Late XIX Research Articles

Yekaterinodar city orphan court: prerequisites of education and law enforcement practice for the establishment of guardianship and guardianship over minors (XIX – early XX centuries)

The article is devoted to a comprehensive historical and legal analysis of the prerequisites for the formation of the Yekaterinodar city orphan Court at the end of the XIX century. and an assessment of its practical activities. In particular, the paper examines the peculiarities of establishing guardianship and guardianship over minors in the Kuban in the pre-reform period, as well as reveals the socio-political reasons explaining why the activities of orphan courts at the end of the XVIII – first half of the XIX century were not provided for in military Cossack settlements. Only since the second half of the XIX century. Conditions for the formation of these organs are beginning to form in the Kuban region. So, in 1886, the city orphan court was established at the Yekaterinodar District Court, from among the burghers and merchants. The article analyzes the features of establishing guardianship and guardianship over minor citizens of Yekaterinodar in the late XIX – early XX century. The author comes to the conclusion that the formation of the Yekaterinodar City Orphan Court was predetermined by the action of the reforms of Alexander II, eliminating the imperative, monosyllabic principle of the functioning of administrative and judicial institutions in the Kuban.

Economic Aspects of the Development of Civil Society Institutions in the Late Imperial Period on the Example of the Smolensk House of Diligence

The study of the history of charity makes it possible to more accurately identify the initial period of the creation of the foundations of civil society in Russia. The article is devoted to the analysis of the activities of the Smolensk House of Diligence as an example of charitable practice in the Russian Empire of the late XIX – early XX century. Using a specific example, the author examines the history of the creation and development of houses of diligence in the regional plane, their role in public life and their influence on the formation of basic narratives of civil society in the imperial reality of that period. Special attention is paid to the analysis of economic aspects within the framework of the Smolensk House of Diligence and their role in the formation of new principles of “non-pedigree” communication in the society of post-reform Russia. The study allows the author to conclude that the study of projects such as the activities of charitable societies through the prism of economic history makes it possible to more fully assess them in the context of the power aspirations of local social groups and the importance of these actors in the formation of civil society in the late Imperial period.

The activities of the police and public organizations to prevent the spread of prostitution in the late XIX – early XX centuries in the Kazan province

The activities of the police and public organizations to prevent the spread of prostitution in the late XIX – early XX centuries in the Kazan province

Academician N.S. Kurnakov and His Contribution to the Formation of the Russian Industry in the late XIX – early XX centuries

Academician N.S. Kurnakov and His Contribution to the Formation of the Russian Industry in the late XIX – early XX centuries

Dichotomy of Public and Private on the Case of the Phenomenon of Sexual Commerce in Yenisei Province in the late XIX – early XX centuries

Dichotomy of Public and Private on the Case of the Phenomenon of Sexual Commerce in Yenisei Province in the late XIX – early XX centuries

The concept of an ideocratic state

Relevance. It is quite obvious that the modern world has entered a new stage of its development, the prospects of which are very vague. The model of the mondial world order with its ideas of faceless globalization, depopulation, universalization, de-Christianization, etc. are rejected by Russia. Recently, in political discourse and in official strategic planning documents, Russia has been called a civilization state with a pronounced identity. In the Russian conservative legal doctrine, the definition of specific features of Russia's state identity was a key topic, and the priority of intangible values was noted as the main feature of Orthodox civilization. It is no coincidence that Russian socio-political thought has always been puzzled by the search for a Russian idea. In this regard, the concept of ideocratic statehood is of particular interest, the main meaning of which was to search for a key idea or system of ideas on the basis of which the state should be built.The aim is to reconstruct and interpret the theory of the ideocratic state of the Russian conservative political and legal doctrine of the late XIX - first half of the XX centuries.Research objectives: to study the evolution of the concept of an ideocratic state, to analyze its conceptual apparatus, to comprehend the importance of state ideology for the modern stage of development.Methodology. It is based on the historical method of cognition, which contributed to the disclosure of the evolution of the theory under study, the method of diachronic and synchronous comparison, as well as a problem-theoretical one, which allows determining the degree of modern relevance of the concept under study.Results. The conducted research allowed us to establish that the concept of ideocratic statehood was mainly formed in the works of representatives of the socio-political movement of Eurasians, which originated in the 20-30 years among Russian emigration. The most significant contribution to the theoretical development of the doctrine of the ideocratic state was made by N.N. Alekseev. It was he who generalized the ideas of the Eurasians, conceptualizing them into a legally sound theory of demotic ideocracy or a guarantee state.Conclusion. Ideocracy is a concept of governance based on the postulate of idealism, based on which the definition of the state as a single super-organic entity, where the idea shared by all the people rules.

Destructive religious associations in the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX – early XX century

This article discusses some issues related to the use of the concept of “destructive religious association” applied to the Russian legislation in the late XIX – early XX century. In the sphere of relations between the state and various religious associations in modern society, various issues arise that require a balanced approach. In this regard, it is appropriate to study the legal policy of the Russian Empire in relation to certain sects, Old Believers. In particular, the author analyzes the issues related to the use of the concepts “heresy”, “schism”, “Old Believers”, “sect” in the context of the corresponding historical period. Also, some attention is paid to the responsibility born by members of fanatical and especially harmful sects (according to the Code on Criminal and Correctional Punishments of 1845). In conclusion, the author examines the correlation of religious associations that are dangerous for the individual, society and the state, with fanatical sects and especially harmful sects.

Legal Consciousness of Mining Workers in the Ural Mining Region in the Late 19th to Early 20th Century

The reform of modern Russian society, among many directions, involves the creation of a civil society and a rule of law in our country. Achieving this goal is impossible without the formation of an adequate legal consciousness adopted by the strategy. One of its supporting structures is the socio-cultural and mental foundations that have developed over the past centuries of Russian history and largely determine the attitude of Russians to the law, its representatives and other components of the legal sphere. Taking into account the duration of the formation of legal practices of the population and their consolidation in the mass consciousness at the level of behavioral codes, this problem requires its consideration on earlier historical material. To this end, the article analyzes the features of the legal consciousness of the workers of the mining Urals in the late XIX –early XX centuries. In the course of the study, we came to the conclusion that the attitude of the Ural workers to the law was determined not by formal legal norms, but by its interpretation in accordance with their ideas of justice and legal dualism on the principle of "judging by the law or by conscience". In the future, this served as a popular legal legitimization of any lawlessness, if it was committed in the interests of the masses and led to the priority of group regulatory regulators over national ones.

Infant mortality in the European North of Russia in the late XIX–early XX centuries

Infant mortality in the European North of Russia in the late XIX–early XX centuries

Быт, нравы, образ жизни уголовных ссыльных в Восточной Сибири 80–90-х гг. XIX в.

Exile to Siberia during the late XIX century was a significant phenomenon in Russian history, particularly for convicted criminals. This article explores the daily experiences, cultural practices, and societal integration of penal exiles in Eastern Siberia during the 1880–1890s, shedding light on a neglected aspect of Russian social history. The mass exodus of individuals to Siberia, including criminals, was a prominent feature of Russia’s penal system in the XIX century. Despite its prevalence, scientific attention to the lived experiences of exiles, especially those with criminal backgrounds, has been limited. This article seeks to address this gap by examining the challenges and adaptations of penal exiles in Eastern Siberia. Penal exiles in Siberia encountered numerous challenges, including economic hardship, social stigma, and legal restrictions. The lack of financial resources often forced exiles into precarious living conditions, prompting many to resort to illicit activities or adopt a transient lifestyle. Moreover, the absence of familial support compounded the difficulties faced by exiles, highlighting the importance of social networks in adaptation and survival. The role of the family was crucial in the adaptation of penal exiles to Siberian life. However, familial ties were often strained by the challenges of exile, leading to familial fragmentation and isolation. Despite efforts to maintain familial cohesion, many exiles remained unmarried, further complicating their social integration and support networks. In conclusion, the study of the way of life, morals and lifestyle of penal exiles in Eastern Siberia during the 1880–1890s offers valuable insights into the complexities of Russia’s penal system and societal dynamics. By examining the experiences of exiles, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the human impact of punitive policies and the resilience of marginalized communities in adapting to adverse circumstances.

«Impressions of a jurer» by G.S.N. as a source for studying the Russian jury trial of the late XIXth century

The document Impressions of a Juror is analyzed as a personal account of an anonymous author, G.S.N., who recounted his experiences as a juror in legal proceedings in the Russian Empire in the late 19th century. Both external and internal criticism of the source is conducted, facilitating the establishment of the approximate place, time, and purpose of its creation. Furthemore, the socio-psychological portrait of the author is reconstructed, considering aspects such as social affiliation, level of education, place of residence, and certain psychological characteristics. The analysis acknowledges the uniqueness of Impressions of a Juror, which not being a part of mainstream historical sources, remain a distinctive work. On the other hand, it shares characteristics inherent in other personal documents from jurors of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century, particularly regarding its general character, presentation style, and the scope of covered issues. It is noted that the factual value of the source under consideration is limited, as it does not allow for the comprehensive reconstruction of the judiciary and legal proceedings in the Russian Empire, nor does it facilitate a complete understanding of the criminal cases under consideration. Despite these limitations, the conclusion is drawn that Impressions of a Juror holds cognitive value due to its provision of information not found in other historical sources. The document offers details that breathe like into the specifics that were previously only studied on the basis on normative legal texts, and official statistics. Thus while the source may not provide an all-encompassing view of the legal landscate of the Russian Empire, it contributes a unique perspective that enriches the understanding of historical proceedings.

Ljudska prava i humanizacija izvršenja kazni u historiji Zapadnog Sibira

The purpose of the study is to compare the Prison Reform of 1879 carried out in Russia with the requirements of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners adopted by the United Nations in 1955. The study was conducted on the example of the Tobolsk prison complex of the late XIX – early XX centuries, based on practically achieved results. The sources of the study were the materials of the State Archives of the Tyumen, Omsk, Tomsk regions, as well as the State Archives of the Russian Federation. The methodological basis of the study combines two approaches: modernization and civilizational, using two methods: comparative historical and actualization. The scientific novelty of the work lies in a new look at the Prison Reform of 1879 through modern European standards of the rights of prisoners. The results of the Prison Reform of 1879 were compared with the requirements of the UN on the following grounds: prohibition of discrimination, protection of religious rights, compilation of a register of prisoners, their breakdown into categories, sanitary conditions and nutrition, education, libraries, recreation, work and work of prison inspections. The comparison showed that at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries, the Tobolsk prison complex (“Prison Castle”) was an advanced penitentiary institution of that time, not only generally conforming to European standards of the mid-XX century, but partly surpassing them. The Russian government planned to extend the achieved experience to other places of detention, but the process was interrupted by the revolution of 1905-1907. The results of the study showed that in Russia, the humanization of imprisonment was based not only on the principles of utility and rationalism, but in many respects – on Orthodox ideas of mercy, therefore, initially coincided with future European standards. Meanwhile, some reform measures turned out to be premature, as they were carried out in conditions of exceptional poverty of the rest of the Russian people and the absence of the concept of “human rights” in their lives. This contradiction became one of the links in the system of socio-economic problems that eventually led Russia to revolution.

Natural Conditionsand Life Support of the Tungus of the Baikal Regions (XVII – late XIX centuries)

Natural Conditionsand Life Support of the Tungus of the Baikal Regions (XVII – late XIX centuries)

Epizootic situation in regard to sheep pox in Korocha Uyezd of Kursk Guberniya in late XIX - early XX centuries

Epizootic situation in regard to sheep pox in Korocha Uyezd of Kursk Guberniya in late XIX - early XX centuries

TRANSFORMATION OF THE LAND USE SYSTEM IN RUSSIA IN THE LATE XIX - EARLY XX CENTURIES

The purpose of the research: The article examines the main stages of the transformation of the Russian land use system in the late XIX - early XX centuries. The article analyzes the legal acts that make up the legislative framework for the Stolypin land reform, the activities of public authorities, as well as other institutions that ensure the transformation of the land management system. The purpose of the study is to identify patterns and trends in the development of the land use system in Russia in the late XIX - early XX centuries, as well as the impact of the Stolypin land reform on the modernization of agriculture and overcoming the negative consequences of the peasant reform of 1861. Results. The land use system in Russia at the end of the 19th century was complex and diverse, reflecting the transition period from feudal structures to more modern agrarian relations. After the abolition of serfdom in 1861, there were significant changes in the distribution and use of land. Stolypin land reform had a huge impact on the transformation of the land use system in Russia. It laid the theoretical and normative foundation for the development of land management, gave impetus to the modernization of agriculture and the economy of the country as a whole.

#2327 Extent of proteinuria in autosomal dominant Alport syndrome compared to X linked Alport syndrome

Abstract Background and Aims Alport syndrome (AS), as first described by Arthur Cecil Alport in late XIX century, encompasses a clinical picture of neurosensorial hypoacusia, ocular abnormalities, hematuria and proteinuric kidney disease progressing to end-stage kidney disease in the young adulthood. Differently from X-linked and autosomal recessive AS, autosomal dominant AS (ADAS), a more recently recognized entity, whose prevalence based on populational studies may be near to 1%, generally presents with a milder kidney involvement and with negligible extrarenal features. Nevertheless, some of these patients progress to chronic kidney disease (CKD) category G5, with marked intra and interfamilial variability. Although hematuria is almost universally present all three inheritance patterns, the magnitude of proteinuria, a reliable prognostic marker of the X-linked form has not been thoroughly studied in ADAS. We aimed to compare the extent of proteinuria between patients with X-Linked and autosomal dominant AS. Method Retrospective registry data on type of Alport hereditary pattern and spot urine protein to creatinine ratio per CKD category were collected. The 2021 CKD-EPI formula for calculation of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was used. Non-parametric test was used to analyze variables that did not follow normal distribution. Results We analyzed proteinuria and eGFR of 127 patients with Alport Syndrome. Information on patient gender, hereditary pattern and gene involved is illustrated it Table 1. Increased proteinuria was observed with CKD progression in all categories (p < 0.05). Within each CKD category, X-linked males had greater median proteinuria followed by, X-linked females and autosomal dominant patients (Table 2 and Fig. 1). No difference in median proteinuria was observed between X-linked females and those with autosomal dominant inheritance throughout CKD categories G1, G2, G4 and G5 (p = 0.142, 0.878, 0.327, 0.909 respectively). Difference in median proteinuria between X-linked females and autosomal dominant inheritance revealed statistical significance in CKD category G3 (p = 0.034), however the small sample size in this group must be taken into account. Conclusion Pathogenic variants in COL4A3, COL4A4, and COL4A5 are all causes of CKD, and proteinuria serves as a hallmark of disease progression. However, the extent of proteinuria in ADAS is significantly lower than that observed in XLAS. Additionally, some ADAS patients develop CKD with only albuminuria. While there is still much to be understood about this common condition, the renal mechanism of damage in ADAS appears to differ definitively from that in XLAS or ARAS.

Состояние наземных путей сообщения и дорожное строительство на юге Дальнего Востока России во второй половине XIX в. – начале ХХ в.

The article examines the initial period of road construction and the formation of transportation routes in the southern Far East of Russia following its annexation to the Russian Empire until the early XX century. The term “communication routes” encompasses various types of roads designed for the transportation of people and goods, including postal routes, pack trails, dirt roads, and clearings. The construction of roads in the Lower Amur region near the city of Nikolaevsk, in the Amur Oblast, as well as in the Primorsky Krai, is considered. In the Lower Amur region, the construction of transportation routes was driven by strategic defense needs. In the Amur Oblast, the primary incentive for creating transportation infrastructure was economic needs, driven by the development of gold deposits. Postal routes, which operated in the region’s uninhabited conditions, played an important role in road construction. By the late XIX century, the construction of dirt roads in the Primorsky Krai was greatly influenced by the construction of the Ussuri Railway. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that the development of transportation routes in the region corresponded to the capabilities of its time.

КИРПИЧНЫЙ «СТИЛЬ» В АРХИТЕКТУРЕ УЧЕБНЫХ ЗАВЕДЕНИЙ РОСТОВА-НА-ДОНУ КОНЦА XIX – НАЧАЛА ХХ ВЕКОВ

The buildings of educational institutions in the period of the late XIX - early XX centuries are one of the most important elements in the formation of the architectural environment of provincial cities, including Rostov-on-Don. The buildings of gymnasiums, commercial, clerk, and technical schools often formed a kind of spatial framework of the central part of the city, being unique objects. Primary schools, which had common typical features, were part of the central core of individual residential areas, including peripheral ones. Regardless of the status and level of the educational institution, the number of students and its place in the structure of the city, most educational buildings of primary, secondary and secondary specialized education were built in the brick “style”. At the same time, it should be noted the variety of artistic techniques that determine the appearance of educational buildings of various types. In addition to the so-called “average brick “style””, more complex techniques for solving facades are widespread in the architecture of most primary schools: turning to the stylized forms of medieval and Old Russian architecture, solving classical details in brick, combining simplified geometric decor with forms in the Art Nouveau style, combining light and red brick.

Становление и развитие институтов прямой демократии в США: историко-правовой аспект

Direct democracy appeared in the United States back in the colonial period. However, when the country became sovereign in the late XVIII century, the founding fathers gave preference to representative democracy in order to prevent the mob rule. This research traces the history of various institutions of direct democracy in the United States. The late XIX – early XX centuries saw an era of progressivism in the United States: civil society struggled against negative social, political, and legal phenomena. Implementation of referendums, general direct elections, recalls of officials, etc., into the legal system seemed a perfect solution. In the early XX century, these institutions were enshrined in the legislation of some Western states and proved rather effective. The so-called second wave of direct democracy occurred after 1950s, and institutions of direct democracy became even more widespread. This process reached its peak in the late XX – early XXI centuries. As a result, they predominate in the current US legislation. The USA are currently going through a further rise in direct democracy, which is even more implemented into the legal system. The American experience of direct democracy is of considerable interest to Russia as it may help to improve the domestic state mechanisms of making socially important decisions.

ODESSA IN PAINTINGS, OR THE URBAN LANDSCAPE OF ODESSA

The article explores the peculiarities of the Odessa plein air painting school in the works of the prominent Odessa artist A.V. Strelbitsky. The influence of Odessa's architecture, history, and southern climate on the formation of a unique, unparalleled painting school, with a special place belonging to the urban landscape, is demonstrated. The historical aspects of the formation of the urban landscape are analyzed. The main stages of the formation of the Odessa plein air school are outlined and analyzed. The main direction of the Odessa plein air school, which consists of a consistent continuation and development of the traditions of the urban landscape of the late XIX - early XX centuries in plein air painting from the second half of the XX to the beginning of the XXI century, is indicated.