.

Range shifter contribution to neutron exposure of patients undergoing proton pencil beam scanning.

Superficial targets require the use of the lowest energies within the available energy range in proton pencil-beam scanning (PBS) technique. However, the lower efficiency of the energy selection system at these energies and the requirement of a greater number of layers may represent disadvantages for this approach. The alternative is to use a range shifter (RS) at nozzle exit. However, one of the concerns of using this beamline element is that it becomes an additional source of neutrons that could irradiate organs situated far from the target. The purpose of this study is to assess the increase in neutron dose due to the RS in proton PBS technique. Additionally, an analytical model for the neutron production is tested. Two clinical plans, designed to achieve identical target coverage, were created for an anthropomorphic phantom. These plans consisted of a lateral field delivering an absorbed dose of 60Gy (RBE) to the target. One of the plans employed the RS. The MCNP code was used to simulate the plans, evaluating the distribution of neutron dose equivalent (Hn) and the equivalent dose in organ. In the plan with the RS plan, neutron production from both the patient and the RS were assessed separately. Hn values were also fitted versus the distance to field edge using a Gaussian function. Hn per prescription dose, in the plan using the RS, ranged between 1.4 and 3.7 mSv/Gy at the field edge, whereas doses at 40cm from the edge ranged from 9.9 to 32 μSv/Gy. These values are 1.2 to 10 times higher compared to those obtained without the RS. Both this factor and the contribution of neutrons originating from the RS increases with the distance from field edge. A triple-Gaussian function was able to reproduce the equivalent dose in organs within a factor of 2, although underestimating the values. The dose deposited in the patient by the neutrons originating from the RS predominantly affects areas away from the target (beyond approximately 25cm from field edge), resulting in a neutron dose equivalent of the order of mSv. This indicates an overall low neutron contribution from the use of RS in PBS.

A novel methodology to measure the transverse Poisson’s ratio in the elastic and plastic regions for composite materials

A new methodology to measure the transverse Poisson’s ratios in fibre-reinforced composite materials was developed. Transverse tensile and transverse compressive standardised tests were instrumented using digital image correlation equipment to measure the lateral strain field of the specimens. A thermoplastic-based composite material was used to describe the proposed methodology. The elastic transverse Poisson’s ratio exhibits a different behaviour in tension than in compression, its value being greater in compression than in tension. Assuming no plastic strain in the longitudinal direction, the plastic transverse Poisson’s ratio in compression suggests no volumetric plastic strains for small axial plastic strains, however, plastic dilatancy was observed when the amount of compressive plastic axial strain increases.

Lateral Electric Field Driving of High-resolution Liquid Crystal Devices for Electronic Holography with Wide Viewing-Zone Angle

Lateral Electric Field Driving of High-resolution Liquid Crystal Devices for Electronic Holography with Wide Viewing-Zone Angle

Исследование резонаторов с продольным и поперечным электрическим полем с различными поперечными размерами

The influence of the diameter of a disk resonator with a radial electric field made on the basis of PZT-19 piezoceramics and the shear dimensions of a resonator with a lateral electric field (LFE) based on PZTNV-1 piezoceramics on their main characteristics, such as the frequencies of parallel and serial resonances and maximum values of the real parts of electrical impedance and admittance has been studied experimentally and theoretically.

Morphological and molecular characterisation of Rotylenchus astragalus sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabditida: Hoplolaimidae) from Shanxi province, north China

Summary Rotylenchus astragalus sp. n. is characterised by having females 841-1069 μm long, stylet 28-31 μm long, basal knobs rounded, dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice (DGO) 3-5 μm, lateral field with four incisures, pharyngeal gland lobes slender, overlapping intestine dorsally for 4-12 μm, excretory pore located just posterior to the hemizonid, vulva slightly posterior to mid-body, ovaries paired, phasmid opening relatively large and 8-18 annuli anterior to the anus, tail conoid and absence of males. The matrix code of R. astragalus sp. n. is A5, B3, C1, D4, E1, F2, G1-2, H3, I2, J2, K1. In addition, phylogenetic relationships of the recovered populations were analysed using sequences of the near full length small subunit (SSU) and D2-D3 segments of large subunit (LSU) rRNA genes.

Effect of ultraviolet light on field emission performance and lifetime of lateral field emitter devices

Lateral field emission devices have been characterized before and after ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. Two types of planar device structures, diode and bowtie, were studied. These nanoscale devices have 9–15 nm tip-to-tip (bowtie) or tip-to-collector (diode) dimensions with the tips fabricated from Au/Ti. Typical currents of 2–5 nA per tip at 6 V were measured. It was observed that after UV exposure, the collected current was reduced by &amp;gt;28% for the case of a bowtie device; whereas the current was reduced by &amp;gt;39% for the case of a diode device. This reduction can be attributed to water vapor desorption on the dielectric surface between the structures, which in turn reduces surface leakage. The Fowler–Nordheim plot showed a straighter line after UV exposure. After the I-V test, the UV-exposed devices were placed on lifetime tests in a vacuum of &amp;lt;10−8 Torr and were biased at 5 V DC. After 2600 h, an abrupt current decrease was observed: ∼25% for the case of the bowtie and ∼28% for the case of the diode device. Scanning electron microscope images of the bowtie and diode devices showed damage to the tips.

Characterization and pathogenicity of Pratylenchus vandenbergae stat. nov. (Tylenchina: Pratylenchidae), a highly pathogenic root‐lesion nematode parasitizing crops in Kenya and South Africa

AbstractA highly fecund root‐lesion nematode parasitizing a variety of crops was discovered and found to be widespread in Kenya and South Africa. These populations were molecularly identical to Pratylenchus teres teres and P. teres vandenbergae based on D2‐D3 of 28S rDNA and Hsp90 sequences. However, based on morphological differences with the original description of P. teres and its different geographical distribution, Pratylenchus vandenbergae stat. nov., previously known as subspecies P. teres vandenbergae, is recognized as a separate species. This species is characterized by a slightly offset labial region with three annuli, en face morphology belonging to Group II, lateral field with four incisures with two outer bands areolated as observed under a light microscope and the inner band also partially areolated at the vulva region as observed in scanning electron microscopy view, a robust stylet (14–17 μm) with rounded knobs and subcylindrical tail with annulated tail tip. This important and common species remained largely under the radar, probably due to identifications based only on sequence similarity, including mislabelled Pratylenchus bolivianus sequences in GenBank. Pathogenicity of P. vandenbergae stat. nov. in finger millet roots was confirmed through acid fuchsin staining, and reproduction and pathogenicity tests in maize, soybean, sunflower and tomato plants demonstrated its capacity to affect crop growth. Life cycle comparison with P. penetrans in vitro showed a similar life cycle length but significantly higher fecundity. Finally, significant differences in pathogenicity and reproduction of P. vandenbergae stat. nov. were found both at genotype level (finger millet genotypes OKHALE‐1 &amp; KNE1034) and crop level (maize, soybean, sunflower and tomato plants).

Energy-Trapping Characteristics of Lateral Field Excited GdCOB Crystal Bulk Acoustic Wave Devices Based on Stepped Electrodes.

In this work, high-frequency forced vibrations of lateral field excitation (LFE) devices with stepped electrodes based on monoclinic crystals GdCOB are modeled, and the influence laws of the device parameters (the step number, size, and thickness of the stepped electrodes) on the energy-trapping effects of the device are revealed. The results show that the step number has a significant effect on the energy-trapping effect of the device: with the increase in the step number, the stronger energy-trapping effect of the device can be obtained; with the increase in the thickness difference of two layers of electrodes, the energy-trapping effect of the device becomes stronger; with the increase in the difference of the electrode radius, the energy-trapping effect of the device is enhanced gradually. The results of this work can provide an important theoretical basis for the design of stepped-electrode LFE resonators and sensors with high-quality factors based on monoclinic crystals.

Sensitivity of cloud-phase distribution to cloud microphysics and thermodynamics in simulated deep convective clouds and SEVIRI retrievals

Abstract. The formation of ice in clouds is an important process in mixed-phase clouds, and the radiative properties and dynamical developments of clouds strongly depend on their partitioning between the liquid and ice phases. In this study, we investigated the sensitivities of the cloud phase to the ice-nucleating particle (INP) concentration and thermodynamics. Moreover, passive satellite retrieval algorithms and cloud products were evaluated to identify whether they could detect cloud microphysical and thermodynamical perturbations. Experiments were conducted using the ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) model at the convection-permitting resolution of about 1.2 km on a domain covering significant parts of central Europe, and they were compared to two different retrieval products based on Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) measurements. We selected a day with multiple isolated deep convective clouds, reaching a homogeneous freezing temperature at the cloud top. The simulated cloud liquid pixel fractions were found to decrease with increasing INP concentration, both within clouds and at the cloud top. The decrease in the cloud liquid pixel fraction was not monotonic and was stronger in high-INP cases. Cloud-top glaciation temperatures shifted toward warmer temperatures with an increasing INP concentration by as much as 8 ∘C. Moreover, the impact of the INP concentration on cloud-phase partitioning was more pronounced at the cloud top than within the cloud. Furthermore, initial and lateral boundary temperature fields were perturbed with increasing and decreasing temperature increments from 0 to ±3 and ±5 K between 3 and 12 km, respectively. Perturbing the initial thermodynamic state was also found to systematically affect the cloud-phase distribution. However, the simulated cloud-top liquid pixel fraction, diagnosed using radiative transfer simulations as input to a satellite forward operator and two different satellite remote-sensing retrieval algorithms, deviated from one of the satellite products regardless of perturbations in the INP concentration or the initial thermodynamic state for warmer subzero temperatures while agreeing with the other retrieval scheme much better, in particular for the high-INP and high-CAPE (convective available potential energy) scenarios. Perturbing the initial thermodynamic state, which artificially increases the instability of the mid- and upper-troposphere, brought the simulated cloud-top liquid pixel fraction closer to the satellite observations, especially in the warmer mixed-phase temperature range.

Active matrix driven electrophoretic display with in-plane switching layout and driving waveform for reflective and transparent modes.

In-plane switching electrophoretic display (IPS-EPD) is an emerging field of display technology which achieves particles moving horizontally through a lateral electric field. Compared to vertically driven electrophoretic display (V-EPD), IPS-EPD exhibits the feasibility of transparent display function. However, most of the previous research was hindered by long response time, low optical transmittance, or complex structures. In this paper, we have proposed a newly developed electrode layout and driving waveform for IPS-EPD, achieving a device with fast response time of 0.32 s, high transmittance of 58.07%, good transmittance-contrast ratio of 11.25, and simple structure, which show a significant improvement over other related research. Additionally, we elucidated the physical mechanism for the device through developing a particles motion simulation. Finally, we presented a prototype of an IPS-EPD with TFT panel, which exhibits excellent performance in various application scenarios, making it a possible application prospect in mobile phone cases, glasses, windows, and so on.