Late Stage Research Articles

Microfacies Characteristics of Late Pennsylvanian Cyclothems on the Carbonate Platform Margin in Guizhou, South China

Late Pennsylvanian cyclothems are documented from the carbonate platform margin in Guizhou, South China, providing a unique opportunity to study glacio-eustatic fluctuations and their impact on reef development. This paper focuses on a shallow-water, reef-bearing succession and a deep-water succession in the Houchang area of Guizhou. Fourteen microfacies, grouped into seven associations, represent distinct depositional environments. These microfacies associations exhibit vertical cyclicity, interpreted as cyclothems, similar to those observed globally, which are attributed to the waxing and waning of the Gondwana ice sheet. The cyclothems are primarily composed of sediments below the wave base within a shallow-water platform margin and deep-water settings. Those cyclothems show strong correlations with those observed in South China, Ukraine, and the North American Midcontinent, suggesting a potential connection to global glacio-eustatic processes. A brief and rapid sea-level rise during the late Kasimovian may correspond to a recently recognized global warming event. A microfacies analysis indicates that these cyclothems reflect glacial-type sea-level fluctuations ranging from 15 to 35 m. Notably, the reef-bearing cyclothems correspond to intermediate, major cyclothems identified in South China and the Midcontinent from the late Moscovian to early Kasimovian stages. The global cyclothem correlations and reef development patterns in South China suggest that intermediate, major cycles were the primary controls on reef growth and demise, while minor cycles influenced biostromes and community succession within the reefs. These findings underscore the pivotal role of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA) in shaping reef development in far-field regions during the Late Pennsylvanian.

Private Sanitation and Psychosocial Health in Adolescent Girls

Abstract The relationship between access to private sanitation facilities at home and psychosocial development is documented among adolescents aged 12 to 22 in India and Ethiopia. Obtaining access to private sanitation (flush toilets or pit latrines in the household) is associated with significantly higher self-efficacy and self-esteem for adolescent girls but not boys. Associations are stronger for girls who lived in communities with higher overall access to private sanitation, consistent with the hypothesis that relative access may matter more for psychosocial development than absolute access. There was also a significant correlation with improved peer relations for girls in early (age 12 to 15) but not late (age 19 to 22) adolescence. However, there is no evidence that results are operating through improved physical health or parent relationships.

Late Quaternary fluvial terrace characteristics and ages of the Pamir‒Tian Shan convergence zone: indications of regional climate change and tectonic uplift

The Pamir‒Tian Shan collision zone, located at the northwestern edge of the Himalaya‒Qingzang orogenic belt, provides a natural laboratory for investigating the development of fluvial terraces controlled by regional climate change and tectonic uplift. In this study, we conducted geomorphological mapping and terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide 10Be dating of fluvial terraces in the Wuheshalu syncline, within the Pamir‒Tian Shan collision zone. Four major fluvial terraces were identified in the Wuheshalu syncline, with ages of approximately 187, 141, 90, and 19 ka, respectively. These terraces were abandoned during three glacial‒interglacial transition periods (Marine Isotope Stage 6/5 (MIS6/5), cold-to-warm transition period of MIS5, and end of MIS2 or MIS2/1) and one interglacial‒glacial period (MIS7/6), and exhibit a strong correlation with regional climate change. Tectonic uplift contributed only one-third of the observed fluvial incision. These results suggest that river incision and terrace formation in the Pamir‒Tian Shan collision zone are primarily driven by periodic fluctuations in climate, with a lesser contribution from tectonic uplift.

Probabilistic analysis of crack widths associated with quality control procedures

AbstractExisting concrete specifications limit the crack width in order to fulfill the limits of serviceability and durability. The crack width calculation results differ depending on the influences of the variability of the used materials, the geometry, the actions and the uncertainty of the used calculation model itself. In this contribution, the influence of the variability of the input parameters on the calculated crack width is investigated using probabilistic methods in a real case study of a highly loaded tunnel lining cross‐section. The primary objective of this study is a sensitivity analysis to identify the geometric and material‐related input parameters with the most significant influence, which must be particularly controlled during execution for quality control purposes. The study in this article is based on the Eurocode deterministic model for calculating crack width for a stabilized cracking stage in late concrete age.

The Content Analysis of High-Quality Farmer Cultivation Policy under the Context of Rural Revitalization: A Two-Dimensional Perspective on Policy Tools and Participants

Abstract: As the latest stage in the development of farmer cultivation, the sustainable advancement of high-quality farmer cultivation requires not only the rational application of public policy tools but also the collaborative participation of multiple stakeholders. By collating policy documents on high-quality farmer cultivation at the national, Shandong provincial, and Yantai municipal levels from 2019 to December 2023, a total of 26 policy texts were coded, classified, and quantitatively analyzed using the content analysis method under a two-dimensional framework that includes the dimensions of policy tools and participants. The findings reveal that the composition of high-quality farmer cultivation policy in China is unbalanced, with demand-side policies having a weak driving effect. There is insufficient mobilization of agriculture-related enterprises and social organizations, and policy follow-up requires strengthening. Additionally, the correlation between policy tools and participants is inadequate, resulting in fragmented policies. Based on these findings, it is recommended to optimize the structure of policy tools, emphasize the participation of multiple stakeholders, and align policies with the actual policy environment.

The association between age of menopause and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundType-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is considered one of the chronic diseases that can have a relationship with age of menopause onset. Several studies have revealed that early menopause or late menopause can have a correlation with type-2 diabetes. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the association between the age of menopause onset and type-2 diabetes.Methods and materialsPubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Cochrane were searched for studies that have evaluated the relationship between T2DM and age of menopause onset. We pooled the effect sizes of the included studies using both adjusted odds ratios (OR) and hazard ratios (HR) of interest outcomes with their 95% confidence interval (CI).ResultsNineteen papers were included in this study, 8 studies were cohorts, and 11 were cross sectional. Studies revealed a statistically significant association between early menopause age and increased odds of T2DM (OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.09–1.40; I2 = 67%; p = 0.001). Late menopause age was also associated with an increased odds of T2DM (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.03–1.26; I2 = 56%; p = 0.01) compared to the reference group with normal menopausal age. As our secondary outcome, the hazard of developing T2DM in individuals with early or late menopausal age was assessed. Pooled analysis demonstrated a significantly higher hazard of T2DM among women with early menopause age (HR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.05–1.64; I2 = 72%; p = 0.02). Late menopause age did not show a significant association (HR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.84–1.10; I2 = 68%; p = 0.56).ConclusionEarly and late menopause can both increase the risk of T2DM. Future research is needed to warrant the certainty of our findings.

A Great Leap Forward: Changing Landscape of Shadow Energy-Maritime Economy Off the Coast of Nigeria

The Atlantic coast of Nigeria, especially the Niger Delta corridor is a dynamic energy-maritime space. The region witnesses a trend in continuous evolution, propelled by the intersection of the upper world and underworld economic activities, with several individual and institutional actors at its core. The underworld end of the socio-economic spectrum on which this coastal region of Nigeria is anchored is known for its robustness and has attracted significant scholarly attention. In furtherance of scholarly interrogation of the region’s informal economy, this paper critically analyses the pervasiveness, entrenchment, and dynamics of shadow energy activities in the Niger Delta. Primarily, in a theoretical construction, the study discusses trends, patterns, and overlaps in the transition of energy-maritime shadow activities in the region. The study adopts a qualitative research method; combining primary data with a synthesis of the extant literature on the region’s shadow economy and the involvement of organised crime in the region’s energy-maritime landscape. The objective of the study flows from the fact of a great leap forward in shadow economy in the region through different social realities- grievance, greed, illegality, and organised crime. The paper develops a hybrid theory of crime; enterprise-value chain as an analytical archetype to explain the latest stage in the evolution of the underworld, shadow energy-maritime activities off the coast of Nigeria.

Identifying construction technologies and environmental connections at the Iron Age IIA settlement of Kh. es-Suwweida, Israel: A microarchaeological study

The first season of excavations at Kh. es-Suwweida in northern Israel revealed strata from the late Iron Age IIA consisting of a series of massive fortification walls, rooms and internal compartments with potential floors. A microarchaeological investigation was undertaken to add high-resolution contextual and compositional data to the field evidence and characterize site formation processes, construction materials and technologies, and use of environmental resources. We applied a micro-archaeological approach to study sediments and archaeological materials via micromorphology, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and micro-spectroscopy, and phytolith and pollen analysis. Two main construction technologies were identified: lime plasters produced from mixtures of pyrogenic lime and non-pyrogenic crushed chalk, and mudbricks prepared from sedimentary materials. An in situ lime constructed floor with multiple re-plastering and activity zones associated with the remains of a degraded mudbrick structure was reconstructed in one locality, and a collapsed burnt lime and mudbrick building with a wooden superstructure was reconstructed in another locality. The micro-archaeobotanical analyses identify domesticated barley, the cultural utilisation of grasses on-site, and a hinterland vegetation of open fields. The combined microarchaeological evidence enables a more detailed reconstruction of the variability in construction technologies and the sequence of collapse and degradation processes in an Iron Age settlement.

Evolutionary Stress Detection Framework through Machine Learning and IoT (MLIoT-ESD)

Background: Life nowadays is full of stress due to lifestyle changes and the modernera race. Almost everyone around us is suffering from stress and anxiety. Mostly, stress identification is done by medical practitioners in a very late stage in which suitable help measures cannot be provided and hence result in suicides or early age deaths due to cardiac arrest, etc. One major reason behind the delay is the time required in stress identification by traditional approaches, and above that, the amount of time and financial support expected is always not feasible to be available. Hence, in this paper, we proposed an evolutionary research framework for stress identification by the usage of both machine learning and IoT. Here, we also conducted a pilot study on 83 records available over the decade since 2014 using PRISMA guidelines, and a bibliographic network visualization was also performed using VOS viewer. Objectives: This study aimed to develop a stress detection framework using Machine Learning and the Internet of Things (IoT) as technology advanced over a decade. Methods: More than 80 research papers from honorable repositories like Scopus and Web of Science were gathered according to the guidelines of PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) 2020, and the VOSviewer tool was further applied to construct the bibliographic depictions. Various datasets and methods used over ten years with their performance were also discussed. Results: This research was conducted to gather various types of stressors, the impact of various Machine Learning and IoT algorithms and concepts on various datasets and their respective results. Conclusion: Various available datasets and results with multiple algorithms were discussed in a crisp tabular form for better understanding. A methodology based on an amalgamation of Machine Learning and IoT was also proposed due to various research gaps available so that stress detection could be done in a cost-effective way.

Challenging the Significance of the LALIA and the Justinianic Plague: A Reanalysis of the Archaeological Record

Summary The Late Antique Little Ice Age (LALIA), and the Justinianic Plague, were recently suggested as the possible culprits for settlement contraction and population decline that supposedly occurred in the 6th c. CE. According to some who support this claim, these changes contributed to the weakening of this empire, which eventually led to the loss of vast territories and its defeat by the Persians and Arabs in the first half of the 7th c. CE. The assumptions that climate and plague had devastating impacts in the 6th c. CE are largely based on selected textual evidence, and archaeological evidence outside of the boundaries of the Eastern Roman Empire. As the current article will show, it seems that these assumptions are inherently incorrect as vast amounts of evidence, including archaeological survey data, settlement patterns, shipwreck analyses, pottery distribution in the Mediterranean and other material, indicate that there was no decline in the 6th c. CE. On the contrary, it is possible that there was a peak in population size in the second half of the 6th c. CE, suggesting that the LALIA and the Justinianic plague were limited in their impact.

The Molecular Cloud Life Cycle. II. Formation and Destruction of Molecular Clouds Diagnosed via H2 Fluorescent Emission

Molecular hydrogen (H2) formation and dissociation are key processes that drive the gas life cycle in galaxies. Using the SImulating the LifeCycle of Molecular Clouds zoom-in simulation suite, we explore the utility of future observations of H2 dissociation and formation for tracking the life cycle of molecular clouds. The simulations used in this work include nonequilibrium H2 formation, stellar radiation, sink particles, and turbulence. We find that at early times in the cloud evolution H2 formation rapidly outpaces dissociation and molecular clouds build their mass from the atomic reservoir in their environment. Rapid H2 formation is also associated with a higher early star formation rate. For the clouds studied here, H2 is strongly out of chemical equilibrium during the early stages of cloud formation but settles into a bursty chemical steady state about 2 Myr after the first stars form. At the latest stage of cloud evolution, dissociation outweighs formation and the clouds enter a dispersal phase. We discuss how theories of the molecular cloud life cycle and star formation efficiency may be distinguished with observational measurements of H2 fluorescence with a space-based high-resolution far-UV spectrometer, such as the proposed Hyperion and Eos NASA Explorer missions. Such missions would enable measurements of the H2 dissociation and formation rates, which we demonstrate can be connected to different phases in a molecular cloud’s star-forming life, including cloud building, rapidly star forming, H2 chemical equilibrium, and cloud destruction.

Diagnosis of GHG Emissions in an Offshore Oil and Gas Production Facility

This work presents a diagnosis of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) platforms for oil and gas production offshore, using calculation methodologies from the American Petroleum Institute (API) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). To carry out this analysis, design data of an FPSO platform is used for the GHG emissions estimation, considering operations under steady conditions and oil and gas processing system simulations in the Aspen HYSYS® software. The main direct emission sources of GHG are identified, including the main combustion processes (gas turbines for electric generation and gas turbine-driven CO2 compressors), flaring and venting, as well as fugitive emissions. The study assesses a high CO2 content in molar composition of the associated gas, an important factor that is considered in estimating fugitive emissions during the processes of primary separation and main gas compression. The resulting information indicates that, on average, 95% of total emissions are produced by combustion sources. In the latest production stages of the oil and gas field, it consumes 2 times more energy and emits 2.3 times CO2 in terms of produced hydrocarbons. This diagnosis provides a baseline and starting point for the implementation of energy efficiency measures and/or carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies on the FPSO in order to reduce CO2 and CH4 emissions, as well as identify the major sources of emissions in the production process.

Diverse intrusion modes during the construction of a high-silica magma reservoir: Evidence from La Obra–Cerro Blanco intrusive suite (central Chile)

Several conceptual models have been proposed for the amalgamation of granitoid plutons, which range from incremental growth to single-stage emplacement of these systems. This diversity of views has led to intense debate about the thermomechanical state of silicic intrusions and the magma differentiation paths within the crust. In this contribution, we present a comprehensive petrologic, geochronologic, and magnetic fabric data set from the La Obra–Cerro Blanco intrusive suite, which allows us to explore the petrogenesis and magma emplacement processes in the upper crust. This intrusive suite is composed of (1) a vertically zoned granitoid intrusion in spatial association with mafic layers and stocks and (2) a cupola-like high- silica granite. We interpret this intrusive suite as assembled by diverse but coexisting intrusion mechanisms over a time span of ~1.4 m.y. from 21.4 to 19.9 Ma. As indicated by the subhorizontal magnetic lineation, the first stage was dominated by horizontal emplacement of sheet-like intrusions of intermediate compositions, which became increasingly silicic after plagioclase and amphibole fractionation throughout the crustal column. The latest stage was instead dominated by cooling, crystallization, and differentiation of a thickened granitoid body and the formation of a high-silica magma chamber. The steep magnetic lineation and the abundance of aplite and rhyolitic dikes observed in the cupola-like, high-silica granites suggest that this portion acted as an evacuation channel of high-silica magma toward shallower levels, offering a rare opportunity to understand not only silicic magma accumulation and storage in the upper crust, but also the processes connecting the plutonic and volcanic environments.

Left atrioventricular coupling index is an independent associate of new-onset AF and stroke in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a CMR study

Abstract Background Left atrial (LA) dysfunction is an important marker of disease progression in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). LA volumes and functional parameters are associated with new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) and its complications including stroke. The association between left atrioventricular coupling (LACI), a parameter reflecting the contribution of the left ventricular and LA remodeling to LA dysfunction, with the occurrence of new-onset AF and stroke has not been evaluated. Aim To investigate the association between LACI and the occurrence of new-onset AF or stroke in patients with HCM. Methods In patients with an established diagnosis of HCM and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) data, LACI was calculated as the ratio between the LA and the LV end-diastolic volumes. New-onset AF or occurrence of stroke comprised the primary combined endpoint. Cumulative event-free survival rates for the occurrence of the primary endpoint were estimated with the population divided according to a LACI cut-off value of 40%. The association between clinical and CMR variables and the primary endpoint was assessed with univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models. Results Of 114 patients with HCM, (mean age 54±16 years, 33 (29%) female, LV ejection fraction 67.0±8.4%), 71 patients (49%) had a LACI > 40% (left atrioventricular uncoupling). During a median follow-up of 4.1 (1.8-6.4) years, 19 (16.7%) patients experienced new-onset AF or stroke. Patients with preserved left atrioventricular coupling (LACI ≤ 40%) had a lower cumulative rate of events compared to those with left atrioventricular uncoupling (log-rank p=0.031, Fig. 1). LACI was independently associated with new-onset AF or stroke after adjusting by the presence of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) sex and age (HR=23.27, p=0.016). Conclusions In patients with HCM, the presence of left atrioventricular uncoupling is independently associated with the occurrence of new-onset AF or stroke.

The Puzzle of Silesia’s Pre-Roman Iron Age: The Settlement at Graniczna Street in Wrocław

In the autumn of 2014, rescue excavations were carried out at 4A Graniczna Street in Muchobór Wielki, Wrocław. The 2-hectare excavation area yielded remains of a multi-phase settlement, including a stage from the pre-Roman Iron Age. The excavated finds primarily consisted of pottery vessel fragments, alongside a well-preserved middle La Tène Mötschwil-type brooch, daub, and animal bones. Among the identified features were pits, postholes, pit houses, and the remains of a ground-level post building with a well. However, while the structure dates to the Iron Age, its exact chronology remains a subject of debate. The discovery of this late pre-Roman Iron Age settlement in the Ślęza river zone provides further evidence that the area featured a network of settlements dating to the earliest phases of the late pre-Roman period. These settlements bridge the chronological gap between the decline of the Lower Silesian La Tène culture settlement and the earliest discoveries associated with the classical Przeworsk style.

Late Ordovician sponge spicules from the Yangtze Platform, South China: Biostratigraphical and palaeobiogeographical significance

A diverse and abundant isolated sponge spicule assemblage of Late Ordovician age is first reported from the western margin of the Yangtze Platform in South China. The spicule assemblage was recovered from argillaceous limestone sampled for conodonts. It includes 14 types which can be split into two categories: hexactinellid spicules and demosponge spicules. The assemblage primarily comprises hexactines and their derivatives, including not only some distinctive types such as Kometia cruciformis, but also large numbers of morphotypes that are quite common and diagnostic for hexactinellids, e.g. swollen hexactines, curved hexactines, and stauractines. Demosponge spicule types are represented by tetraxons, and various desmas typical for lithistids also occur. A highly modified hexactine, Kometia cruciformis, is recovered from China for the first time. This record represents currently the only recovery of such spicules from strata outside of Australia, and is coeval to the assemblage known from the Malongulli Formation. The presence of such unique modified hexactines (Kometia) in both time-equivalent assemblages suggests that certain spicules may have potential importance in biostratigraphic correlations and palaeobiogeographical interpretations, demonstrating the dispersal of taxa and their migration along the peri-Gondwana shelf areas during the Ordovician, driven by ocean current systems. The Late Ordovician sponge spicule assemblage from the Yangtze Platform provides new perspectives for investigating phylogeny, biostratigraphy, and palaeobiogeography of Palaeozoic sponges, and promotes some understanding of macroevolution in siliceous sponges.

Revealing the spatial pattern of brain hemodynamic sensitivity to healthy aging through sparse DCM.

Age-related changes in the BOLD response could reflect neuro-vascular coupling modifications rather than simply impairments in neural functioning. In this study, we propose the use of a sparse dynamic causal model (sDCM) to decouple neuronal and vascular factors in the BOLD signal, with the aim of characterizing the whole-brain spatial pattern of hemodynamic sensitivity to healthy aging, as well as to test the role of hemodynamic features as independent predictors in an age-classification model. sDCM was applied to the resting-state fMRI data of a cohort of 126 healthy individuals in a wide age range (31 females), providing reliable estimates of the hemodynamic response function (HRF) for each subject and each region of interest. Then, some features characterizing each HRF curve were extracted and used to fit a multivariate logistic regression model predicting the age class of each individual. Ultimately, we tested the final predictive model on an independent dataset of 338 healthy subjects (173 females) selected from the Human Connectome Project Aging (HCP-A) and Development (HCP-D) cohorts. Our results entail the spatial heterogeneity of the age effects on the hemodynamic component, since its impact resulted to be strongly region- and population-specific, discouraging any space-invariant corrective procedures that attempt to correct for vascular factors when carrying out functional studies involving groups with different ages. Moreover, we demonstrated that a strong interaction exists between some specific hemodynamic features and age, further supporting the essential role of the hemodynamic factor as independent predictor of biological aging, rather than a simple confounding variable.Significance statement By inferring region-wise hemodynamic profiles at the individual level, this is the first study providing an exhaustive whole-brain characterization of the hemodynamic sensitivity to healthy aging, reporting further evidence of the vascular changes across the adult lifespan. Using a predictive framework, we analysed the statistical influence of advancing age on individual regional hemodynamic attributes, offering a quantitative evaluation of the diverse hemodynamic bias across different brain regions. We then unveiled a specific set of hemodynamic predictors to discriminate young from elderly people, mainly describing vascular properties of right-hemispheric areas. This suggests the asymmetric nature of vascular degeneration processes affecting the human brain at the latest stage of life, other than a potential biomarker that could be relevant for brain-age prediction.

Deaths and clashes induced by rivalry among fans during FIFA World Cup 2022 in Bangladesh.

International sports events like the Football World Cup affect the collective emotions of the global community. Usually, major sports events like the Football World Cup show beneficial effects on the community. However, many unwanted consequences such as accidents, premature deaths and violent supporter rivalries have been noticed during it. We aimed to report preventable premature deaths and clashes induced by rivalry among fans during the FIFA World Cup 2022 in Bangladesh. We monitored local newspaper reports for data collection during the World Cup 2022 event and collected data for age, sex, the possible cause of death, and precipitating events related to the event. We found 23 World Cup Football-related deaths, 35 hospitalizations, and 45 injuries related to clashes between the rival fans of Argentina and Brazil. The median age of deceased was 20 years. The majority of the deaths happened in young males due to fall while hoisting flags. Deaths in the late age happened due to sudden emotional upsurge during the game day. And, clashes between rival fans mostly happened due to social bullying favoring and disfavoring a team. This report indicates an important area of potentially preventable death related to World Cup Football and warrants public health attention even in a non-participating country, both locally and internationally.

Active Fault Interpretation in the Northern Segment of the Red River Fault Based on Multisource Remote Sensing Data

High-resolution topographic and geomorphic data are important basic data for the study of active structures. Here, multisource remote sensing data were used to reinterpret the active faults in the northern segment of the Red River Fault (China). First, we obtained airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data, high-resolution GaoFen-7 (GF-7) remote sensing image data, and historical aerial photographs, and a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) was generated based on the airborne LiDAR data and GF-7 data. According to the remote sensing interpretation, the main active faults were identified. We subsequently verified the faults in the field and constrained the geographic locations. The current activity was confirmed to be dominantly normal faulting, with some dextral strike-slip components, and the latest active age was the Late Holocene. It reflects the coordination of structural deformation between the rotation of the secondary block and the sliding of the boundary fault within the Sichuan–Yunnan Block. The results show that airborne LiDAR and GF-7 remote sensing data have a great application value in providing high-resolution topographic and geomorphologic data for the study of active structures. The comprehensive application of multisource remote sensing data can greatly improve the reliability of active fault interpretations and provide a reference for follow-up research within the study area.

Relationship between socioeconomic status and stroke: An observational and network Mendelian randomization study

BackgroundThe relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and stroke remains controversial, and the underlying mediator is unclear. This study aimed to assess the causal relationship of SES with stroke and its subtypes and to identify potential modifiable risk factors responsible for this relationship. MethodsThe study included 372,437 participants from the UK Biobank. Over an average period of 12.13 years, 6,457 individuals (2.7 %) were recorded as having experienced a stroke. Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the relationship between SES (average annual household income before tax and age at the end of full-time education) and stroke, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was employed to assess the causal relationship between SES and stroke and its subtypes. Furthermore, network MR was utilized to evaluate the potential mediating role of modifiable risk factors for stroke in this causal relationship. ResultsAfter adjusting for factors such as sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, health status, and past medical history, participants in the second highest income group showed the lowest risk of stroke, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.780 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.702–0.866), and for ischemic stroke, the HR was 0.701 (95 % CI: 0.618–0.795). Those who completed full-time education at the latest age group(>18 years) had the lowest risk of stroke (HR: 0.906, 95 % CI: 0.830–0.988) and ischemic stroke (HR: 0.897, 95% CI: 0.811–0.992). MR analysis showed that higher income and education were both associated with a lower risk of stroke (income: inverse-variance-weighted odds ratio [ORIVW] =0.796, 95 % CI: 0.675–0.940, education: ORIVW = 0.631, 95 % CI: 0.557–0.716) and ischemic stroke (income: ORIVW = 0.813, 95 % CI: 0.684–0.966, education: ORIVW = 0.641, 95 % CI: 0.559–0.735). Additionally, hypertension had the highest mediating effect on this relationship. It accounted for 57.12 % of the effect of income on stroke, 51.24 % on ischemic stroke, and 27 % and 24 % for education. ConclusionHigher SES was associated with a lower risk of stroke and ischemic stroke, and hypertension had the highest mediating effect on this causal relationship. The results have significant public health implications, emphasizing the importance of early intervention to reduce the risk of stroke in low SES populations.