Late Eras Research Articles

Using Oxygen Isotope Sclerochronology to Evaluate the Role of Small Islands Among the Guale (AD 1325 to 1700) of the Georgia Coast, USA

ABSTRACT In this article, we present the results of sequential oxygen isotope analysis performed on hard clam, Mercenaria spp. (n = 5) and eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica (n = 13) valves excavated from Pumpkin Hammock (9MC350). These data are used to evaluate Guale models of settlement and subsistence along the Georgia coast during the late pre-Contact and early Colonial eras (ca. AD 1325 to 1700). Season of collection data indicate shells were collected and deposited on the island during all four seasons, suggesting year-round occupation of the site. In addition, oxygen isotope values imply the Guale exploited mollusks from habitats over a wide range of salinity. We interpret this to signify that the Guale ranged broadly over the coastal landscape and that they were able to exploit these distant resources due to their use of watercraft. Finally, we place these findings within the broader context of the changing social landscape during the late pre-Contact and Colonial eras of the Georgia coast.

조선시대 순대의 종류 및 조리방법에 대한 문헌적 고찰

This study examined the types and cooking methods for dasik (traditional pressed sweet), as recorded in 16 old Joseon dynasty (1392-1909) studies. The ingredients used in dasik during the Joseon dynasty were categorized into cereal powders, tree fruits, flower powders, root clods, dry-fish beef powders, and vegetables. In the early, middle, and late eras of the Joseon dynasty, set (two, five, and 70 kinds of dasik), set (two, four, and 16 kinds of dasik) were prepared using cereal powders, and during the middle and late eras of the Joseon dynasty one and 22 kinds of dasik were prepared using tree fruits. During the late eras of the Joseon dynasty, seven kinds of dasik were prepared using flower powders, 11 kinds of dasik were prepared using root clods, 12 kinds of dasik were prepared using dry-fish beef powders, and two kinds of dasik were prepared using vegetables. The frequency of the ingredients were in the order of Huek-im (黑荏), Hwang-yul (黃栗), Jin-mal (眞末), Song-wha (松花), and Nok-mal (菉末) during the Joseon dynasty. To prepare dasik, the ingredients were mixed with honey, soy sauce, sesame oil, pepper, and water or ground and shredded to prepare for pressing and for abstract dasik, respectively. The appearance and taste of dasik varied, thereby resulting in nutrient supplementation, as the types of ingredients increased throughout the Joseon dynasty. This observation may be associated with the commercial industrial development that prevailed during the late Joseon dynasty. Further investigation will be conducted on the recipes and ingredients recorded in these old studies to develop a standardized recipe for the globalization of dasik.

Princely Burial of the Hellenistic Period in the Mezmay Burial-Ground (North-Western Caucasus)

Abstract In 2004 a previously unknown burial-ground consisting of flat graves was discovered by grave-robbers on the northern slopes of the Central Caucasus range at a height of 800 metres above sea-level near the settlement of Mezmay in the Apsheronsk District of the Krasnodar region. In 2005 the first rescue excavations were undertaken. Among the assemblages so far investigated, the most interesting has been Grave No. 3, in which a warrior of aristocratic descent and high social rank had been laid to rest. Apart from the deceased warrior, there were also horse burials in this funerary complex and a large range of grave goods, the number and quality of which make the complex unique, not only for the Northern Caucasus but also for the whole North Pontic region. Two bronze helmets were found in it for example, iron chain-mail, swords, spear-heads, short spears and arrows, a battle-axe, bronze, glass and pottery vessels, gold jewellery, a bronze mirror, an iron tripod bearing zoomorphic depictions and many other artefacts. The preliminary date which has been assigned to the burial ranges from the late 3rd to the early 2nd century BC, while the necropolis itself is considered as belonging to the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman eras. It is not possible to identify unequivocally the culture with which the Mezmay necropolis is linked, but it can for the time being be classified as linked to the range of Maeotian antiquities of the North-western Caucasus. Apart from Burial No. 3, bronze and iron helmets from the spoil heaps of the grave-robbers’ excavations are also published in this article.

Current Surgical Outcomes for Cranial Base Chordomas

Chordomas of the skull base are locally aggressive neoplasms for which maximal surgical resection confers prolonged survival. To present the largest consecutive surgical series of cranial base chordomas to date, including complications, functional outcome, and overall (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in early and late eras of our experience. From 1988 to 2011, 95 patients with cranial base chordomas were treated, including 56 patients from 1988 to 1999 and 39 from 2000 to 2011. Mean age and average follow-up were 42.6 ± 16.8 years and 38.3 ± 38.5 months, respectively. A historically controlled study design was implemented comparing both eras with respect to 5-year OS, RFS, Karnofsky performance scale at last-follow-up, and complications. Mean 5-year OS and RFS for the entire cohort was 74% ± 6% and 56% ± 8%, respectively. Complete resection rates were similar between groups (68% and 74%, respectively; P = .494). In the 2000 to 2011 era, overall (26%), cranial nerve (10%), vascular (3%), and systemic (0%) complications were less frequent than in the 1988 to 1999 era. Patients in the 2000 to 2011 era were 1.50 times more likely to have a Karnofsky performance scale ≥ 70 than in the 1988 to 1999 era (95% confidence interval 1.15-1.94; P = .003). There was no significant difference in 5-year RFS between the 1988 to 1999 and 2000 to 2011 eras. Five-year OS was higher in the 2000 to 2011 era (93% ± 6% vs 64% ± 8% for the 1988-1999 era; P = .012). Aggressive surgical resection implementing contemporary skull base approaches can be performed with an acceptable complication profile with preservation of functional status, while conferring a similar OS and RFS.

‘A fit of absence of mind’? Empire and urban life in early non-fiction films (1895–1914)

This article explores the cinematic representation of urban spaces in early films of East Asia and South Africa. It aims at demonstrating that early actuality films are an invaluable record of the economic, social, and cultural life of distant cities in the late Victorian and Edwardian eras, but also that the spatial organization of the cities, and of the films’ representations of them, were decisively shaped by the ideology and activity of imperialism.

Abstract P184: Reduction in Atherosclerotic Events Through Use of Aggressive Risk Factor Reduction Medications in an Outpatient Cardiology Practice

Background : Although atherosclerotic disease cannot be cured, risk of recurrent events can be reduced by application of evidence based treatment protocols involving aspirin, beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, and statin medications. Purpose : To compare atherosclerosis event rates in a patient population treated before and after the development of aggressive risk factor reduction treatment protocols. Methods : A retrospective chart review study of patients presenting for follow-up treatment of coronary artery disease in a community cardiology practice, comparing event rates and medication usage in a 2 year treatment period prior to 2002 to a 2 year treatment period in 2005-2008. Standard care was provided in both the early treatment era and the later era by board-certified cardiologists in a 7 physician suburban cardiology practice. Medication usage was compared in both treatment eras. The primary outcome was a composite event rate of myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular events (transient ischemic attacks or cerebrovascular accident), and coronary interventions (percutaneous or surgical). The outcome measures were identified before data collection or analysis were performed. Results : 357 patients were studied for 2 year periods in each era, with a total follow-up duration of 12.1 (± 3.5) years. There were 132 composite events in 104 patients (29.1%) in the early era compared to 40 events in 33 patients (9.2%) in the later era (p< 0.0001). This result was driven mostly by a reduction in percutaneous and surgical coronary interventions between the 2 eras. From the early to the late eras, there was an increase in the use of beta blockers (66% to 83%, p<0.0001), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (34% to 80%, p<0.0001), and statins (40% to 90%, p<0.0001); although aspirin usage did not increase, it was prescribed frequently in both eras (78% and 79%). Conclusions : Application of aggressive evidence-based medication protocols for treatment of atherosclerosis is associated with a significant decrease in events or need for coronary intervention.

Unification of Dark fields and Inflation

We present a partial unified model for inflation, dark matter and dark energy, based on a global SU (2) × U(1) symmetry, where the corresponding cosmological scalar fields that source such components of the Universe appear as different degrees of freedom of fundamental representations. The protecting symmetry allows to build successful potentials to describe both the early and late eras of accelerated expansion of the Universe, and admit for the interpretation of Dark energy as quintessence or phantom matter. The model also provides a limit where the fields have a dual behavior.

A Literature Review on the Type of Joseon Dynasty Jwabans

This article examines the types of Jwabans as recorded in 21 old books of the Joseon dynasty (1392-1909). The ingredients used in Jwabans during the Joseon dynasty were root vegetables, sea algae, seeds nuts, bird, meat, and fish. In the early, middle, and late eras of the Joseon dynasty, 10, nine, and 181 kinds of Jwabans were prepared, and two, one, and seven kinds of Jwabans were prepared using root vegetables (根菜類). During the early and late eras of the Joseon dynasty, one and 14 kinds of Jwabans were prepared using sea algae (海藻類), respectively, and four kinds of Jwabans were prepared using seeds nuts during late eras of the Joseon dynasty (種實類). During the early, mid and late eras, one, two, and 17 kinds of Jwabans were prepared using bird (鳥類), three, one, and 47 kinds of Jwabans were prepared using meat (肉類), and one, five, and 81 kinds of Jwabans were prepared using fish (魚類). The frequency of the Jwabans ingredients in order were fish (30.5%), meat (23.5%), pheasant (7%), root vegetables (5%), abalone (全鰒) (5%), laver (海苔) (4%), shellfish (貝類) (3%), fish eggs (魚卵) (2.5%), fleshy prawn (大蝦) (2.5%), sea tangle (昆布) (2%), dried tangle (海草) (1.5%), sparrow meat (雀肉) (1.5%), and etc during the Joseon dynasty. It seems that the appearance and supplementation with different ingredients increased throughout the Joseon dynasty. This may be associated with the commercial industrial development that prevailed during the late Joseon dynasty. Further study will be conducted on recipes and ingredients recorded in these old books to develop a standardized recipe to globalize Jwabans.

Role of immunosuppression regimen in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in pediatric heart transplant patients

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) contributes to morbidity and mortality after transplantation. We examined the effect of immunosuppressive regimen on the risk of developing PTLD after pediatric heart transplantation. The 324 pediatric heart transplant patients at 2 children's hospitals were retrospectively reviewed for the primary outcome of PTLD development. Patient demographics, rejection frequency, serum cyclosporine and tacrolimus levels, induction therapy, donor and recipient Epstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus serologic status were reviewed and comparisons made between immunosuppressive regimens. Comparisons were also made between transplantation in the early (1984-1995) and late (1996-2008) eras to help account for changes in clinical protocols that occurred during the study period. PTLD developed in 33 (10%), of whom 109 (34%) were treated with tacrolimus. PTLD developed in 15% of those treated with tacrolimus compared with 8% of patients treated solely with cyclosporine. Tacrolimus use was a significant predictor of PTLD, with a hazard ratio [HR] of 4.04 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.03-8.02; p = 0.0001). Neither Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus donor/recipient status, nor gender predicted PTLD development. Younger age at transplant, higher rejection frequency, and induction therapy predicted PTLD development by univariate analysis. Multivariate modeling demonstrated that tacrolimus use (HR, 7.03; 95% CI, 2.87-17.2; p < 0.001) remained an independent predictor of PTLD, when controlling for age, era of transplantation, induction therapy, and rejection frequency. This study suggests the use of tacrolimus after pediatric heart transplantation is independently associated with an increased risk of PTLD compared with cyclosporine alone.

The ‘imperial’ girl: Lady Helen Munro Ferguson, the imperial woman and her imperial childhood

This article examines the role played by ‘imperial girls’: daughters of vice-regal representatives, consuls and ambassadors despatched by British governments to represent its interests in the late Victorian and early Edwardian eras. Little is known about children's responses to their imperial childhoods and they are rarely considered in transnational and imperial history. It is argued that imperial girls had a more influential and practical education than their brothers who were often absent from the family circle at boarding school. Although they did not have formal educational opportunities, girls remaining with their families learned much more about the imperial mission, about how to act within the imperial space, and the expectations placed on imperial women through the organisational impulse of philanthropy, social reform and the transnational commodity of the imperial feminist mission. This article assesses the possible impact imperial childhoods had on later imperial women using one case study: that of Lady Helen Munro Ferguson [later Viscountess Novar]. She spent a large portion of her own childhood in imperial circles and was later an imperial woman in her own right as the Governor-General's wife in Australia between 1914 and 1920, and the founder of the Australian Red Cross.

Stable periodic regime in a scalar field cosmology

Motivated by a microscopic model of string-inspired foam, in which foamy structures are provided by brany point-like defects (D-particles) in space-time, we discuss flavour mixing in curved space-time for spin-0 and spin-1/2 particles. This can be view as the low energy limit of flavour non-preserving interactions of stringy matter excitations with the defects, and non-trivial space-time background induced by quantum fluctuations of the D-particles. We show, at late epochs of the Universe, that both the fermionic and the bosonic vacuum condensate behaves as a fluid with negative pressure and positive energy; however the equation of state has wfermion > -1/3 and therefore the contribution of fermion-fluid flavour vacuum alone could not yield accelerating Universes. On the other hand, for the boson fluid the equation of state is, for late eras, close to wboson → -1, and hence overall the D-foam universe appears accelerating at late eras.

Flavour mixing in an expanding universe

Motivated by a microscopic model of string-inspired foam, in which foamy structures are provided by brany point-like defects (D-particles) in space-time, we discuss flavour mixing in curved space-time for spin-0 and spin-1/2 particles. This can be view as the low energy limit of flavour non-preserving interactions of stringy matter excitations with the defects, and non-trivial space-time background induced by quantum fluctuations of the D-particles. We show, at late epochs of the Universe, that both the fermionic and the bosonic vacuum condensate behaves as a fluid with negative pressure and positive energy; however the equation of state has wfermion > -1/3 and therefore the contribution of fermion-fluid flavour vacuum alone could not yield accelerating Universes. On the other hand, for the boson fluid the equation of state is, for late eras, close to wboson → -1, and hence overall the D-foam universe appears accelerating at late eras.

Flavor condensates in brane models and dark energy

In the context of a microscopic model of string-inspired foam, in which foamy structures are provided by brany pointlike defects (D-particles) in space-time, we discuss flavor mixing as a result of flavor nonpreserving interactions of (low-energy) fermionic stringy matter excitations with the defects. Such interactions involve splitting and capture of the matter string state by the defect, and subsequent re-emission. As a result of charge conservation, only electrically neutral matter can interact with the D-particles. Quantum fluctuations of the D-particles induce a nontrivial space-time background; in some circumstances, this could be akin to a cosmological Friedman-Robertson-Walker expanding-universe, with weak (but nonzero) particle production. Furthermore, the D-particle medium can induce an Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein-type effect. We have argued previously, in the context of bosons, that the so-called flavor vacuum is the appropriate state to be used, at least for low-energy excitations, with energies/momenta up to a dynamically determined cutoff scale. Given the intriguing mass scale provided by neutrino flavor mass differences from the point of view of dark energy, we evaluate the flavor-vacuum expectation value (condensate) of the stress-energy tensor of the $1/2$-spin fields with mixing in an effective-low-energy quantum field theory in this foam-induced curved space-time. We demonstrate, at late epochs of the Universe, that the fermionic vacuum condensate behaves as a fluid with negative pressure and positive energy; however, the equation of state has ${w}_{\mathrm{fermion}}g\ensuremath{-}1/3$ and so the contribution of the fermion-fluid flavor vacuum alone could not yield accelerating universes. Such contributions to the vacuum energy should be considered as (algebraically) additive to the flavored boson contributions, evaluated in our previous works; this should be considered as natural from (broken) target-space supersymmetry that characterizes realistic superstring/supermembrane models of space-time foam. The boson fluid is also characterized by positive energy and negative pressure, but its equation of state is, for late eras, close to ${w}_{\mathrm{boson}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{-}1$, and hence overall the D-foam universe appears accelerating at late eras.

FP10-MO-04 Computer imaging and geomorphometrics: Homo speciation of the brain in early, mid, and late pleistocene eras

FP10-MO-04 Computer imaging and geomorphometrics: Homo speciation of the brain in early, mid, and late pleistocene eras

Whose Body Is It Anyway?: Trading the Dead Poor, Coroner's Disputes, and the Business of Anatomy at Oxford University, 1885–1929

This article examines the application of the Anatomy Act (1832) at Oxford University, circa 1885-1929. For the first time it retraces the economy of supply in dead bodies, sold by various black-market intermediaries and welfare agencies, transported on the railway to Oxford. Both pauper cadavers and body parts were used to train doctors in human anatomy at a time when student demand always exceeded the economy of supply. An added problem was that the trade in dead bodies was disrupted by a city coroner for Oxford in a bid to improve his professional standing. Disputes about medico-legal authority over the pauper corpse meant that the Anatomy Department failed to convince the local poor in the city center to sell their loved ones' remains for dissection on a regular basis. Adverse publicity was a constant financial headache for anatomists. Consistently, they had to pay higher prices for cadavers than their competitors did. Often bodies were purchased in surrounding Midlands towns. This context explains why the Anatomy Department at Oxford failed at the business of anatomy in the late Victorian and early Edwardian eras.

Changing Operative Characteristics of Patients Undergoing Operations for Coronary Artery Disease: Impact on Early Outcomes

Aggressive nonsurgical revascularization results in high-risk patients presenting for operation at a later stage of coronary artery disease (CAD). This study investigated the effect of temporal changes in operative characteristics on outcomes of surgical revascularization. We compared preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables of 5633 patients who underwent surgical revascularization for CAD between April 1998 and January 2007, divided into early (1998 to 2002, n = 2746) and late (2004 to 2007, n = 2887) eras. End points were major adverse outcomes (postoperative myocardial infarction, stroke, new dialysis) and operative mortality. Median age (66 vs 68 years, p < 0.0001), prevalence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction, left main stem disease, prior angioplasty, diabetes mellitus, concomitant valve operation, and aprotinin use increased steadily over time. Severe symptoms, nonelective operations, mean number of grafts, postoperative bleeding, reopening for bleeding, and blood transfusion declined. Major complications were evenly distributed between the eras. Operative mortality for isolated coronary artery bypass grafting did not change (2.0% vs 1.8% p = 0.62) despite increasing operative risk (p < 0.0001); there was a 100% reduction in the absolute risk (110% to 210%) over time. The markers for operative difficulties, such as longer bypass times, were determinants of operative mortality and, in addition to other predictors like age and left ventricular systolic dysfunction, were more prevalent in the late era. Coronary operations are increasingly performed in higher-risk patients; however, surgical revascularization is nearly twice as safe in current practice compared with a decade ago.

Differentiating the natural and man‐made terraces of Lake Van, Eastern Anatolia, utilizing earth science methods

AbstractThe Fertile Crescent of the Middle East region, embracing Syria, eastern Turkey and Iraq, marks the region where settled agriculture began, and where the landscape has been shaped for millennia by human activities. The lacustrine and fluvial terraces of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene Eras are common geomorphic features in many areas around Lake Van in eastern Turkey, being sustainably used since the Urartian Period (800–400 years bc). Fluctuations in the water levels of Lake Van have resulted in the development of widely distributed natural terraces around the Lake. The undulating slopes of these terraces have limited their cultivation, however, leading people to reconstruct terraces as a means for utilizing particular production sites, as anthroscapes (this concept is generally confined to situations where marked differences or deviations from the normal, natural landscapes are attributable to effects/shaping by humans). The region exhibits semiarid climatic conditions and a short crop‐growing season, currently being under the threat of land degradation. Recent mismanagement of these lands as a result of increasing population pressures has led to the degradation of both the natural and the man‐made terraces. Thus, there is an urgent need to conserve and understand the indigenous management and soil quality attributes of these man‐made terraces. To this end, this study examined soil profiles and analysed soil samples for their chemical, physical and mineralogical characteristics, in order to determine the human effects of leaching and/or accumulation. These analyses revealed significant differences between the physical, chemical, microbiological and mineralogical properties of the man‐made/reworked terraces and natural terraces under essentially similar parent materials and environment, thereby providing clues as to the sustainable management of these land surfaces in eastern Turkey. The approaches used in this study provide useful evidence for attempting to explain the historical evolution of land use in similar environments elsewhere, as well as the significance of terraces in combating coastal erosion in lake environments.

Empire of Glass: F. &amp; C. Osler in India, 1840-1930

This paper seeks to give political meaning to the consumption habits of the Maharajas during the late Victorian and Edwardian eras and to engage with the identities this kind of cosumption created in a wider discourse of empire. It will explore how the Birmingham firm of F. & C. Osler, makers of luxury glass objects, developed its market in India during the nineteenth century. It will also outline, as a case study, the firm's advent into the Rajput princely state of Mewar, through a study of the specially commissioned furniture acquired by the Maharanas of Mewar, in order to link material culture and design history in the study of political identity in a post-colonial context.

Challenging the State Orthodoxy

This article examines the analogous views of liberal Chinese rights scholars during the late Qing and post-Mao eras. The author identifies thinkers from both periods who have argued fervently in favour of a rights (rather than duties) based society in which human rights are the birth right of all human beings irrespective of age, gender or class. In both cases, scholars have challenged a predominantly illiberal state orthodoxy on rights, Confucian during the late Qing and Marxist during the current era. Significantly, however, it is only during the contemporary period that liberal rights thinkers have impacted on the official position. Whereas late Qing scholars failed to convince the state to adopt a more universalist, rights-oriented perspective, China’s current crop of rights thinkers are having more success in this regard.

Roman Taste

Clearly a precarious topic, ancient Roman tastes were defined by a combination of ideological and sensory considerations. The ancient sources appear to lead to some confusion as to what defines good or proper taste, and this confusion could represent social conflict in Rome. Exotica and elaborate cookery certainly moved elite Romans away from the tastes and eating practices of their agrarian ancestors and sometimes the distance between those Romans who were able to eat elaborately was quite far over those who could not. Other times, elite culinary difference was expressed though simpler foods or subtle flavor notes. In addition, a number of Roman ingredients have been cited by ancient sources as having popular appeal regardless of their generally repulsive flavor characteristics.This article attempts at an understanding of what constitutes Roman elite taste consciousness, or how Roman taste was motivated by forces outside of physiology such as culture or status. This inquiry assumes that there were two criteria for elite food access. First, a Roman noble needed to have the proper “taste” for elite entitlement. Second, this person needed established culinary resources to sustain his or her elite position. Evidence is gathered from across antiquity, although the period of particular interest to this discussion is the late Republic and early Imperial eras, when social power was concentrating into the hands of a few.