Late Modern Times Research Articles

Government Intervention, Internationalization Model and Higher Education Resource Flow: An Analysis of Higher Education in Late Qing Dynasty and Modern China

With the purpose of saving the country, the Qing Dynasty built new institutions of higher learning to impart western knowledge, which played a role in promoting the development of modern higher education in China. In order to explore the development context of China's higher education under different backgrounds in the late Qing Dynasty and modern times, this study reviews the relevant theoretical basis in recent years. This paper summarizes the formation of the education system in the late Qing Dynasty and modern China, the specific intervention of the government in higher education, and the flow of higher education resources in recent years, and analyzes its internal flow and external flow. Through the analysis of higher education in the late Qing Dynasty and modern times, it can be seen that the innovation and development of the internationalization mode of higher education is the inevitable requirement to realize the transformation of the internationalization power of higher education into the internationalization power of higher education. In addition to the classic model, co-construction model, satellite model and education cluster model, we should also actively explore and develop other new international education models, further expand the vision of running schools, enhance international awareness, accelerate the internationalization process of higher education, and achieve beyond the traditional higher education power. In order to provide reference for the future development of China's higher education internationalization under the background of "double first-class" construction.

An iconographic study of the Joseon Dynasty that appeared in the late Joseon Dynasty and modern times

An iconographic study of the Joseon Dynasty that appeared in the late Joseon Dynasty and modern times

Кримські татари в історичній та культурній спадщині України XV–XVII ст.

The article aims to study the history of the Crimean Tatars of the XV–XVII centuries within historical cultural heritage materials. The territorial is limited to the Volyn region, namely the cities of Ostroh and Dubno. The study methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. Besides these principles, we use the principle of systematicity to study the documents. The factor analysis was effective in examining the social and political processes that took place in the late medieval and early modern periods. We also use the typological method considering material culture objects. Analytical and synthesizing methods were used to generalize the information obtained. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that it studies the historical, cultural, and material heritage of one of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine - the Crimean Tatars in the late Middle Ages and early modern times. During the Ukrainian independence historians and archaeologists prepared some publications on the subject, but the generalized monographic study is absent. In addition, a significant part of material artifacts are kept in the collections of various museums and are not available in exhibition halls. Conclusions. The study of the Crimean Tatars’ material heritage on the territory of mainland Ukraine is important. Despite the rather complicated relations during the XV–XVII centuries, there are many examples of cooperation against common enemies, such as the Moscow state or the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Communities of immigrants from Crimea lived in many Ukrainian cities, towns, and villages, and together with the locals, they contributed to the common welfare and prosperity. All this has left a significant mark on the history, culture, and historical memory of different peoples. The presented artifacts of the Crimean Tatars from the collections of the museums of Ostroh and Dubno will contribute to the study and popularization of the cultural heritage of one of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine. We are firmly convinced that other Ukrainian museums (especially in their collections) hold many items related to the Crimean Tatars. Therefore, our research will continue.

Копейный бой в военном искусстве калмыков и джунгар XVII – начала XIX вв.

Introduction. The article examines the features of the formation and evolution of the Oirat light cavalry armed with spears of the Late Middle Ages and early Modern times. The purpose of the study is to identify the role of spear fighting in the military practice of the Dzungars and Kalmyks of the XVII – early XIX centuries on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of written, pictorial and material sources. Results. It has been established that in the Central Asian region for centuries shock spears and pikes remained mainly the weapons of armored cavalry, while light nomads without armor used them only sporadically. During the military transformations carried out by the Oirat and Mongol military leaders of the second half of the XVI–XVII centuries, mounted archers were equipped with shock spears and pikes, which led to the emergence of a new type of cavalry composed of lightly armed spearmen capable of conducting both remote and close combat. During the military campaigns of the Oirats, which covered most of steppe Eurasia, the idea of mass light cavalry with spears was adopted by many peoples of the Great Steppe, including Russian Cossacks and Turks of Eastern Europe (Nogais, Crimean and Polish-Lithuanian Tatars). In turn, the battle on the spears of the Polish-Lithuanian Tatars (Lipkov) formed the basis of the military practice of the Polish lancers, which became a model of such cavalry for the countries of Central and Western Europe of the XVIII – early XIX centuries. Based on the analysis of Mongolian, Oirat, Ottoman, European and Qing written sources, the original name of the Oirat long–barrel weapon of the XVII–XVIII centuries was revealed, which sounded like “jida” (“dzida”). The design features of the Oirat spears were established, the spear fighting technique and tactics of mounted Kalmyk and Dzungarian warriors armed with spears were reconstructed. Conclusions. The collected materials indicate that spears and pikes were the main type of melee weapons of the Oirat warriors of the XVII – early XIX centuries. Spear fighting was one of the key elements of the military art of the Dzungars and Kalmyks of this period. The Oirats had a significant impact on the development of the practice of equestrian spear fighting among the peoples of Eurasia of the XVII–XVIII centuries.

Factors of cultural genesis in the Southern Urals in the Late Middle Ages and Modern Times (based on archaeological materials of the Republic of Bashkortostan)

The object of the study is cultural genesis in the Southern Urals in the Late Middle Ages and Modern Times. The subject of the study is the factors influencing its development, which are considered through the prism of studying the archaeological material obtained during reconnaissance work on the monuments of the XVI – early XX centuries. This problem was not the object of special study. At the same time, its solution, on the one hand, fills in the gaps in the analysis of the processes of cultural genesis in the region as a whole, and on the other hand, contributes to the study of the peculiarities of the ethnocultural development of individual ethnic groups living here in the past. The theoretical basis of the research is the researches of Russian scientists in the field of cultural genesis, containing conceptual and theoretical developments. The information base of the study was the factual material on the problem under study, obtained during archaeological research on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan, including by the author himself, interdisciplinary and systematic approaches were used in the work for a comprehensive analysis of the designated problem, theoretical modeling, generalization, comparative historical, comparative typological methods were also used in the work. The scientific novelty of the study is due to the fact that for the first time the factors of cultural development in the Southern Urals in the Late Middle Ages and Modern Times were systematized and analyzed, which were considered in the context of the archaeological direction of cultural genesis research. It was revealed that the development of culture in the Southern Urals in the XVI – early XX centuries was influenced by both external (natural-geographical, anthropogenic, colonization, etc.) and internal (ethnic, religious, etc.) factors, which are recorded to varying degrees by the cultural layers of urban and rural settlements, fortifications and factories, cemeteries , etc. At the same time, speaking about the factors of cultural genesis, it should be borne in mind that they are so closely interrelated that it is often difficult to determine whether a change in culture is the result of the influence of one or another factor or several at the same time.

Zur Rolle der Silbenquantität in der mittelhochdeutschen Metrik

Abstract The article illustrates and justifies the role of syllable weight for the MHG verse. It counters a 2021 paper by A. Estis, who fundamentally questions the relevance of syllable weight for MHG metrics. The argumentation of the riposte relies on text-analytical findings, methodological aspects (heuristics), the history of the German verse in late medieval and early modern times, last but not least on historical testimonies, namely by Heinrich von Hesler and Nikolaus von Jeroschin. The article concludes with a reformulation of basic analytical principles of MHG metrics, thus trying to forestall some misunderstandings possibly provoked by the traditional terminology of A. Heusler.

The Craft of the Late Medieval and Modern Times in the Academic Writings of Maria Bogucka

Maria Bogucka (1929–2020) is one of Poland’s most outstanding representatives of historiography in the period after the Second World War. She dealt with a myriad of areas, such as the history of trade, everyday life, the problem of the position of the bourgeoisie in the social structure of pre-partitioned Poland and various aspects of the history of early modern culture. In the earliest period of her academic career (the 1950s and 1960s), under the guidance of Marian Małowist, she took up the subject of the development of crafts in the late Middle Ages and early modern times, with her research focusing primarily on Gdańsk, the largest city in pre-partition Poland. In her research, she sought to isolate the features of early capitalism in the relations of production of the city’s craftsmen, and she also focused her interest on artisans operating outside the guild system. Bogucka explained the changes in the economic situation in crafts, examining the relationship between this form of production and agricultural production and trade development.

История изучения русского населения Дагестана и терского казачества (XVIII – начало XXI в.): историко-библиографический обзор

This paper presents a historiographical review of studies about the history of Russians and Cos-sacks of Dagestan and the North Caucasus in the late Middle Ages, modern, soviet and contempo-rary times. The history of the study of the Russians and the Cossacks in each of these historical periods had its own characteristics and was determined by the socio-political, socio-economic and cultural processes occurring in the country. The authors believe that the most complete and com-prehensive, free from ideological attitudes, historical and ethnographic study of the Russians and the Cossacks, was conducted in modern times. This is because of the new paradigm of the state and social structure of Russia, associated with the unfavorable international political and econom-ic situation, the global challenges of our time; such as an increase in ethnic self-awareness of the Russians who make up most of the population; bring awareness to their responsibility for the peo-ples’ fate of Russia and the entire world. Further study of the historiography of various groups of the domestic and foreign Russian population and the Cossacks is promising to create generalizing works on the history and ethnography of Russians in Russia and other countries of the world. In the article, based on the analysis of the works of the authors of pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern historiography, using historical-genetic, comparative-historical, typological and his-torical-systemic methods, a historical and bibliographic review of the main works on the history of Russians and the Cossacks of Dagestan and the North Caucasus is given.

The Thorny Path of Russian Capitalism in Feudal Serf Russia

The article examines the path of capitalism in Russia during the period of serfdom through the prism of modern demographic concepts. The problems of labor intensity in agriculture are also analyzed in this paper. The author highlights the main features that distinguished Russian capitalism of the feudal period from the Western model of capitalism that dominated in England. The author argues that the high labor intensity of agriculture associated with the consequences of the population explosion of the first half of the XVIII century hindered Russia's transition from feudal to capitalist model of economy. The article emphasizes that serfdom had negative effects especially in the black earth provinces of the Russian Empire. The author considers the Upper Volga path of transition to capitalism, which main characteristic is extreme agriculture conditions, to be the evolutionary path typical for Russia of that period. The fact that the European model of the family was not accepted in Russia in the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Times also impeded the development of Russian capitalism. The author proves that institutionally Russian capitalism did not deviate so much from the Western model of capitalism, however Russian economy of that time lagged far behind in quantitative indicators. In particular, the author shows that factor and commodity prices were free or poorly regulated in the Russian Empire. The paper proposes to consider the discussion on the nature of Russian capitalism in Modern times with the use of quantitative analysis. The author considers the reasons for the slowdown in the development of Russian capitalism to be the consequence of the evolution of the agrarian population of Russia. Meanwhile, according to the author, Russia of Modern times played a role of an arbiter rather than an actor in the format of the conservative social system that had developed even before the reforms of Peter the Great.

"Epancha Was Made in that Wool": Felt Clothes in the Upper Volga Region and Neighboring Territories in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Time.

The article considers felt clothing, widely used by the Russian population during the Middle Ages and early Modern times. The data of written sources of the XV-XVII centuries are analyzed – scribal descriptions and assembly material, including documents of the patrimony of monasteries and secular landowners. The data of the archeology of an earlier period are involved. In written sources there is information about woolworkers, felters, half–timbers and epaulettes - artisans who specialized in the production of felt products. Among them, the clothing manufacturers were epanechniki. Evidence is given that in the XVI-XVII centuries. The epancha was felt clothing. It was a cape with a rounded neckline, without sleeves. There are archaeological finds of the Old Russian period corresponding to this form of clothing. This form of clothing existed from the early Middle Ages to Modern times. Written sources of the late XV – XVII centuries reflect the spread of the craft of making felt and epanches. There is a development of specialization in the manufacture of felt products in the western part of the Upper Volga and Upper Podvinye during the late Middle Ages and early Modern times - in the cities of Staritsa, Toropets and the village of Knyazh Vladimirovo Gorodishche - the former patrimony center of the Princes Mikulinsky. For the production of felt, local raw materials were used – products of universally developed sheep breeding. At the end of the XV – XVII century in the structure of a large patrimonial economy, the volume of income from wool allowed the production of felt products from raw materials collected in different parts of the patrimony.

Conference «Religious Minorities in the Slavic Countries in the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Times»

Nemensky Oleg B.Conference «Religious Minorities in the Slavic Countries in the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Times»

Armillary Sphere in the Ideology of the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Times

The armillary sphere is one of the most famous badges. The opinion that this image of a navigation device visualizes Portugal is an anachronism. In Europe the armillary sphere was used not only in Portugal. Models of the celestial structure based on the concept of the sphericity of the universe have a long tradition. In the 15th — 16th centuries the armillary sphere served as a designation of the highest imperial ambitions and appeared in various contexts related to messianism and the interpretation of biblical prophecy. The armillary sphere is a conceptual model of the cosmos structure, its physical, spiritual, and political sides. By the end of the 15th century the armillary sphere became a stable representation of the universe — an image full of Christian meaning, which had a pan-European distribution and pan-European significance. The image of the sphere is a visualization of the highest European values of that time, an example of which is the use of it by Elizabeth I and her entourage.

«СКАЗАНИЕ О ХОЛОПЬЕЙ ВОЙНЕ»: ЛИТЕРАТУРНАЯ ИСТОРИЯ И ПРОБЛЕМА ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЙ ОСНОВЫ

The purpose of the article is to restore the literary history and to determine the historical basis of the so-called «The Tale of the Kholop War». This plot of Russian historical literature of the late Middle Ages and Early Modern times has been pre-served in various similar, but textually not directly related versions of the 16th-17th centuries. The earliest among them is the story of the German diplomat Siegmund Herberstein; he presented it with reference to the Novgorod Chronicle. The oldest Russian versions known to science, however, date back to the end of the 17th century. These are «The Tale of Vyatka citizens» and «Historical and Ancient Description» by T. Kamenevich-Rvovsky. The article discusses possible literary sources of the Russian plot dating back to antiquity and proposes a reconstruction of the content of the original text known to Herberstein. As a result, the author comes to the conclusion that the origin of «The Tale» is linked to how the Nov-gorod elites feel after the loss of Novgorod's independence in the 15th century. At the same time, the plot of «The Tale» can also be based on elements of an oral tradition dating back to the times of the formation of the Old Russian state.

English Familiars and their Owners: Scenes from “Family” Life

English witchcraft pamphlets are a unique source within the vast corpus of European demonological literature of the Late Middle Ages and early Modern times. The pamphlets not only retold the details of real witchcraft processes, they also contained a huge number of details concerning the most diverse aspects of the everyday life of English society of the 16th — early 18th century. The article analyzes the features of the relationships that, according to the authors of the pamphlets, witches built with their household “spirits” — familiars, who were used to bring damage to the offenders. According to the author of the article, these relations were of a dual nature. On the one hand, familiars were the first and most important helpers for their mistresses. On the other hand, the aggression of the “spirits” could be directed not only at the witch’s neighbors, but also at herself. From this point of view, the author of the article sees many common features in the descriptions of English familiars and demons of possessed people who behaved identically towards their victims. Thus, the author comes to the conclusion that the descriptions of the everyday life of English witches of early Modern times and their familiars provide a key to understanding the origins of this phenomenon itself: apparently, the concept of “familiar” was born partly under the influence of the continental demonological tradition.

Археологические работы в Русской Лапландии в 2017 и 2019 годах

In 2017 and 2019, the archaeological expedition of the National Museum of the Republic of Karelia conducted field surveys in the territory of Russian Lapland on the topics “Monuments of the Late Middle Ages and Modern Times of Karelia and the Kola Peninsula: dynamics of intercultural interaction” and “Ancient sacred objects” of Eastern Fennoscandia. The article presents a general overview of the results of these studies. Three places with cult stones have been recorded –– Mount Lisya, Lake Tashechnoye and the Sredny Peninsula. A complex of boulder pits has been opened on the Khlebnaya River. In the village of Teriberka, searches were conducted for the site of the church of the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God. Three places with the name “portage” were examined on the coast of the Barents Sea. A group of stone constructions has been found on Kildin Island, which may be cenotaphs.

На місці Жовкви та її околиць: документи до історії маєтності Висоцьких-Жолкевських у львівській землі в XV–XVI століттях (частина 1)

 The purpose of the work is to supplement the knowledge about the formation of noble estates in the Ruthenian voivodeship, since the late Middle Ages through the prism of historical geography. The research methodology is based on historical-critical, comparative (they were used in the analysis and comparison of original documents with their copies, which made it possible to identify signifi cant diff erences in the texts) and historical-geographical methods (to localize the proper names of geographical objects, listed in the acts). The scientifi c novelty of the research is to analyze the documents (including an Act, that was not previously published in a full), which established the boundaries of Jan Wysocki’s estate on the northwestern edge of Lviv land with its nearest neighbors: the private property of Jan Kulikowski (the demarcation in 1487) and the Yavoriv starosty (the deed of sale of crown domain to Piotr Szamotulski in 1456 with a text fragment, added in the 16th or 17th century). The documents were found in the form of copies in the Lviv castle court books and in the form of extracts from the same books. They are stored in the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv. The prospect of further research lies in the introduction into scientifi c circulation of the documents on the history of Ukrainian lands of the late Middle Ages and early modern times, in which the geographical nomenclature is recorded, with its further localization in space. Conclusions. Despite the fact, that the fi rst (the demarcation) and the second (the deed of sale of the land) documents were concluded for diff erent purposes, they both contain valuable information about the lands, owned by the above-mentioned persons (or land, they were going to own). Both in the fi rst and in the second document, this information is recorded in the form of an extensive list of microtoponyms, which in the Middle Ages and early modern times served as landmarks, when establishing boundaries of land holdings. The degree of importance of this information is shown by the fact, that in late copies of such acts we fi nd large fragments of the text with geographical nomenclature, that is absent in the original. Most likely, such insertions in the text were to serve as an additional «argument» for clarifying the ownership of a particular territory in the future.

Boulder cenotaphs of Eastern Fennoscandia: the question of one kind of the orthodox funeral rite in the late middle ages

The paper is devoted to the little-studied funeral practice of the Orthodox communities of the White Sea region and Russian Lapland in the absence of a body. The research was based on the results of the authors work in the last two decades. On the island of Kildin in the Barents Sea, on Lake Sredne Kuito in North Karelia and on a small forest lake near the town of Kovdor three original, similar monuments groups of stone structures of unknown purpose have been recorded. The originality and controversiality of these objects requires their systematic study, introduction into scientific circulation and interpretation. Archaeologists, as a rule, carry out only a primary fixation of objects, but excavations do not always allow to determine clearly the purpose of stone piles. Based on the experience of working with such facilities in Karelia and on the Kola Peninsula, it can be argued that they were not intended for economic purposes. A number of common features make it possible to attribute these structures to a group of monuments associated with the Orthodox funeral tradition. This is the orientation of the stone constructions west east, the general location beyond the water, on the periphery of cemeteries, visual similarity with grave mounds of earth or wooden houses of the dead. Presumably they were ground cenotaphs for the drowned a house for the soul in the absence of a body. The spread of the tradition of their creation can be limited to the area of culture of the Russians and Karelians of the Pomerania of the European North. They are tentatively dated to the period of the Late Middle Ages Modern Times and are considered as part of the Orthodox culture of the population of Eastern Fennoscandia. Understanding the idea of these objects is impossible without information on the ethnography of Slavic and Finno-Ugric ethnic groups about the division of the dead into those who died a natural or unnatural death.

THE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE VYPOVZIV HILL-FORT

This paper deals to the hill-fort of the Vypovziv archaeological complex. The materials of the 2010—2021 from different ages discovered during the excavations are published.
 The Old Rus hill-fort of a rounded shape is located at the tip of the cape, which rises 3—4 m above the terrace. It has small dimensions (75 Ч 95 m) on the outer edge of the Old Rus ramparts and about 30 Ч 40 m on the inner side (its own site). The remains of ramparts that once surrounded the settlement around the entire perimeter are now almost completely blown away (the fortifications themselves occupy the area of natural dune which consists entirely of loose sand), and only under the soles the moat rather is guessed than visible. From the northern and southern sides the moat reaches the terrace slopes and creates ramps that gently descend to the floodplain of the old Desna riverbed. From the open side also passed the moat which is now practically covered with the same sand (it can barely be traced along the slope of the hill-fort). The settlement first attracted the attention of researchers from the end of the 19th century (1889). The site was gradually surveyed during the 20th century by various scholars but in-patient research was not conducted here before 2009.
 Since 2009, the expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the Chernihiv Shevchenko National Pedagogical University started here the stationary works, which continued permanently until recent times.
 The oldest materials originating from the territory of the settlement are antiquities of the late Neolithic period and Bronze Age. They are quite few and mostly occur in a re-deposited state. Separate pits and small areas of cultural layers of these periods located under the Old Rus layers, at the level of the pre-virgin soil, were discovered on the hill-fort site.
 During the research of the area of hill-fort a few fragments of pots from the Early Iron Age and the Early Slavic period were found. However, no objects of this time were found here. The main cultural layers on the hill-fort are ones of the Old Rus period of the late 9th — 10th centuries. It is at this time that defensive structures appeared on the hill-fort,the site is built up, which over time undergoes re-building and reconstruction. The time of the existence of the Old Rus settlement can be divided into several stages during the late 9th — 10th centuries. It is notable that there are no buildings of the 12th—13th centuries on the Vypovziv settlement. This proves that the settlement was not used at this time.
 The Late Middle Ages and early modern times were practically not reflected in the horizons of the complex. However, Vypovziv constantly appears in written sources of the post-Mongol era, starting from the end of the 13th century. In general, from 2010 to 2017, 15 burials of the 17th—18th centuries belonging to one cemetery were discovered on the site of the settlement. This, in turn, gives reason to assume the existence of a Christian church on the Vypovziv settlement, to which the discovered cemetery was attached.

CHRONICLER's PERSPECTIVE: COVERAGE OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE CITY AND THE EPISCOPATE IN THE XVI CENTURY (BASED ON THE CHRONICLE OF WORMS BY F. ZORN AND THE CHRONICLE OF THE BISHOPS OF WÜRZBURG BY L. FRIES)

The epoch of the Late Middle Ages and early Modern Times (XV-XVI centuries) became a turning point for the history of the German language. The urban literature was rapidly developing, first of all, chronicles. Historiographic genres are most richly represented in imperial and free cities. The interest of the citizens in history stimulates the development of both city and regional chronicles. The collisions of the period, the struggle between the commune and the lords are reflected in these works. The purpose of the article is to analyze the interpretation of conflicts between the burghers and the episcopate in two chronicles of the XVI century, different in type, but with high cultural and historical significance, that is, the Chronicle of Worms by F. Zorn and the Chronicle of the Bishops of Würzburg by L. Fries. For the analysis, text fragments were chosen that tell about the collisions of the late Staufen era (the second third of the XIII century), while the main attention is paid to the Worms chronicle, since it most fully describes the events of this period. Both chroniclers present events fairly correctly, but they do it from different angles. Thus, the author of the Worms chronicle, F. Zorn, is quite negative towards the clergy and the pope, and is even able to verbally attack the latter. He explains the conflicts between the city and the bishops by the imperious claims and machinations of the latter, adhering to the position of the City Council. By contrast, L. Fries in the Chronicle of the Bishops of Würzburg, although restrained in his judgments and striving to be objective, describes the uprising of citizens against the bishop in negative tones, considering it a manifestation of outrage and a violation of the God-established order.

Upper Volga and Upper Podvine as part of the Russian State: General and Special Territorial Organization through the Prism of Geoinformation Technologies

The article discusses the results of the application of geoinformation technologies in the study of the historical geography of the Upper Volga and Upper Podvinya of the late XV – first half of the XVII century. The study included the development of historical GIS of Tver, Toropetsky, Rzhevsky, Novotorzhsky, Belsky counties and the Tver half of Bezhetskaya Pyatina. The main sources are scribal descriptions of the end of the XV - the first half of the XVII century, the assembly material is involved. Localization of toponymy of the XV-XVII centuries was made using sources of the XVIII-XIX centuries. The objectives of the study included the characteristics of the territorial organization of the studied territory of the Late Middle Ages and early Modern times, including the localization of territorial administrative units, borders, roads; characteristics of rural settlement, territorial organization of the peasantry in historical dynamics; identification of the features of the historical geography of land ownership in the region. The result of the use of GIS technologies in historical and geographical research, in addition to web GIS of applied importance, is the characteristic of the territorial-administrative and settlement structure of the region, which has both all-Russian and local features. Among the local features are specific types of territorial organization inherited from the pre–Moscow period - digests and dozens that persisted in the XVI-XVII centuries. in the Upper Podvinye and on the southeastern periphery of the Novgorod land. A dispersed settlement system was characteristic of the Upper Volga region, while a "nest" settlement system was identified in the Podvine region. The different nature of the entry into the Russian state determined the peculiarities of the formation of local land ownership in the studied areas. Archaic features are also evident here (in the preservation of official land ownership in the Mikulinsky camp-county).