Late Marriage Research Articles

Fenomena Bankonka Dalam Drama Kazoku No Katachi Karya Shunichi Hirano

The title of this research is "The Phenomenon of Bankonka in Drama Kazoku No Katachi by Shunichi Hirano". This study aims to find out how the phenomenon of bankonka and its causal factors in the drama Kazoku No Katachi by Shunichi Hirano. This research uses the theory of literary sociology Wellek Warren, the theory of factors that cause bankonka by Tsutsui and the theory of semiotics by Danesi. This research uses descriptive analysis method. Based on the results of the study there were three figures who experienced the phenomenon of Bankonka, namely Daisuke, Sasaki and Hanako, which was shown through a late marriage and not thinking too much about marriage. Factors causing the Bankonka phenomenon in the drama Kazoku No Katachi are divided into two sexes, male and female. Factors causing the phenomenon of bankonka in men are 1) the happiness of living alone; 2) economic factors; 3) work factors; 4) hobby factors; 5) do not feel the benefits of marriage; 6) difficult to get a partner. Factors causing the phenomenon of bankonka in women are 1) work factors; 2) hobby factors.

Introduction of Community-Based Preconception Care for Men and Women of Childbearing Age in Seoul

Community-based preconception care for men and women of childbearing age has been introduced in Seoul. The program aims to focus on problem areas such as low birth rate, fertility issues potentially due to late marriages, preterm or premature births, and low-birthweight in newborn babies. The district administration officials of Seoul, as well as, academics from the Korean Society of Maternal and Child Health, developed a protocol by using a questionnaire and laboratory test for screening risk factors in pregnancy. The protocol was tested on a trial basis in four local districts in Seoul from July 2017 to 2018, extended to 12 local districts in 2019, and all 25 districts in Seoul in 2020. The protocol includes Anti-Mullerian Hormone tests to assess women’s ovarian reserve and male health checkups that include semen analysis and physical examinations of genitalia. These tests are conducted for early detection and treatment of infertility, especially in cases of late marriages. In order to prevent women being abandoned during pregnancy (leading them to single-parenting), the protocol also emphasizes building a gender-sensitive environment by encouraging more male participation. A monitoring group comprised of Seoul city district officials and academics from the Korean Society of Maternal and Child Health, regularly visited the local districts to observe improvements and keep the program officials up to date. In addition, the group also conducted a mobile phone survey for feedback on the program. The interest and support of the residents in Seoul city, and positive results and development in pregnancy care and childbirth, are needed to stabilize and extend this protocol.

Proposition of Belief and Practice Theory for Men Undergoing Infertility Treatment: A Hospital Based Study in Mumbai, India.

The paper aims to understand the treatment seeking behavior and the experiences of men with male factor infertility. A cross-sectional study was conducted at consented hospitals/infertility centers in Mumbai, India in purview of the fact that men are not considered as important as a part of infertility treatment as women. An infertile man is defined here as one who is diagnosed with primary or secondary infertility, undergoing infertility treatment, irrespective of the fertility status of his wife. Primary data of 150 men undergoing infertility treatment from a variety of socioeconomic backgrounds was collected through semi-structured interviews. The initial effect of the infertility status led the men to feel depressed, guilty, shocked, and isolated. A large proportion of the respondents never discussed the problem with anyone except their wives. More than one third of the respondents consulted with Ayurvedic, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy (AYUSH) practitioners. Changes of doctors or clinics were more attributed to unsuccessful treatment cycles and success rate of other clinics than the referral by doctors. Destiny, bad luck, lifestyle, medical reasons, and late marriage are found as perceived causes of male infertility. Age above 40, younger age at marriage, marriage duration for 6 and more years, secondary infertility, self-employment, and higher income have significant association with longer time gap between marriage and initiation of infertility treatment. Based on study findings, we propose Belief and Practice theory where we elaborate the progression in treatment for male infertility. Men should be given due consideration in infertility treatment. They must be taken into consideration at an early stage of fertility evaluation due to the fact that minor problems of male infertility can be cured with modest medication. Proper Information Education and Communication (IEC) is essential for creating awareness in society on male infertility. Better counseling services during treatment and standardization of cost can help infertile men to manage treatment-related stress. Since infertility treatment is a time-consuming and exhaustive process, considering the timing for patient's income generating work, evening out patient department, and comprehensive knowledge dissemination at health centers can be improve male factor infertility treatment.

Malthus's missing women and children: demography and wages in historical perspective, England 1280-1850

Abstract Malthus believed that rising real wages encouraged earlier marriage, higher fertility and a growing population. But diminishing returns in agriculture meant that an organic economy could not keep pace. Excess labour and rising food prices drove wages down and brought population growth to a halt. Studies testing this hypothesis have focussed on the relationship between population growth and men's wages, typically overlooking women and children's economic activities and influence on demographic outcomes. New daily and annual wage series, including women and children, enable these missing actors to be incorporated into a more complete account of Malthus's hypothesis. New findings emerge: the demographic reaction to wage changes was gendered. Early-modern bachelors responded to rising male wages by marrying earlier, whereas spinsters responded to rising female wages by delaying marriage. Our evidence suggests that women played a key role in England's low-fertility demographic regime and escape from the Malthusian trap. More tentatively, we consider the demographic regime in medieval England. Although marriage was related to earnings, the size of the population was a forceful determinant of economic outcomes. While superficially similar in terms of the prevalence of late marriage and low nuptiality, this regime was consolidated by poverty and social control absent the female agency of the later era.

Female autonomy and intimate partner violence: findings from the Zimbabwe demographic and health survey, 2015

Intimate partner violence is a persistent social problem in Zimbabwe and has been linked to patriarchal attitudes that promote the superiority of men in marital relationships while denying women agency. Using 2015 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey data, we examined the influence of female autonomy on intimate partner violence. Our analysis was restricted to 2847 women who were in some form of sexual union. Consistent with earlier studies, our results show that more than 40% of the women had experienced some form of intimate partner violence. The most prevalent form of intimate partner violence was emotional violence, followed by physical violence and sexual violence. Low levels of economic autonomy and supportive attitudes towards wife-beating increased the risk of intimate partner violence, while late marriage reduced the risk of all forms of intimate partner violence. Findings provide a basis for interventions that may increase economic control and improve decision making for women, although the association between economic violence and economic decision making requires further research that examines the possibility of reverse causality.

MP26-20 ANNUAL TRENDS OF MARRIAGE AGE AND DURATION OF POSTPONING PARENTHOOD IN JAPANESE AZOOSPERMIC COUPLES

You have accessJournal of UrologyInfertility: Epidemiology & Evaluation I (MP26)1 Apr 2020MP26-20 ANNUAL TRENDS OF MARRIAGE AGE AND DURATION OF POSTPONING PARENTHOOD IN JAPANESE AZOOSPERMIC COUPLES Shoichiro Iwatsuki*, Tomoki Takeda, Satoshi Nozaki, Yasue Kubota, Hiroki Kubota, Hiroyuki Kamiya, Yukihiro Umemoto, and Takahiro Yasui Shoichiro Iwatsuki*Shoichiro Iwatsuki* More articles by this author , Tomoki TakedaTomoki Takeda More articles by this author , Satoshi NozakiSatoshi Nozaki More articles by this author , Yasue KubotaYasue Kubota More articles by this author , Hiroki KubotaHiroki Kubota More articles by this author , Hiroyuki KamiyaHiroyuki Kamiya More articles by this author , Yukihiro UmemotoYukihiro Umemoto More articles by this author , and Takahiro YasuiTakahiro Yasui More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000000865.020AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Late marriage is a serious issue in Japan. The first marriage age of men and women in Japan in 2004 was 29.6 and 27.8 years old, respectively; this increased to 31.1 and 29.4 years old in 2017, respectively. Because aging reportedly has adverse effects on reproductive function, the effect of late marriage on azoospermic couples' age should be assessed to improve therapeutic outcome. In this study, we assessed the annual change in marriage age and duration of postponing parenthood (DPP) of Japanese azoospermic men. METHODS: In total, 495 couples with obstructive or nonobstructive azoospermia who underwent surgical sperm extraction between 2004 and 2018 were included in this study. Clinical records were retrospectively reviewed, and marriage age and DPP were extracted. RESULTS: The marriage age of azoospermic men increased, but was not statistically significant, until 2013; however, the age of their wife was constant during the study period (Fig. A). Among 495 couples, 167 (33.7%) reported that they had a period of postponing parenthood. Of these 167 couples, the DPP significantly decreased with recent year (p < 0.01, Jonckheere – Terpstra test, Fig. B). Although the marriage age of men was not related to DPP (r = 0.037, p = 0.63, Fig. C), older women had significantly shorter DPP (r = -0.178, p = 0.02, Fig. C). These correlation coefficients were significantly different (p < 0.05, z transformation of correlation coefficient). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report assessing marriage age and DPP of Japanese azoospermic couples. We found increased marriage age only in men, indicating that late marriage in the general public effects the marriage age of azoospermic men but not women. This result suggests that women are more interested in earlier parenthood than men. Providing more information about male infertility to the general public can shorten DPP of azoospermic men, which could result in early therapeutic intervention for azoospermia. Source of Funding: none © 2020 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 203Issue Supplement 4April 2020Page: e408-e408 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2020 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Shoichiro Iwatsuki* More articles by this author Tomoki Takeda More articles by this author Satoshi Nozaki More articles by this author Yasue Kubota More articles by this author Hiroki Kubota More articles by this author Hiroyuki Kamiya More articles by this author Yukihiro Umemoto More articles by this author Takahiro Yasui More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Trajectories of Union Transition in Emerging Adulthood: Socioeconomic Status and Race/Ethnicity Differences in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to describe the patterns of union transition in emerging adulthood for the 1980 to 1984 cohort and examine its associations with socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity.BackgroundResearch on diverging destinies of cohabitation and marriage tends to focus on singular transitions rather than entire individual trajectories composed of dimensions such as timing, order, duration, and number of transitions.MethodDrawing on monthly prospective data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, social sequence analysis was used to classify union transition trajectories from ages 16 to 30. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the probability of membership in each cluster.ResultsThe findings showed the following six key clusters of trajectories: mostly single (37.6%), some cohabiting (13.8%), serial cohabiting (10.6%), early 20s marriage (11.4%), late 20s marriage (22.5%), and turbulent (4.1%). We found that young adults were most likely to be in the “mostly single” cluster, regardless of socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity. Individuals with college degrees tended to marry in their late 20s, whereas individuals without college degrees were more likely to be in “serial cohabiting” and “turbulent” clusters. Individuals who lived with neither of their biological parents were more likely to belong to “early 20s marriage” and “turbulent” clusters when compared with those who lived with at least one of their biological parents. Blacks were more likely to remain single, whereas non‐Hispanic Whites were more likely to marry sometime in their 20s.ConclusionEvidence for diverging trajectories exists in this recent cohort, but we also find that most young adults in fact stay single. We also highlight the benefits of considering multiple aspects of trajectories concurrently, especially as relationship instability and complexity increase.

Wretched girls, wretched boys and the European Marriage Pattern in England (c. 1250–1350)

AbstractFollowing on from ‘Married and not: Weston's grown children in 1268–1269’, this article places the Lincolnshire village of Weston within a realm-wide context to demonstrate that, as the rural economy stumbled after c. 1250, many young women and men either delayed marriage or could not marry at all. The European Marriage Pattern (late marriage for some and no marriage for others) can be discerned in England long before the socio-economic adjustments that followed the Black Death, and it grew mainly from poverty, not prosperity.

Trends and Age-Period-Cohort Effects of Fertility Rate: Analysis of 26,224 Married Women in Taiwan.

Taiwan and a few Asian societies have had among the lowest fertility rates in the world for the past decade. Understanding the reasons behind the low fertility and designing policies accordingly to improve fertility has been a priority of governments in the region. It what follows we examine the low fertility rate in Taiwan by studying the trend of actual fertility rate and desired fertility rate in Taiwan using an age-period-cohort (APC) model. Using the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) of contraception survey data between 1973 and 2004, we applied APC analyses on the actual fertility rate and desired fertility rate of married women. We found that youngest cohorts (the mid-cohort year 1983) had 10% higher actual fertility and 15% higher desired fertility compared to those who were born in 1959–1965, respectively. Additionally, we attributed current lowest-low fertility (at or below 1.3) to late marriages. There is a lag between the actual and desired fertility rates in KAP survey due to tempo effect. Furthermore, the trends of the cohort effects of both fertility rates in KAP surveys are reversing in Taiwan. Consequently, increase total fertility rate (TFR) should encourage marriage among the marriageable population and reward married and childbearing households.

ҐРОДСЬКІ І ЗЕМСЬКІ КНИГИ ВОЛИНІ ЯК ДЖЕРЕЛО ДО ІСТОРІЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ШЛЯХЕТСЬКОЇ РОДИНИ XVI–XVII СТ.

ҐРОДСЬКІ І ЗЕМСЬКІ КНИГИ ВОЛИНІ ЯК ДЖЕРЕЛО ДО ІСТОРІЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ШЛЯХЕТСЬКОЇ РОДИНИ XVI–XVII СТ.

Endothelin-1 profiles in advanced maternal age complicated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

Recently, advanced maternal age (AMA) has been increasing due to late marriage and assisted reproductive technology. AMA is high-risk pregnancy associated with the life-threatening diseases such as hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). Recently we have reported novel AMA model mice using aged spontaneous pregnant mice, and found that the phenotypes of AMA model mice reflect the same characteristics as human AMA. We have also demonstrated that atypical angiogenic factors profiles including soluble VEGF-R1 (sFlt-1) and placental growth factor in both AMA pregnant women and AMA model mice. VEGF-endothelin-1 system have been also known as one of HDP-associated factors, however, there has been few reports on the relation between VEGF-endothelin-1 system and AMA. In this study, we investigated the profiles of VEGF-endothelin-1 system using our model mice's samples. As a result, VEGF and endothelin-1 levels were not significantly different between AMA and young individuals. Our results indicated that the mechanisms of hypertension in AMA may differ from those in young individuals from the point of VEGF-endothelin-1 system.

IMPACTS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ON WOMEN IN PAKISTAN: PROBLEMS &amp; SOLUTIONS IN THE LIGHT OF ISLAMIC TEACHINGS

Since the creation of woman, she faces many problems in her life. Different societies have their own customs and traditions. And woman faces problems regarding them. Pakistani society has its own influence and civilization which causes many problems of women. In these traditions, one of the bad behaviors is, marriage of woman on wrong time i.e. late marriage or early time marriage. In the result, at least, she faces Problems regarding dowry, Joint family system, Family disintegration, Childlessness, Propensity to violence, Effects of husband remaining alone from wife etc. On the basis of social divisions in Pakistani family system and depiction of woman issues having effects on herself, the significant and their mediation is very necessary, too. Many of these problems has Psychological impacts on woman in her domestic life. In Pakistani society where woman faces domestic and family problems, there economic problems too pester her which include greed for riches and lack of them both pester her psychologically. In this paper, above mentioned problems of women in Pakistani society has been discussed in the light of Islamic teachings.

Response to Edwards and Ogilvie

AbstractOur article on ‘Late marriage as a contributor to the industrial revolution in England’ is intended to show that the evidence is consistent with the European marriage pattern being a major influence on long‐run English economic development, through the accumulation of human capital, broadly defined. Edwards and Ogilvie assert that our approach is inadequate because, they claim, we consider neither other influences on English industrialization, such as non‐familial institutions, nor other European economies where marriage age was high throughout the early modern period but where industrialization came later. We do allow for other influences on English industrialization in our model, and the observation that some late industrializers had later marriage than England does not refute our contention, which we test appropriately by simulating the model.

Developmental Idealism and Beliefs About Marriage and Fertility in Turkey

Developmental idealism (DI) contains a set of beliefs endorsing development, low fertility, and late marriage and causal connections between development, fertility, and marriage. In this paper, we investigate to what extent DI beliefs about connections of economic development with marriage and childbearing are widespread in Turkey. We also compare the views of people concerning these linkages generally with their views of the linkages in their own country. We also investigate whether such factors as regional location, ethnicity, secularism, education, gender, age, marital status, and number of children influence the acceptance of DI beliefs concerning marriage and fertility in Turkey. We present new data from a national survey of urban Turks conducted in 2014. Our analyses reveal substantial evidence that the ideas of DI have been circulated widely among ordinary people in Turkey. Our results also indicate that Turkish people make little distinction between DI as it relates to their own country and DI as it relates to more general or abstract considerations. Moreover, our analyses suggest that region of residence, age, education, gender, marital status, and fertility were related in substantial and statistically significant ways to DI beliefs. However, for such factors as education, gender, marital status, and fertility, we found that the estimated effects were in a different direction from our theoretical predictions. We argue that these findings are important contributions to DI research and that our study raises significant new questions that deserve further research.

Sleep and children’s development in India

Change in lifestyle, late marriage and various other reasons results preterm baby, caesarean baby and various birth defects. Further children's health is becoming fragile due to change in food habits like: regular use of snacks, caffeinated drinks, fast foods, inorganic foods etc., use of plastics as food vessels, use of antibiotics, due to lesser physical activity, lesser play, and stressful study routine etc. Proper sleep to a large extent makes body evolve and adapt to the changed requirements. But due to late night sleeping of parents and opening of schools in early morning, children are sleeping inadequately. All these are making havoc pressure on children's health, causing collapsing of immunity, physical health, mental health etc. This article explains basic importance of proper sleep and way to have it. As our topic is of common interest, we have kept our words simple and matter conclusive.

Assessment of Anemia Prevalence Among Non-Pregnant Women in Urban Areas of Shanghai and Tokyo: A Retrospective Observational Study

Introduction: Anemia, one of the most common and widespread disorders in the world, is a public health problem, and among various causes, iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia, affecting more than 2.2 billion people worldwide. In developing countries, insufficient dietary intake is a main cause whereas eating habits like vegetarian diet or avoidance of red meat is associated with anemia in developed countries. Shanghai has been sharing many characteristics with Tokyo not only in rapid economic growth and westernization but also in more volition on personal life and late marriage in women of child-bearing age. Here in this study, with the large-scale database in both areas, the prevalence of anemia was elucidated among non-pregnant women age in urban areas of representative Asian countries undergoing routine annual health checkups.Methods: All participants in this retrospective observational study were limited to women aged between 20 and 44. A total of 2,006 health checkup data (from May to September 2016) from residents of Xinqiao, Sheshan and Maogang towns in Songjiang District by stratified cluster sampling were collected. These three towns are located in the southwestern part of Shanghai and their population is approximately 230,000 in total. A total 877 health checkup data (from February to July 2017) from 1,087 employees in the dispensing pharmacies in Tokyo area were collected. Anemia was defined as a hemoglobin (Hb) concentration lower than 12.0 g/dL, which was further categorized as mild (10.0<Hb≤12.0), moderate (7.0<Hb≤10.0) and severe (<7.0). Microcytic anemia was defined as Hb < 12 and a mean corpuscular volume (MCV) < 80 fL. In-group comparisons regarding anemia prevalence according to age and body mass index (BMI) were conducted.Results: Medians of age, BMI, Hb and MCV in Shanghai area (SA) group were 36 y.o. (range; 20-44), 21.7 (14.7-41.5), 13.1 (6.4-17.9) and 91.6 (59.0-107.2), while these in Tokyo area (TA) group were 36 y.o. (20-44), 20.5 (13.3-42.8), 13.0 (8.7-16.0) and 91.0 (61.0-106.0). Anemia was seen in 14.8% (n=297) of participants in SA and 11.4% (100) of participants in TA, among which prevalences of mild and moderate anemia were 12.2% (SA: 244) / 10.0% (TA: 88) and 2.6% (SA: 53) / 1.4% (TA: 12), respectively. No severe anemia was detected. Microcytic anemia was found in 5.7% (115) of SA and 3.4% (30) of TA. In-group comparison according to age (persons aged 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44) showed a gradual increase of anemia prevalence in SA, the highest prevalence of 20.8% in persons aged 40-44. By contrast, in TA group, persons aged 30-34 had the highest prevalence of 14.7%. Another in-group comparison by BMI (<18.5, 18.5≤BMI<25.0, 25.0≤BMI<30.0, 30.0≤) revealed an inverse correlation to anemia prevalence, the highest of 18.2% in SA group, while in TA group persons with BMI ranging 18.5-25.0 had the highest of 10.8%.Discussion and Conclusion: Using the large-scale database of health checkup program, our analysis of CBC data revealed that high prevalence of anemia was associated with older age and lower BMI in SA group but that the prevalence of anemia in TA group had no correlation with age and BMI. First of all, the difference of recruitment for health checkup between the two areas was a possible cause. People who have health checkup might be more interested in healthy lifestyle, possibly generating selection bias in our study. And multiple factors including calorie intake, type of diet, iron supplementation and so on would affect the difference. Besides them, it is of note that beta thalassemia is highly prevalent in south China, which might contribute to the difference. Although the prevalences of anemia in two areas were lower than the global prevalence of about 25%, there still exists a sizable anemic population even in urban areas of developed countries, suggesting the importance of considering regional difference in etiology of anemia. Still needed further study with larger cohorts with detailed parameters, our data could provide an important information about anemia prevalence in two major Asian metropolises, constructing a basis of anti-anemia countermeasures for women of child-bearing age. Our findings call for well-designed public health policies with more individualized approach reflecting on eating and social habits in such urban areas. DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Use of the average age ratio method in analyzing age heaping in censuses: The case of China

Based on the methods of the average period age ratio and the average cohort age ratio, this study systematically assesses age heaping or digit preference in all population censuses of China. Our study finds that the overall age heaping was relatively low in the Chinese censuses; however, there was a notable preference for ages ending with zero after age 50 in the first two censuses, despite a weakening trend over time. Our study further shows that age heaping in China’s censuses is likely associated with age-related policies such as those on late marriage and retirement. As shown in the study, the average age ratio method can be an alternative of the Whipple’s Index and be improved if the size of birth cohort was taken into account when the number of births is generally reliable.

Novel biomarker profiles in experimental aged maternal mice with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

Recently, advanced maternal age (AMA) has increased in Western countries because of late marriage and advances in assisted reproductive technology. One major complication of AMA is hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). While clinical investigations into human AMA have been reported, there has been limited information obtained from basic research. In this investigation, we established the AMA mouse model using aged pregnant ICR mice. We demonstrated that the phenotypes of aged pregnant ICR mice reflect the same characteristics as human AMA. The significant findings of our investigation are as follows: (1) The AMA mouse model manifested the same complication phenotypes of human AMA, including maternal obesity, declining fertility, small for gestational age, and a higher rate of intrauterine fetal death; (2) The AMA mouse model exhibited an increasing systolic blood pressure at late gestation (108.2 ± 7.7 vs. 92.7 ± 5.7 mmHg, P < 0.01) that normalized after delivery similar to human HDP patients; and (3) While HDP and placental dysfunction are complicated, AMA mice and human HDP AMA patients manifested a low serum soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) level in late gestation (AMA group vs. control group, mice, 16800.0 ± 10709.5 vs. 26611.9 ± 8702.0 pg/mL, respectively, P < 0.01; human, 8507.6 ± 3298.7 vs. 14816.9 ± 5413.5 pg/mL, respectively, P < 0.05). In conclusion, the aged pregnant mouse model resembled human AMA. The AMA mouse model was complicated with HDP despite the low serum sFlt-1 level. Our findings provide evidence that the serum sFlt-1 level does not necessarily reflect the conventional pathogenesis of HDP in aged human and murine pregnancies and may contribute to the future management of HDP in AMA.

What can we learn from a race with one runner? A comment on Foreman‐Peck and Zhou, ‘Late marriage as a contributor to the industrial revolution in England’

AbstractForeman‐Peck and Zhou's claim that late marriage was a major contributor to the industrial revolution in England cannot be sustained. They consider neither other influences on English industrialization nor other European economies where marriage age was high throughout the early modern period but industrialization came much later. It is not possible to argue that late marriage age was a major contributor to English industrialization without analysing other possible contributing factors. Any consideration of this question must assess marriage age alongside other causes of industrialization and explain why other European economies with a higher marriage age industrialized much later than England.

Late marriage and transition from arranged marriages to love matches: A search-theoretic approach

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to explore the mechanism behind how the spread of individualism, the prevalence of love matches, and the increase in search costs affect late marriages in Japan. To this end, I construct a search-theoretic model, which is a combination of the Markov decision process and the evolution of preferences. I present three results. 1) The spread of individualism is driven by those who moderately consider the social status of their family. 2) The spread of individualism and the prevalence of love matches delay the average marriage timing, but its effect is limited. 3) The diversity of individualism prevents people from switching from love matches to arranged marriages, while the search costs are rising.