Latency In Wireless Networks Research Articles

TCP BBR-n interplay with modern AQM in Wireless-N/AC networks: Quest for the golden pair.

Effective congestion control on the internet has been a problem since its inception. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), being the most widely used transport layer protocol tries to mitigate it using a variety of congestion control algorithms. Cubic, Reno, and Bottleneck Bandwidth and Round-trip propagation time (BBR) are the most deployed congestion controls. BBR v2 is leading the congestion control race with its superior performance in terms of better throughput and lower latency. Furthermore, Active Queue Management (AQM) algorithms try to mitigate the congestion control at the network layer through active buffer control to avoid bufferbloat. The most efficient congestion control occurs when TCP and AQM work together. Indeed, it is the TCP-AQM algorithm "Golden pair" that can result in the most efficient performance. This paper proposes such a novel pair based on our previously tested and published BBR-n (BBR new) with the most effective of the modern AQMs, that completely gels together to provide lower latency in wireless networks based on Wireless N/AC. Real-time experiments were performed using Flent on our physical testbed with BBR-n and modern AQMs such as Fair Queuing (FQ), Constrained Delay (CoDel), Proportional Integral controller Enhanced (PIE), Common Applications Kept Enhanced (Cake) and Flow Queuing Controlled Delay (FQ_CoDel). Various tests done on our physical testbed helped us identify CAKE as the most optimum AQM that fits with our proposed BBR-n while providing optimum throughput and lower latency in 802.11N/AC-based wireless networks.

Bitter Rate of Performance in Wireless Communications on 5G Technology

Wireless communications have become an integral part of our modern society, enabling seamless connectivity and data exchange. The bit rate of performance in wireless communication systems plays a crucial role in determining the quality of service and user experience. This abstract provides an overview of key factors influencing bit rate in wireless communications and highlights the challenges and advancements in optimizing performance. The bit rate, often measured in bits per second (bps) or multiples thereof, quantifies the rate at which data can be transmitted over a wireless channel. Several factors impact the bit rate in wireless communications, including the available bandwidth, modulation schemes, signal-to- noise ratio (SNR), and channel conditions. The bit rate is closely related to the achievable data throughput and is a critical metric for assessing the efficiency of wireless networks. Wireless technologies, such as 4G and 5G, have significantly increased the bit rates achievable for mobile communication. These technologies employ advanced modulation techniques and multiple-input, multiple- output (MIMO) systems to enhance spectral efficiency and data rates. Additionally, the deployment of small cells and the use of high-frequency bands have improved data rates and reduced latency in wireless networks. However, challenges persist in optimizing bit rates for wireless communications. Factors like signal interference, fading, and path loss can degrade performance. Moreover, the ever- increasing demand for data-intensive applications and the proliferation of IoT devices put additional pressure on wireless networks to deliver higher bit rates with low latency. To address these challenges, ongoing research focuses on developing advanced signal processing algorithms, beamforming techniques, and error correction mechanisms. Machine learning and artificial intelligence are also being employed to optimize wireless communication systems and enhance bit rates.

Packet Duplication in Dual Connectivity Enabled 5G Wireless Networks: Overview and Challenges

Enabling ultra-reliable low-latency communications in 5G wireless networks creates challenging design requirements, particularly on the air interface. The stringent latency and reliability targets require enhancements at different layers of the protocol stack. On the other hand, the Parallel Redundancy Protocol, wherein each data packet is duplicated and transmitted concurrently over two independent networks, provides a simple solution for improving reliability and reducing latency in wireless networks. PRP can be realized in cellular networks through the dual connectivity solution. Recently, 3GPP has introduced packet duplication functionality in 5G wireless networks. To this end, this article provides an overview of the packet duplication functionality in 5G in light of recent developments within 3GPP, and also highlights the related technical challenges.

Practical and Dynamic Buffer Sizing Using LearnQueue

Wireless networks are undergoing an unprecedented revolution in the last decade. With the explosion of delay-sensitive applications usage on the Internet (i.e., online gaming, VoIP, and safety-critical applications), latency becomes a major issue for the development of wireless technology since it has an enormous impact on user experience. In fact, in a phenomenon known as bufferbloat, large static buffers inside the network devices results in increasing the time that packets spend in the queues and, thus, causing larger delays. Concerns have arisen about designing efficient queue management schemes to mitigate the effects of over-buffering in wireless devices. In this paper, we advocate the exploitation of machine learning techniques for dynamic buffer sizing. We propose LearnQueue, a novel reinforcement learning design that can effectively control the latency in wireless networks. LearnQueue adapts quickly and intelligently to changes in the wireless environment using a sophisticated reward structure. The latency control is performed dynamically by tuning the buffer size. Adopting a trial-and-error approach, the proposed scheme penalizes the actions resulting in longer delays or hurting the throughput. In addition, the scheme parameters are designed for an optimized operation depending on different applications requirements. Using the latest generation of WARP hardware, we investigated LearnQueue performance in various network scenarios. The testbed results prove that LearnQueue can grantee low latency while preserving throughput under various congestion situations. We also discuss the feasibility and possible limitations of large-scale deployment of the proposed scheme in wireless devices.

E-MAC: An evolutionary solution for collision avoidance in wireless ad hoc networks

Transmission collision is a main cause of throughput degradation and non-deterministic latency in wireless networks. Existing collision-avoidance mechanisms for distributed wireless networks are mostly based on the random backoff strategy, which cannot guarantee collision-free accesses. In this paper, we design a simple collision-avoidance MAC (E-MAC) for distributed wireless networks that can iteratively achieve collision-free access. In E-MAC, each transmitter will adjust its next transmission time according to which part of its packets suffering from the collision. And the iteration of this adjustment will quickly lead group of nodes converging to a collision-free network. E-MAC does not require any central coordination or global time synchronization. It is scalable to new entrants to the network and variable packet lengths. And it is also robust to system errors, such as inaccurate timing.

Optimized Seamless Handoff Latency in Wireless Networks

Optimized Seamless Handoff Latency in Wireless Networks

Geometrical Mathematical Models and Carrier to Interference Ratio based Handoff Algorithm for Reduction of Handoff Latency in Wireless Networks

IEEE 802.11b networks are becoming more ubiquitous. While roaming through access points, a mobile node is often required to perform a link layer handover. This mechanism causes connection losses and breaks in time-sensitive communication, especially if a network layer handover follows the link layer handover. In this paper, we propose to reduce handoff latency for IEEE 802.11 wireless networks with Neighbor Graphs (NG) pre-scanning mechanisms and using a GPS based server which predetermines the next probable AP using three formulated geometry based mathematical techniques. IEEE 802.11 uses 11 channels of which the channels 1, 6 and 11 do not mutually overlap. As they are non-overlapping, the channels are expected to have a lower carrier-to-interference ratio (CI) compared to the other channels present under the same base station, which increases the channel’s availability during handoff due to high signal to noise ratio (SNR). When handoff criterion have been met, we design an algorithm to first determine the Access Point (AP), by the geometrical models, under whose coverage area the Mobile node (MN) would enter, and then scanning the channels 1, 6 and 11, if present under the next Access Point (AP), to reduce the scanning delay. We also introduce pre-authentication mechanism, which will effectively reduce the message processing delay. General Terms: Wireless Mobile Communication, Mathematical Models.

Provision of Services Via the Wireless Application Protocol: A Strategic Perspective

Throughout the 1990s, the technological development and market penetration of mobile phones and other mobile handsets, such as personal digital assistants (PDAs), was very strong. Recently, the convergence of wireless and the Internet has occurred - bringing 'the Internet in your pocket' for which the potential applications are many and various, including shopping, banking, news feeds and e-mail. Under the present technological constraints of low bandwidths and high latency in wireless networks, as well as the low power and small screens of handheld devices, a key standard has emerged for Internet service provision - the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP). WAP provides the means for bringing the Internet and a range of services to the wireless consumer. As such, WAP has created a whole new set of dynamics in the wireless industry driven by this new era of value-added service provision. This paper explores the strategic implications of WAP service provision, drawing on a number of analytical frameworks. T...