Latent Growth Modeling Analysis Research Articles

Effects of mother–child interaction on school adaptation of children according to maternal depression

Abstract Objective Factors influencing school adaptation of school-aged children include both executive function (EF) and parent–child interaction. This study aims to investigate the developmental trajectory of mother–child interaction longitudinally using latent growth model analysis. Methods A longitudinal descriptive survey study was conducted. The participants comprised of 1,614 mothers and school-aged children, who participated in the Panel Study on Korean Children (6th–8th panel surveys). A model was designed and analyzed using latent growth modeling to estimate the pattern of change over time. Results In the group where the maternal depression was within the normal range, only the path by which the change rate of mother–child interaction affected school adaptation of children was statistically nonsignificant (t = 1.007, p = 0.314). In the group where maternal depression was mild or higher, only the paths by which the initial value of mother–child interaction affected EF difficulty (t = −2.75, p = 0.032) and EF difficulty affected school adaptation (t = −7.876, p < 0.001) were statistically significant. Conclusions This study confirms the research models developed by dividing mother–child interaction into two groups according to depression levels (i.e., normal range and mild or higher-level depression). The findings provide a basis for construction of individualized interventions.

A longitudinal study of bullying victimization and predictors among multicultural adolescents: A latent growth model analysis

A longitudinal study of bullying victimization and predictors among multicultural adolescents: A latent growth model analysis

교육훈련 참여와 조직몰입 간의 관계: 잠재성장모형 분석을 중심으로

본 연구의 목적은 기업 근로자의 교육훈련 참여가 조직몰입에 미치는 영향을 종단적으로 살펴보는 것이다. 연구자료는 인적자본기업패널 4차년도부터 7차년도 근로자용 데이터를 활용하였으며, 최종분석 대상자는 1,888명이었다. 연구모델을 통계적으로 검증하기 위하여 SPSS 22.0과 M-plus 8.0 프로그램을 활용하였고 분석방법으로는 잠재성장모형(latent growth modeling) 분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 교육훈련 참여와 조직몰입 모두 시간 흐름에 따라 평균값이 감소하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 교육훈련 참여의 초기값이 조직몰입 초기값에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 교육훈련 참여의 초기값은 조직몰입 변화율에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 교육훈련 참여의 변화율은 조직몰입의 변화율에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 근로자의 교육훈련 참여를 높여 조직몰입을 향상시키기 위한 실천적 방안과 정책적 지원방안을 제시하였다.

The relationship between the longitudinal change in job satisfaction by the characteristics of middle-old aged workers and life satisfaction: A latent growth model analysis

The relationship between the longitudinal change in job satisfaction by the characteristics of middle-old aged workers and life satisfaction: A latent growth model analysis

Physical Fitness Level and Mood State Changes in Basic Military Training.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of fitness level and mood states in the basic military training (BMT) for midshipmen using latent growth model analysis. A total of 285 midshipmen were selected as participants in BMT. The results were as follow: First, the slope of low initial fitness level increase higher than high initial fitness level. Second, there is no significant on relation between the slope of total mood disturbance score (TMD) and initial TMD level. Third, initial fitness level might increase the difference in participants’ mood state. To Sum up, participants in low initial fitness level scored lower on the results of initial TMD than people in high initial fitness level, and the rate of change in TMD of the stronger participants was larger than the others. Thus, we suggested that to consideration not only fitness level but also psychological, social aspect during in BMT.

Adherence to supplemental vitamin D intake and infant weight gain: a retrospective cohort study in rural southwestern China.

ObjectivesWe tested the hypothesis that vitamin D supplementation is associated with early body mass index (BMI) patterns.MethodsUsing retrospective longitudinal data of infants and toddlers in a 2-year follow-up study, we identified BMI-for-age Z score (BAZ) growth trajectories using latent class growth modeling (LCGM) analysis. Logistic regression models were adopted to investigate the impact of vitamin D supplementation on BAZ patterns.ResultsFive BAZ trajectories were derived using LCGM. Higher intake of vitamin D supplement was significantly associated with lower odds of rapid weight gain or mild undernutrition in the first 2 years (odds ratios: 0.60–0.83 for class 2: early rapid growth; 0.69–0.82 for class 3: early weight loss, late rapid growth; 0.83–0.89 for class 4: suboptimal growth). Adherence to 400 IU Vitamin D ≥ 1 year was significantly associated with less likelihood of being in class 3 (odds ratio 0.17).ConclusionsAmong infants and toddlers aged 0 to 2 years, dietary supplementation of vitamin D is insufficient in rural areas of China. Insufficient vitamin D intake was found to be associated with suboptimal BAZ growth at early stages. Effective collaboration is needed between pediatricians and caregivers, to assure adherence to the nutritional guideline.

The effects of the stigma trajectory of adolescents in out-of-home care on self-esteem and antisocial behavior

The purpose of this study was to longitudinally examine the effects of stigma on the development of children living in out-of-home care situations, specifically with regards to self-esteem and antisocial behavior. Using a stratified sampling method, data from 341 children aged 11 or 12 living in out-of-home care (residential institutions, group homes, and foster homes) were collected five times, from 2011 to 2015. The results of latent growth modeling (LGM) analyses were as follows. First, individuals demonstrated different levels of stigma at ages 11 or 12, and the levels of stigma were likely to decrease over time (mean for intercept: 2.146; p < 0.001, mean for slope: −0.038; p < 0.001). Second, the initial stigma at ages 11 or 12 had a statistically significant negative effect on their self-esteem after four years. In addition, the results on stigma slopes during the five-year period between ages of 11–12 and 15–16 showed that stigma had a negative impact on self-esteem and was an influential factor of antisocial behavior. The results suggest that it is necessary to provide interventions for children in out-of-home care, and practitioners must place emphasis on early screening, monitoring children’s lives, and psychosocial health.

Analysis of the Effect of R&amp;D Planning Support for SMEs Using Latent Growth Modeling

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Korea play a pivotal role in the national economy. However, due to scale limitations, the resources available to SMEs for innovation activities are limited. Therefore, as a means to compensate for the market failure of SMEs, which can be caused by resource limitations, and to ensure sustainable growth, the government supports the SMEs for innovation activities. Korea has fulfilled SME R&amp;D planning support projects since 2002 to efficiently support SMEs’ technology commercialization activities through systematic support in the early stages of the technology commercialization cycle. In order to analyze the effectiveness of SME R&amp;D planning support program, this study conducted latent growth modeling analysis using financial data of three years of SMEs participating in the program. According to the analysis results, SMEs receiving R&amp;D planning support funds have an increase in sales compared to those that do not. In particular, it was analyzed that the sales increase effect of companies supported by R&amp;D funds continuously appeared more clearly. The result of this analysis is that policy support for SMEs can help technological innovation activities necessary for R&amp;D planning, which is an early stage of SME technological innovation. This study is meaningful in that it quantitatively analyzes using latent growth model and the contribution of government support at the R&amp;D planning stage to SMEs’ innovation capabilities and their contribution to performance. However, it has a limitation that it does not address the specific impact path of the planning stage support on innovation capacity and innovation performance.

The association between light intensity physical activity with gait speed in older adults (≥ 50years). A longitudinal analysis using the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA).

Fall prevention is an important health consideration for older adults. The benefits of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) for fall prevention are well established. Few studies have explored the association between low intensity physical activity (LPA) and fall risk in older adults over time. Six waves of data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) were analysed. The measures of physical activity (PA) intensity were developed using latent class analysis (LCA). Then, the association between PA intensity and gait speed was analysed using a latent growth model (LGM). Latent class analysis identified three classes of PA-inactive, low intensity, and moderate-vigorous intensity PA. LGM analysis showed that MVPA (Est 1.12, SE 0.05) was associated with a faster gait speed and slower rate of decline over time. LPA (Est 0.96; SE 0.12) was more beneficial than being inactive. Age was found to influence gait speed where MVPA was associated with better gait speed in adults aged ≤ 70years, and LPA was associated with better gait speed for adults aged ≥ 70years. Moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity maybe more beneficial for older adults and current policy supports this. However, LPA is associated with better gait speed in older adults aged ≥ 70years and also maybe more achievable for older adults. Therefore, future fall prevention interventions should also include recommendations for LPA for old-older adults (≥ 70years).

노인의 친교활동, 주관적 건강상태, 우울감의 관계에 대한 다변량 잠재성장모형 분석

The current study utilized latent growth model to examine how social activity, health status, and depression in the elderly changed over time, and how these changes were related across time. We used data from the 4, 5, and 6 years of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) of the Korea Employment Information Service. The subjects of the analysis were multivariate latent growth model analysis of the effects of social activities on subjective health status and depression in 2016 among the elderly aged 60 to 75 years in 2012. The average age of 3,303 in 2012 was 67.36, the average age of 3,266 in 2014 was 69.36, and the average of 3,011 in 2016 was 72.36. The results showed that over time, the subjective state of health of the elderly decreases, and over time, depression Increase linearly. The social activity did not change over time. The results of the analysis of the model of change in social activity, subjective health status and depression are related to the positive effect of social activity on subjective health status and to lower depression in the future. Based on the results of the study, the practical implications of the social activities that positively affect the subjective health status and depression of the elderly and the practical measures for the social participation program of the elderly were discussed.

Women's Body Image Throughout the Adult Life Span: A Latent Growth Modeling Approach.

This retrospective study examined developmental trajectories of women's body image perceptions throughout the adult life span from life course and self-discrepancy theory perspectives. Data were collected from women over 65 years of age, recruited from 15 senior communities and centers in a Midwest U.S. state in 2012. A total of 102 older women completed a survey about their past and current body image perceptions. To examine developmental trajectories of the repeated body image measures, a latent growth modeling analysis was adopted. Distinct and significant trajectories in each body image measure during the entire adult life course were found, confirming that a retrospective account of women's body image perceptions significantly change with age. The individual differences in the trajectories over time and the relationship between an individual's initial mean level and the rate of change on each variable were also examined. The findings advanced understanding of the retrospective age effects on women's body image throughout the adult life span.

Exploring the Formation of Exercise Habits with the Latent Growth Model.

This study investigated the antecedent factors affecting exercise preparation and performance habits and provides basic data for the development of health promotion interventions, based on what was found to be most effective in improving intention and habit. The participants were 114 university students who were willing to participate regularly in exercise and physical activities and interested in forming exercise habits. After coding, we analyzed the complete data set through frequency analysis, reliability, and latent growth model analysis. The provision of early rewards positively affected an initial exercise preparation habit. Both initial consistency and development of consistency also positively affected the development of exercise preparation, and initial behavioral complexity positively affected initial exercise preparation. However, no factors influenced an exercise performance habit. Thus, forming an exercise preparation habit requires fun, personal control, and repetitive behavior while forming an exercise performance habit is particularly challenging. These results may help construct a program for continuous exercise participation.

Frailty effects on non-demented cognitive trajectories are moderated by sex and Alzheimer\u2019s genetic risk

BackgroundAge-related frailty reflects cumulative multisystem physiological and health decline. Frailty increases the risk of adverse brain and cognitive outcomes, including differential decline and dementia. In a longitudinal sample of non-demented older adults, we examine whether (a) the level and/or change in frailty predicts trajectories across three cognitive domains (memory, speed, and executive function (EF)) and (b) prediction patterns are modified by sex or Alzheimer’s genetic risk (Apolipoprotein E (APOE)).MethodsParticipants (n = 632; M age = 70.7, range 53–95; 3 waves) were from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. After computing a frailty index, we used latent growth modeling and path analysis to test the frailty effects on level and change in three latent variables of cognition. We tested two potential moderators by stratifying by sex and APOE risk (ε4+, ε4-).ResultsFirst, frailty levels predicted speed and EF performance (level) and differential memory change slopes. Second, change in frailty predicted the rate of decline for both speed and EF. Third, sex moderation analyses showed that females were selectively sensitive to (a) frailty effects on memory change and (b) frailty change effects on speed change. In contrast, the frailty effects on EF change were stronger in males. Fourth, genetic moderation analyses showed that APOE risk (e4+) carriers were selectively sensitive to frailty effects on memory change.ConclusionIn non-demented older adults, increasing frailty is strongly associated with the differential decline in cognitive trajectories. For example, higher (worse) frailty was associated with more rapid memory decline than was lower (better) frailty. These effects, however, are moderated by both genetic risk and sex.

Independent and interdependent personalities at individual and group levels: Predicting loneliness in Chinese adolescents

The purpose of this study was to examine the contributions of independent and interdependent personalities at both individual and peer-group levels to loneliness in Chinese adolescents. Participants included 651 junior high school students (Mage = 11.48, SDage = 0.62; 263 girls). The participants were administered self-report measures of personality and loneliness and a Social-Cognitive Map assessment of peer groups in Grade 6. Data on loneliness were collected again in Grades 7 and 8. Latent growth model analyses indicated that loneliness increased over time. Multilevel regression analyses indicated that, at an individual level, independent personality factors (i.e., Social Potency and Emotional Stability) and the interdependent factor (Interpersonal Relatedness; IR) negatively predicted the initial level of loneliness and positively predicted the slope of loneliness. At the group level, Social Potency and IR negatively predicted the initial level of loneliness, and IR positively predicted the slope of loneliness. The study provides valuable information about the contributions of independent and interdependent personalities at both individual and group levels to psychological adjustment in the Chinese context. The implications of the findings concerning the associations between personality and loneliness are discussed.

Behavioral Correlates of Psychological Involvement: A 2-Year Study

Limited research has examined psychological involvement change using a longitudinal design. This study explored stability and change in the three facets of psychological involvement—pleasure, centrality, and sign—that occurred over a 2-year period and examined key behavioral correlates of the observed change. Data were collected three times through online surveys from participants (N = 482) of an annual 10-mile running event in the United States. Latent growth modeling analyses revealed that, on average, the levels of pleasure, centrality, and sign in running slightly decreased over time. Growth mixture modeling analyses offer evidence that different patterns of change exist within each facet of psychological involvement. The findings further indicate that changes in the number of events participated in each year are the most important behavioral correlates of psychological involvement change. The results provide sport managers with implications for promoting long-term engagement with the activity through...

A Latent Growth Modeling Analysis of the Effects of Perceived Supports, Perceived Barriers, and Coping Efficacy on Latina/o Engineering Students’ Life Satisfaction

Using latent growth modeling (LGM) procedures, this study tested a model of Latina/o engineering students’ life satisfaction based on Lent and Brown’s social cognitive well-being model with a sample of 342 Latina/o engineering students attending a Hispanic-serving institution. Participants completed measures of perceived supports, perceived barriers, and coping efficacy at 3 points, each approximately 1 year apart, and life satisfaction at Time 3. The results indicated that perceived supports, perceived barriers, and coping efficacy changed across time. Specifically, perceived supports and coping efficacy decreased and perceived barriers increased over time. Individual differences were found in the growth patterns of these constructs, with participants with low perceived supports and coping efficacy at Time 1 demonstrating more decrease and those with low perceived barriers at Time 1 demonstrating more increase in these variables over time. In the multivariate LGM analysis, the proposed model fit the data, but only partial support was found for the relations among the variables. Specifically, high perceived barriers were negatively related to low coping efficacy, high perceived supports were positively related to high coping efficacy, and high coping efficacy was positively related to high life satisfaction. However, coping efficacy did not mediate the relations between supports and barriers to life satisfaction. Finally, growth in perceived barriers was negatively related to the decline of coping efficacy. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

Parallel-process trajectories of exposure to violence and psychological distress among justice-involved youth.

Researchers have raised awareness of high levels of violence exposure among justice-involved adolescents and its association with psychological distress, yet the relationship between the violence and psychological distress has rarely been studied longitudinally. This study aimed to gain understanding of the relationship between long-term exposure to violence and the development of psychological distress among justice-involved adolescents. We examined exposure to violence and emergent psychological distress among adolescents using latent growth model analyses with a sample of 1,336 young people-male and female-who completed 10 follow-up interviews over 7years as part of the Pathways to Desistance study. We tested four models: (a) changes in exposure to violence over time, (b) changes in psychological distress over time, (c) the contemporaneous, parallel processes of changes in exposure to violence and psychological distress over time, and (d) differences in the evolution of violence exposure and psychological distress across sex and race/ethnicity. For the sample as a whole, exposure to violence decreased over time, as did psychological distress, but their relationship to each other was consistent. There were individual differences, however, and the subgroup of young African Americans did not experience the reduction in exposure to violence reported by the young Whites and Hispanics. Trajectories of exposure to violence and related psychological distress did not escalate over time as expected. In light of these findings, more research is needed on the heterogeneity of violence exposure and its negative psychological impacts.

The Relationship Between Self-assessed Health Condition and Depression Trajectory of Older Adults with Chronic Diseases

본 연구는 만성질환 고령자의 주관적 건강상태의 변화가 우울의 변화에 미치는 영향을 건강검진 이용수준을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 본 연구에서는 한국고용정보원이 실시한 고령화연구패널조사 (KLoSA) 1차~6차까지의 자료를 활용하였으며, 1차년도에서 만성질환이 1개라도 있다고 응답한 중고령자를 대상으로 연구를 수행하였다. 본 연구는 만성질환이 1개라도 있는 중고령자 2,174명을 대상으로 하였으며, 연구목적을 위하여 잠재성장모형을 활용하였다. 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 만성질환자의 우울은 시간의 경과에 따라 감소하였으며, 초기 우울을 높게 지각할수록 시간의 경과에 따라 우울은 천천히 감소하였다. 둘째, 만성질환자의 주관적 건강상태는 시간의 경과에 따라 부정적으로 생각하는 경향이 높았으며, 초기 주관적 건강상태를 좋지 않다고 지각할수록 시간의 경과에 따라 주관적 건강에 대한 부정적 인식이 상대적으로 천천히 증가하였다. 셋째, 시간의 흐름에 따라 주관적 건강상태를 긍정적으로 생각하는 폭이 커질수록, 우울은 가파르게 하락하였 다. 넷째, 시간이 지남에 따라 건강검진을 많이 받을수록 부정적 주관적 건강상태의 감소속도가 느리게 나타났다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 만성질환자의 심리적 안녕과 건강검진과의 관계를 종단적으로 확인하고, 이들의 심리적 안녕을 위한 정책 마련에 대한 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다.The purpose of this study is to look at the impact of changes in the self-assessed health condition of older adults chronic disease patients on the changes in depression, focusing on the utilization of medical examination. This study utilizes the 1st to 6th data of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging(KLoSA), which was conducted by the Korea Employment Information Service. The study was conducted on older adults who responded that they have one of the chronic diseases in the Year1. This study is conducted on 2,714 older adults with at least one chronic disease and latent growth model analysis was used to handle the purpose of this research. The major research results are as follows. First, the depression of chronic disease patients decreases as time passes and the higher the recognition of one’s depression in initial score, than the slower the depression decreases as time passes. Second, chronic disease patients tend to be more negative on their self-assessed health condition of chronic disease as time elapses. Those who recognized their self-assessed health condition as bad in the initial score, the negative recognition on their self-assessed health condition improves relatively slowly. Third, the more positive thoughts on the self-assessed health condition as time passes, the more rapidly decrease depression. Fourth, the more medical examination, the slower decrease in the negative recognition on the self-assessed health condition. This study intend to confirm the relationship between psychological well being and medical examination of patients with chronic diseases based on longitudinal approach, and to provide the foundation for establishing policies to improve the psychological well being of chronic disease patients.

Time-Varying Effect Sizes for Quadratic Growth Models in Multilevel and Latent Growth Modeling

Multilevel and latent growth modeling analysis (GMA) is often used to compare independent groups in linear random slopes of outcomes over time, particularly in randomized controlled trials. The unstandardized coefficient for the effect of group on the slope from a linear GMA can be transformed into a model-estimated effect size for the group difference at the end of a study. Because effect sizes vary nonlinearly in quadratic GMA, the effect size at the end of a study using quadratic GMA cannot be derived from a single coefficient, and cannot be used to estimate effect sizes at intermediate time points with backward extrapolation. This article formulates equations and associated input commands in Mplus for time-varying effect sizes for quadratic GMA. Illustrative analyses that produced these time-varying effect sizes were presented, and a Monte Carlo study found that bias in the effect sizes and their confidence intervals was ignorable.

Examining symptom trajectories that predict worse outcomes in post-CABG patients.

Background:Coronary artery bypass grafting is one of the most common interventional revascularisation procedures used to treat coronary artery disease worldwide. With a wide variability in postoperative cardiac symptoms, identification of symptom trajectories during the 3-month postoperative recovery period may improve clinicians’ abilities to support symptom recovery.Aims:To identify distinct trajectories of cardiac symptoms seen over time in a cohort of patients during the 3-month post-coronary artery bypass grafting period, and determine clinical characteristics associated with different symptom trajectories postoperatively.Methods:A prospective trial used the cardiac symptom survey to determine patient symptoms at baseline prior to surgery, and at 1 week, 6 weeks and 3 months following coronary artery bypass grafting. A latent class growth model and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used.Results:Data were obtained from patients (N=198) undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting in six medical centres of Taiwan, through patient medical records and interviews. Based on their frequency, trajectories were explored for the six most common postoperative symptoms including angina, dyspnoea, fatigue, depression, sleep problems and anxiety. We identified two to three distinct classes of trajectories for each symptom. Age, longer intensive care unit stay, fewer vessels bypassed, off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting, smoking history and lack of regular exercise were associated with worse symptom outcome trends over time.Conclusions:Using this unique trajectories-based research method, we are able to achieve a better understanding of symptom recovery patterns over time among coronary artery bypass grafting patients. Recognising risk factors and potential recovery patterns prior to surgery may allow healthcare providers to deliver targeted discharge planning and individualised care after coronary artery bypass grafting.