Late Writings Research Articles

Types of Control of Biological Drives

Here we present the translation of Chapter 15 Types of Control of Biological Drives of the work The Ways and Power of Love: Types, Factors, and Techniques of Moral Transformation by Pitirim A. Sorokin, an outstanding American sociologist and philosopher of Russian origin. Sorokin’s notes translated from the original text are presented in the footnotes, the references in English are given in the Author’s spelling. The Ways and Power of Love: Types, Factors, and Techniques of Moral Transformation represent an example of late writings of Pitirim Sorokin when he lived in the USA, leading one of the Harvard Research Centers. The first edition of the book was first published in 1954. His sons initiated an extended edition of Sorokin’s work in 1982. This translation based on the publication brought back into print in 2002 allows a new generation of readers to acquaint themselves with the work of a distinguished thinker. His late work is a pioneering endeavor of considering love in its multiple forms at the intersection of science and religion. We chose to offer a translation of Chapter 15 as the most interesting from the point of view of philosophy, cultural and religious studies. Herein P. Sorokin considers the interconnection of religious practices of curbing passions and provides a critical analysis and comparison of multiple approached to holding back the flesh as an attempt to attain a valuable result from ethical and religious perspective.

«Первая волна»: доминирование Шибанидов в Нижнем Поволжье в 1361–1367 гг.

Objective: To continue the study of the role of the Shibanids in the initial and part of the middle period of the era of “the Great Troubles” in the Golden Horde, which began in the previous article with the study of the role of the first Shibanid khan – Khizr. This article discusses the rule of the following three khans, who with varying degrees of probability can be attributed to the Shibanids – Murid (brother of Khizr), Khayr-Pulad and Aziz Shaykh. Research materials: The main written sources used in the article are Russian chronicles and late (in relation to the period of research) Chinggisid genealogical writings (mainly from Central Asia). The work of the Timurid court historian Muin al-Din Natanzi should be added. However, the information ин these sources is rather scarce on many issues for this period, and numismatic material and (to a less degree) archaeological data were widely used to expand the amount of information on the studied topic. Research results and novelty: The role of the Shibanids was examined in more detail, clarified, and specified. This is especially true for Murid, whose rule is very important for the initial period of the “Great Troubles”. As it turned out, he was trying to create a new administrative centre for himself in Gulistan, while, in many ways, continuing the policy of the Batuids, but not of his perished brother. It was also attempted to clarify, as much as possible in absence of narrative and documentary sources, the causes and the outlines of Khayr Pulad’s policies, known to us only from the numismatic data. In addition, some features of the policies of Aziz Shaykh towards the Russian principalities were explained. One of the important results of the study is the conclusion that the aforementioned Shibanid khans came from three different genealogical branches of Shiban’s descendants, and these branches varied in their importance.

Assessing job satisfaction and emotional intelligence in public school teachers

Education is a profession that has been particularly prone to teacher turnover. Educators in today's educational system face a slew of unreasonable demands and expectations, including increasing responsibility, a lack of funding, parental disengagement, a lack of positive student attitudes, a low regard for their profession, and meagre compensation. Many instructors are dissatisfied with their jobs as a result of the pressures they are under. 50 percent of new instructors quit during the first five years, according to Colbert and Wolff (1992). Emotional intelligence, according to Daniel Goleman's latest writings (1995, 1998), is a predictor of success and contentment in the workplace. Emotional intelligence and teacher work satisfaction have not been studied to date. This study invited instructors to take Baron EQ-i Self Report Scale, Job Descriptive Index (JDI) in order to examine this phenomenon in the context of teachers. The questionnaires were sent out to 101 teachers, and a total of 101 responses were received. Emotional intelligence plays a factor in teachers' self-reported job satisfaction, according to data analysis. did confirm linked to job satisfaction and the number of years of teaching experience. There are several ideas for future research that are brought forward.

Psychoanalysis, the Sufi, and the Story

Psychoanalysis, the Sufi, and the Story

Amy Kaplan on Realism and the Imperatives of Empire

Amy Kaplan on Realism and the Imperatives of Empire

Elvish Re-incarnation, Valinorian Time, and Aragorn’s BeardJ.R.R. Tolkien, The Nature of Middle-earth: Late Writings on the Lands, Inhabitants, and Metaphysics of Middle-earth

Elvish Re-incarnation, Valinorian Time, and Aragorn’s BeardJ.R.R. Tolkien, <i>The Nature of Middle-earth: Late Writings on the Lands, Inhabitants, and Metaphysics of Middle-earth</i>

Chance, Orientation, and Interpretation: Max Weber’s Neglected Probabilism and the Future of Social Theory

The image of Max Weber as an “interpretivist” cultural theorist of webs of significance that people use to cope with a meaningless world reigns largely unquestioned today. This article presents a different image of Weber’s sociology, where meaning does not transport actors over an abyss of meaninglessness but rather helps them navigate a world of Chance. Retrieving this concept from Weber’s late writings, we argue that the fundamental basis of the orders sociologists seek to understand is not chaos. Action is rendered interpretable, rather, to the extent persons orient themselves to possibilities and probabilities, which remain real but unknowable. In this framework, interpretation and probability are allies, not antagonists. Weber’s systematic use of the probabilistic notion of Chance as a central resource for concept formation and sociological explanation seriously challenges current understandings of probability as a purely statistical, atheoretical concern. We outline the conceptual difference it makes when basic categories of sociology are understood as rooted in Chance, and we point to the larger implications of Weber’s probabilism for contemporary debates around issues of prediction, action, and interpretation.

Letter from the Editor

Letter from the Editor Dora Malech, Editor in Chief Welcome to The Hopkins Review 15.2, the second issue of our 15th anniversary volume. In its pages, you’ll find a literary cornucopia of poetry, fiction, translations, essays, and reviews. You’ll also encounter two significant tributes to creative titans—one of visual art, the other of literature. The first is curator and critic Karen Wilkin’s remembrance of “national treasure” Wayne Thiebaud, who died last year on December 25 at the age of 101. Wilkin’s “In Memoriam” piece serves as introduction to a folio of his paintings from both the 20th and 21st centuries. Her curation deepens Thiebaud’s familiar legacy, beginning with Pie Rows, a representative “celebration of vernacular American foodstuffs,” before moving into figure paintings and landscapes equally arresting, if perhaps less familiar to the casual admirer of Thiebaud’s work. The issue concludes with its second tribute, a folio of essays, written mostly by former students, in honor of iconic postmodern fiction writer John Barth, who celebrated his 92nd birthday in May. This August, Dalkey Archive Press will bring out a new edition of The Sot-Weed Factor, that “modern classic” first published in 1960 and celebrated in Time as Barth’s “most distinguished masterpiece.” postscripts: Just Desserts, a collection of Barth’s unpublished late writings, is forthcoming from Dalkey Archive Press as well, and we’re honored to feature a piece from that collection here. As such, the folio dedicated to Barth’s influence begins with an account of Barth’s own influences. Barth was among the Writing Seminars’ first graduates, earning his BA in 1951 and his MA in 1952, and he returned in 1973 to teach for 22 years. I am especially thrilled to publish his work in thr, as his first published short story, “Lilith and the Lion,” appeared in the pages of this journal’s first incarnation (in the Fall 1950 issue of The Hopkins Review) when he was still an undergraduate. His work also appeared 58 years later in the first volume of John T. Irwin’s thr “New Series” relaunch in 2008. This is to say, Barth’s history is intertwined with our institutional and editorial history, and we hope that Writing Seminars graduates—and anyone else with an interest in mentorship and great writing—will savor this issue’s concluding folio in honor of the inimitable Professor Emeritus John Barth. [End Page 1] As Elliott Coleman Professor Jean McGarry writes in her essay “Cher Maître: John Barth, an Introduction” (thr 9.3, Summer 2016), “[He] conducted the writers’ workshop, as he did everything at Johns Hopkins and, most likely, in all departments of his life, with method, precision, and elegance.” I end with McGarry’s words because her admiration for Barth is consonant with my admiration for her upon her own retirement from the Writing Seminars after 35 years. As Professor Brad Leithauser and Krieger-Eisenhower Professor Mary Jo Salter are also retiring, one might call it the end of an era—and so it is, in the classroom and at the faculty meeting. But in art, this is just the turning of a page, as the creative conversations sparked in and by their work continue. We here at thr hope you find the spirit of both lively chat and thoughtful colloquy thriving in the following pages as well. Love from Baltimore, [End Page 2] Dora Malech, Editor in Chief The Hopkins Review Copyright © 2022 Dora Malech

Beyond Imperial Aesthetics: Theories of Art and Politics in East Asia

Beyond Imperial Aesthetics: Theories of Art and Politics in East Asia

Ф. М. Достоевский в позднем творчестве М.М. Бахтина

The author aims to outline the conceptualization of Mikhail Bakhtin's late works. Their essential moment is Bakhtin's specific attitude to works by Fyodor Dostoevsky and to literature as a special part of culture. In this connection, the author understands Bakhtin's philosophy as a philosophy of literature bordering on philosophical anthropology. In the article, using Bakhtin's writings, as well as a number of studies on his works, as material, the author intends to reconstruct the ontological basis of fiction, in the center of which lies the concept of grotesque Bakhtin developed in his book dedicated to Francois Rabelais. Despite the huge amount of literature on Bakhtin's oeuvre, there are no studies on his later works as a separate research space. This applies both to the corpus of texts, since part of the Bakhtin archive has not yet been published and lies in the manuscripts department of the Russian State Library, and to attempts to show the philosophical significance of Bakhtin's late writings by conceptualizing them and bringing them together into a separate intellectual phenomenon. The article attempts to analyze Bakhtin's later works through the prism of his attitude to Dostoevsky's works. The name of Bakhtin is not just associated with the name of Dostoevsky. The Russian philosopher revealed the ontology of Dostoevsky's works, and, since for Bakhtin Dostoevsky's works are the pinnacle of the development of literature, through Dostoevsky's works Bakhtin unfolds literature in its highest manifestation for us. The author substantiates the thesis that the understanding of Bakhtin's late works is based on the ontologization of grotesque, which Bakhtin himself indicates indirectly, not explicitly. The author also shows that Bakhtin sees literature, the subject matter of his research, as a purpose, as a special part of culture that reflects the ultimate embodiment of the human principle, and not an example in his theoretical constructions. Bakhtin's attitude to Dostoevsky is primarily reflected in his book about Dostoevsky in two editions. However, it would be wrong to reduce this attitude only to this book. In a broad sense, all of Bakhtin's philosophical works can be reduced to a certain hermeneutics of Dostoevsky due to the presence of a close and organic connection between concepts and ideas in Bakhtin's works, as well as the fact that Dostoevsky for Bakhtin is a key figure in his philosophical legacy. However, in the present article, based on a late interview, the author of the article reconstructs Bakhtin's thoughts about Dostoevsky that outline, among other things, an important topic in the field of Bakhtin's hermeneutics - the role of Dostoevsky's reader.

The Nature of Middle-earth by J.R.R. Tolkien

Reviewed by: The Nature of Middle-earth by J.R.R. Tolkien John Garth The Nature of Middle-earth, by J.R.R. Tolkien, edited by Carl F. Hostetter. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2021. xxi, 440 pp. $32 (hardcover). ISBN 978-0-358-45460-1. A new volume of writings by J.R.R. Tolkien is always a welcome surprise, especially if it deals with his legendarium. The posthumous surprises began with The Silmarillion and continued with Unfinished Tales and The History of Middle-earth, all thanks to the diligence, industry, and passion of Christopher Tolkien. Anyone with an interest in Tolkien's invented languages has also been able to enjoy more technical material, presented in the journals Parma Eldalamberon and Vinyar Tengwar by a team of editors to whom Christopher entrusted this extremely challenging work. Now, even though Christopher left us at last in 2020, another surprise has arrived: The Nature of Middle-earth, edited with Christopher's blessing by Carl F. Hostetter, one of the Parma Eldalamberon team and editor of Vinyar Tengwar. As Hostetter explains in his introduction, the material is drawn from Tolkien's late writings, sent to him in photocopy by Christopher Tolkien. Much arrived under the heading of "late philological essays," sent because the linguistic ingredient was valuable for Vinyar Tengwar. More recently, Christopher sent a further bundle of material of a different kind, as will be seen. The resulting book is a substantial one comprising essays and fragments all dealing more-or-less with nature: broadly what we might call the natural history of Middle-earth and its underpinning metaphysics. Much of the material on metaphysics and the nature of the Elves will most usefully be read in conjunction with Morgoth's Ring, but Hostetter's commentary is not closely concerned with tracing the compositional history of Middle-earth. Covering the three Ages and spanning Aman, Númenor, and Middle-earth, it is as diverse a collection of writings as Unfinished Tales, but there is scarcely a tale in this book. Just because many of these writings are incomplete, there ought to be no reason to present an unfinished review. Nonetheless, I do. For this volume of Tolkien Studies, I have had to confine myself to discussing part one, "Time and Ageing." There is some logic in this, because this section is clearly distinct from the rest of The Nature of Middle-earth. Indeed, Christopher Tolkien recognized this: it was he who sent the "Time and Ageing" material to Hostetter much later than the bulk of the other writings in this book. However, my chief reasons for not reviewing the entire volume now are two: the difficulty of this [End Page 191] opening material and the pressures on my time in recent months. Finding this "Time and Ageing" section as intractable as a densely jungled island, I have had to spend many hours battling my way across it and around it to grasp its key features. However, these exertions and explorations have given me a much clearer idea of the shape and significance of the constituent writings, and they allow me to present something far more substantial than the average book review. Below, I explore the development of its ideas in the context of Tolkien's writings elsewhere, identify a literary model for this series of most unliterary papers, and suggest reasons for his resolutions, his irresolution, and his ultimate abandonment of the most ambitious aspects of this work on elven longevity. What follows may serve, I hope, as a useful commentary and exegesis, somewhat in the vein of Christopher Tolkien's in The History of Middle-earth. The Nature of Middle-earth begins with what looks like some of the most impenetrable material ever published under Tolkien's name: a collection of papers gathered under the title "Time and Ageing." It includes pages of tabulated data showing the years in which the first few generations of the Elves propagate children and how the population grows. There are in-depth descriptions of the phases of Elvish lives tens of thousands of years long, and calculations that explore the ramifications of this for the chronology of the Elder Days. Through more than 160 pages...

The Writings: Job-Sirach

The WritingsJob-Sirach Thomas Hieke, Christopher T. Begg, and Fred W. Guyette Thomas Hieke Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz Christopher T. Begg Catholic University of America Fred W. Guyette Erskine College and Seminary 536. [Nature and Creation in OT Wisdom Literature] Markus Saur, "Dynamische Ordnung: Natur und Schöpfung zwischen physis und ṣædæq," JBTh 34 (2019) 65-90. S. examines the relationship between nature and creation in Hebrew Bible wisdom literature. He bases his considerations on a comparison between the Greek lexeme φύσις and the Hebrew lexeme (ṣdq, ṣedeq). The Hebrew term ṣedeq corresponds in parts of its semantic spectrum to a concept which can be observed in pre-Socratic philosophical traditions, especially in some fragments of Heraclitus. The terms φύσις and ṣedeq do not seem to be expressions of a static ontology and the concepts associated with them do not reflect an understanding of the world as an immovable cosmos. φύσις and ṣedeq rather serve to describe change and process as the constituents of a dynamic reality. The idea of a cosmic order, which is fundamental for Hebrew Bible wisdom literature, must therefore be understood as a dynamic order; and the lexeme ṣedeq has to be interpreted in this sense. See also ##599, 698. [Adapted from published abstract—T.H.] Google Scholar 537. [Revelation in Wisdom Literature] Annette Schellenberg, "'Wisdom Cries Out in the Street' (Prov 1:20): On the Role of Revelation in Wisdom Literature and the Relatedness and Differences between Sapiential and Prophetic Epistemologies," Scribes as Sages and Prophets, 157-73 [see #792]. In her essay, S. explored how the three undisputed wisdom books of the Hebrew Bible (Proverbs, Qoheleth, and Job) deal with different types of revelation. Starting from the traditional distinction between natural epistemology connected with wisdom literature on the one hand and the revelatory epistemology of prophetic texts on the other, S. follows a track laid out by the revelatory terminology used in both prophetic and wisdom texts in the Hebrew Bible. The conclusion she draws from her investigation is that both types of epistemology can be found in both types of texts. Both assume that human beings are capable of perception, reflection, and knowledge drawn from experience. However, wisdom literature, like prophetic literature, also allows for the possibility of a supernatural source of insight, knowledge that is directly revealed by God. At the same time, the two corpora do evidence some differences regarding their respective epistemological orientations. See also #546. [Adapted from editor's introduction—C.T.B.] Google Scholar 538. [Maśśāʾ; the Confluence of Wisdom and Prophecy] Mark Sneed, "Inspired Sages: Massaʾ and the Confluence of Wisdom and Prophecy," Scribes as Sages and Prophets, 15-32 [see #792]. S. argues that the use of the term maśśāʾ in the sayings of Agur (Proverbs 31) and in the last—and presumably latest—writings in the Book of the Twelve (Zechariah, Malachi) [End Page 179] signals the final stage in an developing mixture of prophetic and sapiential thought, for which he uses the term "confluence." In developing his thesis regarding the relationship of these traditions, S. makes reference to the slightly different theories of David Carr and Karel van der Toorn on the emergence of the Hebrew Bible in antiquity. [Adapted from editor's introduction—C.T.B.] Google Scholar 539. [The Representation of the Divine in the Book of Job; Job 42:5] Jean-Daniel Macchi, "'Mais maintenant mon oeil t'a vu: Job et la représentation du divin," Représenter des dieux et hommes, 271-84 [see #802]. My article seeks to show that the Book of Job exhibits many similarities with Greek tragedies. The book's main section consists of dialogues and monologues written in verse and spoken by a limited numbers of characters. Job's incomprehensible and tragic destiny is similar to that of the heroes of Greek tragedy. In addition, the poem about wisdom in Job 28 can be understood as the intervention of a chorus comparable to those found in Greek tragedies. This poetic chapter marks the dividing point between the book's two main parts, i.e., the dialogue between Job and his friends (chaps. 3–27) and...

Научная деятельность С. А. Федосеевой в контексте изучения древней истории Якутии: практика, теория, организация

The article highlights the biography and professional activities of the outstanding researcher of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) – Svetlana Aleksandrovna Fedoseeva (1936–2017), the first archaeologist after A. P. Okladnikov, who together with Yu. A. Mochanov has been engaged in systematic study of the prehistory of Yakutia for more than half a century (1959–2017). The main purpose of the article is to evaluate the role and contribution of S.A. Fedoseeva to the archeology of Yakutia. This is the first attempt to collect and analyze its most important archaeological achievements. Fedoseeva´s first studies were carried out in the Upper Vilyui in Western Yakutia, because of which the consistent succession of archaeological cultures from the early Neolithic to the early Iron Age was proved and the first traces of bronze foundry were discovered. Then she and Yu. A. Mochanov in the 1960–1970 discovered several successive archaeological cultures of Yakutia from the Paleolithic to the early Iron Age, as well as developed their first periodization and chronology. In total, over all the years of work by Fedoseeva and Mochanov in Yakutia, more than 800 new sites were discovered and studied, including such reference sites as Bel´kachi I, Sumnagin I, Ust´-Timpton I, Talanda II, Ust´-Chirkuo I, Diring- Yuryakh, Mungkharyma I–II, and others. Fedoseeva made a special contribution to the study of the Ymyyakhtakh culture of the late Neolithic of Yakutia (III–II millennium BC), having carried out a detailed typology of stone, ceramic, and bone inventory. Today it is the most studied culture. Excavations of the Ymyyakhtakh burial ground Diring-Yuryakh in Central Yakutia allowed her to offer original conclusions about the existence of primitive atheism in the late Neolithic of Yakutia. In her latest writings, Fedoseeva spoke out against the modern division of the Late Neolithic of Yakutia into local variants, believing that there were no sufficient grounds for this so far. The organizational abilities of the researcher are also emphasized – since 1972, the small laboratory of archeology of the Institute of Language, Literature and Art of Yakutia, headed by her, was transformed by 2004 into an independent Center for Arctic Archeology and Human Paleoecology, now the Arctic Research Center of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Fedoseeva did a great deal of work to include the archeological monuments of Yakutia in the republican list of cultural heritage sites, and today all of them are under state protection. For his work, S. A. Fedoseeva was awarded the high title of Honorary Citizen of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

Medieval Indian Miniature Paintings: An Overview of the Latest Writings and Trends

Medieval Indian Miniature Paintings: An Overview of the Latest Writings and Trends

Translation as Conversion: Richard Wilhelm’s Bekehrung and the Bekehrter

Translation as Conversion: Richard Wilhelm’s <i>Bekehrung</i> and the <i>Bekehrter</i>

A. E. Presniakov: A Note on His Library at Columbia and His Contributions to the History of Russia

ABSTRACT This paper recounts the details of the purchase of the historian E. A. Presniakov’s Russian library by the Columbia University Library in 1930 and gives a general description of its components and significance. It uses the library as the basis for a general assessment of the breadth and depth of Presniakov historical contributions, concluding that the originality of insight and interpretation place him among a number of great prerevolutionary historians. The lateness of his professional development, culminating after the Bolshevik seizure of power and during the vicissitudes of the 1920s, and then his early death by cancer have deprived him of that recognition. This paper describes and assesses his major works on medieval Russia, the Lithuanian-Russian state and Ukraine, as well as his late writings on nineteenth century monarchs.

Christiaan Huygens’s Natural Theology in HisCosmotheorosand Other Late Writings

Christiaan Huygens’s late writings, ranging from 1686 to 1695, bear witness to his philosophical and theological reflections. In his Cosmotheoros, which was intended for publication, and other late writings that can be regarded as its preparatory drafts, Huygens deals with issues central to seventeenth-century philosophical debates: God’s power, divine and human intelligence, probabilistic epistemology, natural theology, and the plurality of worlds. This paper explains how Huygens’s reflections on animals and their souls, rational or not, play a key role in his epistemological reflections on natural theology. The issue of animal generation, as well as of animal souls, is crucial to identifying elements of continuity between the scientific topics of Huygens’s works, and may be considered as the point of intersection between his understanding of mechanism and of the teleology of nature. This neglected perspective on Huygens’s philosophical-natural animism reveals key elements of his model of rationality and of his attitude towards religion, demonstrating his involvement in the debate over animism, in which he seems to have been strongly influenced by English Protestant empiricism.

The Normality of the Consciousness and the Normality of the Body. Husserl’s View on Normality

"In the following paper, I’ll try to summarize Husserl’s view on normality. I will claim that there is a contradiction between his early, transcendental conception, which claims the absolute normality of the transcendental consciousness, and his late genetic-generative analyzes that lead back the normality of experience to the normality of the psychophysical body. I will argue that his contradiction can be resolved from the perspective of the embodied consciousness which, according to Anthony Steinbock is also present in the late writings of Husserl. Keywords: normality, abnormality, transcendental phenomenology, genetic phenomenology "

Tolérance, sécularisation et pensée postmétaphysique. Habermas et les Lumières

This article examines the Enlightenment legacy of Habermas’ philosophy from the perspective of the question of tolerance. In his latest writings on religion (in particular Zwischen Naturalismus und Religion, 2005, and Nachmetaphysisches Denken II, 2012), Habermas acknowledges the new vitality of religions in Western democracies. He discusses the latest reflections of sociologists of religion on the process of secularization and its link with the modernisation of contemporary societies, which has hitherto been taken for granted. This leads him to question the potentialities of the Enlightenment and its “culture”. In doing so, is the Frankfurt philosopher indulging in a kind of “defeatism of reason” (Jean-Claude Monod)? Or should we rather see Habermas’s doubts as a testimony to his new interest in the pre-political sources of social solidarity?

Foucault’s Keystone: Confessions of the Flesh

The fourth and final volume of The History of Sexuality offers the keystone to Michel Foucault’s critique of Western neoliberal societies. Confessions of the Flesh provides the heretofore missing link that ties Foucault’s late writings on subjectivity to his earlier critique of power. Foucault identifies in Augustine’s treatment of marital sexual relations the moment of birth of the modern legal actor and of the legalization of social relations. With the appearance of the modern legal subject, Foucault’s critique of modern Western societies is complete: it is now possible to see how the later emergence of an all-knowing homo œconomicus strips the State of knowledge and thus deals a fatal blow to its legitimacy. The appearance of both the modern legal actor and homo œconomicus makes it possible to fold the entire four-volume History of Sexuality back into Foucault’s earlier critique of punitive and biopolitical power. And it now challenges us to interrogate how we, contemporary subjects, are shaped in such a way as to implicate ourselves—both willingly and unwittingly—in the social order within which we find ourselves and that, through the interaction of knowledge-power-subjectivity, we reproduce.