Late Colonial Period Research Articles

O trabalho dos índios numa "terra muito destituída de escravos": políticas indigenistas e políticas indígenas na antiga Capitania de Porto Seguro (1763-1808)

Este artigo analisa a presença e a dinâmica do trabalho indígena na antiga Capitania de Porto Seguro, entre os anos de 1763 e 1808. Apresenta o projeto de colonização reformista elaborado para a referida região, com destaque para o papel dos índios enquanto mão de obra fundamental para alavancar os empreendimentos coloniais. A partir do diálogo com várias correspondências realizadas entre autoridades régias, com relatos de cronistas e viajantes e com outros documentos administrativos, demonstra como o surto econômico experimentado no atual extremo sul da Bahia no fim do período colonial se estruturou em um campo de forças que colocava em embate as políticas indigenistas e as políticas indígenas.

Structures of Power

Mirroring the cross-national variation in how electricity became enmeshed in polities and societies around the world in the twentieth century, within British India, too, the emerging electric systems differed by fuel source, ownership, and usage. This heterogeneity was a product of decentralized authority over electricity to provincial governments and the ambiguous freedoms of indirect colonial rule. Rather than being governed according to any discrete logic of colonial governance, electric systems became terrains in which a variety of views about the proper role of the state in industrial transformation as well as the suitable means to promote economic development were elaborated. In turn the emergent electrical systems shaped both politics and governance in the late colonial period and left a strong imprint on politics after independence. If railroads and canals—the quintessential infrastructural technologies of the colonial state—revealed a uniform sense of the state as a particular kind of engine of “development,” the far more messy political economy of electrification displayed a mixed understanding of both governance and the state’s role in the economy.

The Meaning of Intertextuality in Lee Yong Ak’s Poetry - Focusing on the Poems from the late Japanese Colonial Period to the Liberation Era -

The Meaning of Intertextuality in Lee Yong Ak’s Poetry - Focusing on the Poems from the late Japanese Colonial Period to the Liberation Era -

Living the Hiplife: Celebrity and Entrepreneurship in Ghanaian Popular Music by Jesse Weaver Shipley (review)

HIPNESS, JAZZ Living the Hiplife: Celebrity and Entrepreneurship in Ghanaian Popular Music. By Jesse Weaver Shipley. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013. [xiii, 329 p. ISBN 9780822353669. $25.] Music examples, illustra- tions, notes, bibliography, index.Living the Hiplife is a well-balanced ethno- graphic account of the current music scene in Ghana. This work is part of a series of publications that provide an up- dated perspective on Ghanaian highlife music since the seminal work of John Collins in the 1990s (Highlife Time [Accra, Ghana: Anansesem Publications, 1996]). Nathan Plageman's recent book, Highlife Saturday Night, for example, looks at the emergence of highlife music in the 1940s and 1950s within the context of the cre- ation of urban middle class life, ideals, and aesthetics during the late colonial period in Ghana (Highlife Saturday Night: Popular Music and Social Change in Urban Ghana [Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2012]). The present work looks at the most recent evolution of highlife music, hiplife, which the author Jesse Weaver Shipley dis- tinguishes as a popular music genre that fiases hip-hop sampling, beatmaking, and a rap lyrical flow with older forms of highlife music, Akan story telling, and proverbial oratory (p. 4). In examining this new style of hip-hop music in Ghana, Living the Hiplife is also an important addition to the emerging body of scholarship on African forms of hip-hop, and it is among the first group of monographs dedicated to a partic- ular African hip-hop tradition (see Brad Weiss, Street Dreams and Hip Hop Barbershops: Global Fantasy in Urban Tanzania [Bloom- ington: Indiana University Press, 2009]; and Eric Charry ed., Hip Hop Africa: New African Music in a Globalizing World [Bloom- ington: Indiana University Press, 2012]).Although its title might indicate that it was written for ethnomusicologists, Shipley is actually an anthropologist, and his book rather presents an ethnographic account of music in contemporary Ghana, through the eyes of its stars, groups, and producers. Thus, instead of transcriptions and music analysis, the author takes an artist-centered approach through the use of interviews and anecdotes that highlight contemporary issues in Ghanaian music, such as transculturation, gender, dig- ital media, culture, and urbaniza- tion. The author also analyzes several song texts to uncover the use of parody and hu- mor to make oblique political and social commentaries. Shipley presents hiplife as being simultaneously global-incorporating the latest fashions in international hip-hop music and culture-and local, through its use of Twi and pidgin English, both lingua francas in southern Ghana and among Ghanaian immigrant communities. This last feature distinguishes hiplife sonically from similar-sounding musics coming out of the African diaspora.The first two chapters outline the emer- gence of hiplife music from earlier forms of highlife during the 1990s within the con- text of a period of extensive rural-urban migration in Ghana, when young people left their hometowns in greater numbers for the capital, Accra, or eventually even abroad, in search of modern careers out- side of agriculture. Some migrants formed a new middle class of western-educated Christian civil servants, teachers, and sol- diers, whose regular salaries allowed them to become the primary consumers of mass media, including radio and television pro- grams, as well as records and audio cas- settes. More germane to this work are those migrants who came to Accra in search of new artistic opportunities; their voices are represented in the book by several strug- gling young artists whom Shipley meets in Accra pursuing their dreams within the tough economic demands of big-city life. Over the years, all of these urban migrants have come in contact with other black music styles from the Caribbean and Latin America, via recordings, which have regu- larly provided new sources of musical inspi- ration to highlife musicians. …

Feeding the Needy Student

Towns and cities have always been sites of attraction not only as centers of trade and commerce, seats of administration and power centers but also providing facilities for health and education. This is especially true of post-colonial nations such as India, marking differences between rural and urban areas in many significant ways. The late colonial and early post-colonial periods experienced widespread social change and witnessed a surge in rural students seeking formal education in locales far away from their places of origin—be they villages or small towns. While their families may have been relatively immobile, the children (usually, male) were made to find sponsorship for temporary migration and hospitality among the urban dwellers. With urbanization, many such practices of sponsorship and serving as hosts to needy students have since disappeared. This paper is an attempt to present an “auto-ethnographic” account of some of the practices of hosting students in and around Bangalore, South India.

Calm between the storms? Patterns of political violence in Somalia, 1950–1980

This article explores the uses of organized violence in Somali politics from the late colonial period up to 1980, an era that – on the surface, at least – appears relatively free of political violence compared to both previous and ensuing decades. After considering critical historical and contextual background, the analysis proposes a typology of political violence in Somalia. It then maps the trends in political violence from 1950 to 1980, looking for patterns of continuity and change, and offering possible explanations for these patterns.

Five Words: Critical Semantics in the Age of Shakespeare and Cervantes by Roland Greene (review)

Roland Greene. Five Words: Critical Semantics in the Age of Shakespeare and Cervantes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013. Pp. ccxxiv + 210. $35.00. It would take far more than a few words to justice to Roland Greene's Five Words: Critical Semantics in the Age of Shakespeare and Cervantes given the broad scope of its subject. Five Words's erudition and scope are indisputable as it draws on a vast store of sources ranging from Cicero to Philip Sidney, Antonio Viera to the Inca Garcilaso, to mention Shakespeare and Cervantes. Greene explores five words (invention, and world) based on the key role they play in the early modern dedicating a chapter to each. According to Greene, these terms do carry obvious ideological marks but instead seem natural, neutral, and quotidian. Invention, language, resistance, blood, and world are words that early modern people only thought through but lived with (5). In Five Words each of these terms becomes an actor in a turbulent of change in the collective history of Europe and the Americas, a in which the vested interests of colonialism radically change the literary landscape. One of the most surprising aspects of Greene's work consists of its departure from both past and current approaches to literature. The introduction makes clear that it is not charting semantic developments as a linguist would, but trying to make tangible what is often abstract and obscure (8). Greene further proposes such an approach as a model to follow, one that can be applied to terms other than the ones he explores in his own study. How this might be accomplished is self-evident, as his discussion moves effortlessly from one text to another suggesting a fluid approach to his subject, one that is bound by any strict methodology. Readers may so much consider other terms as dwell on those that Greene himself chooses to examine. For example, how does a term such as figure in texts such as Cervantes' Lafuerza de la sangre (which he briefly mentions) or Pedro Calderon de la Barca's El medico de su honra, works that exemplify the complex conflicts arising from questions of blood understood as both substance and metaphor during the early modern period? The suggestive power of focusing on a few, individual terms, is one of Five Words's greatest strengths. Whether future studies beyond Greene's own scholarship replicate such an approach remains to be seen; Five Words describes this approach as oblique and the questions Greenes introduction raises are worthy of investigation. Nonetheless, it is difficult to imagine how to respond to them without historicizing them; to examine how people in Europe and the Americas in the early modern conceived of their relationship to the past and present necessarily requires a contextual framework. In contrast, while Five Words engages the politics of the particularly the vested interests of transatlantic ventures, the singularity of language in literary discourses remains its primary focus. For example, Greene's reading of the role the word plays in both Fernando de Rojas's La Celestina and the Inca Garcilaso's Comentario reales is both subtle and persuasive as he makes the argument that as word and concept is recognizable as modern. Like revolution, it becomes part of a vocabulary that imagines and emplots the political developments of the Enlightenment and the late colonial period (78). Less persuasive is the claim that little has been said about resistance as a historical and imaginative concept of the early modern period, given the profound changes in Hispanist scholarship ever since Americo Castro published Historia de los heterodoxos espanoles in 1956 and many others since (78). …

Alfonso W. Quiroz Norris (1956–2013)

Alfonso W. Quiroz Norris (1956–2013)

The school in the state and the state in the school: the social re-production of education systems in a mobile modernity

Schools offer powerful scope for viewing and comprehending the wider society in which they are produced and replicated. The ways in which schools are structured, positioned, funded, managed, appreciated, critiqued, cared for and neglected, presents us with a means for seeing beyond the rhetoric of a nation state to the lived realities faced by its citizens. In this paper I want to link the development of Australian educational policies to shifts in socio-cultural thought and practice that reflect and reproduce a mobile modernity. I am interested in school funding policies as they relate to the private, or non-government education sector from the late colonial period to these so-called neo-liberal/late modern times. The interrogated scenes shift about amongst a complex of interrelated fields, from the urban to the rural, the public and the private, as well as the primary, secondary and tertiary layers of educational “offerings”. The periodization reveals a loosening of commitments to a secular, state-centred, welfare-focused modernity, towards a privatizing, individualizing “second modernity”. Drawing from a range of empirical studies of school choice I highlight the shifting ideas and practices of those involved in the re-production of both public and private schools either as professionals/workers in the system, or as “consumers” of the products available in education’s “quasi-markets”.

Sons of Soil, Sons of Steel: Autochthony, Descent and the Class Concept in Industrial India

AbstractInspired by E. P. Thompson's modelling of class as the contingent outcome of historical processes, this paper explores how autochthony and descent came to inform the boundaries of industrial workforces in the Indian steel towns of Jamshedpur and Rourkela. We suggest that if class is a historical object, then it relates to other forms of power and identity in ways that question the use of rigid analytic typologies. In the private sector Tata company town of Jamshedpur, an industrial working class was constructed during the late colonial period from labour migrants, whose employment became heritable within families. In the public sector Rourkela Steel Plant, founded in the mid-twentieth century, the politics of ethno regionalism coincided with state development policy to inform employment reservation for autochthons. Through a historical analysis of urbanization, migration and employment policy, we consider how elite workforces that bound themselves according to the principles of autochthony and descent were formed in the social laboratories of India's steel towns. We suggest that such processes demand a class concept that engages more subtly with the work of E. P. Thompson.

Stepping into the Newsreel: Melodrama and Mobilization in Colonial Korean Film

As part of a project on melodrama in Korean film, this article examines the ways that films from the late colonial period (1937–1945) blurred the traditional boundaries between newsreel documentary and fictional features in an attempt to suture the film spectator into the cinematic representation of what Andre Bazin called, in relation to the newsreel, “total history.” Drawing on theoretical discussions of sentimentality and melodrama, the article compares the earlier fictional film to the wartime film Korea in order to trace how melodrama was transformed through its incorporation into political propaganda. It discusses how narrative cinematic techniques such as point of view, shot/reverse shot, and crosscutting allowed Korea Strait to draw the viewer into spectacles of mobilization that were formerly represented through the more anonymous mass medium of the newsreel documentary. The remainder of the article touches on the films and , discussing how the interpretive excess enabled by melodrama remained visible after the hybridization of fictional film and newsreel, primarily through the disjuncture between the films’ melodrama narratives and their spectacles of mobilization. In conclusion, the article suggests that the gradual elimination of any narrative excess in 1940s films reflects an apprehension about the multiple codings, identifications, and interpretations enabled through the combination of melodrama narrative with political propaganda.

Form of Existence and Socio-Political Trends of the Ethnic Chinese Living in Busan in the Colonial Period

Ethnic Chinese who have entered into Korean peninsula in the first half of the 20th century have repeated an exodus escaping to China and coming back to Korea whenever there aredomestic or international political ups and downs. However, they have been living in our society as a minor and a stranger in us based on their unique diligence and distinct business ability from the colonial period to the present day. Migration and settlement of ethnic Chinese who were the ‘Diaspora in the Northeast’ in the 20th century is an issue that can be reappeared in any time in accordance with the changes of situation in Northeast Asia accompanied by the unification of Korean peninsula. This is the very fact that the importance and necessity to study the lives of Chinese, not only those who are currently living in Korea, but also those who had lived during the colonial period, raised. This paper can confirm the following things about ethnic Chinese lived in Busan. First, there were about 300 Chinese during the Japanese colonial period on average. This was less than 1% of the whole Chinese population of 42,275 in Korea. However, Chinese in Busan had land equivalent to that of in Incheon, and paid twice more business taxes than those in Gunsan in which there were similar number of Chinese. In addition, in the midst of reduced influences of Chinese due to Manbosan incident in 1931, economic power of Chinese merchants had not been diminished to the extent of having five and six fabric stores in Busanpossessed by Chinese; such as Dukchuihwa and Youpungdeok in 1934. Second, Chinese merchants in Busan who had the influences were mostly from Guandong or southern part of China. Those from Shandong were fallen behind in terms of sustainability of economic activities due to the small scaled capital. Youpungdoek(裕豊德), who were the representative figure of Shandong merchants, distinguished himself since the late 1920s. As can be seen from this, leadership of merchants from Guandong and southern parts of China was solidified and lasted for a long time. Third, in terms of housing situation, 63.7% of Chines in Busan in 1928 lived in old Cheonggwan(淸館) residents (54.5%) and adjacent Youngjujeong(9.15%). The rest were scattered in Busan city. They had better conditions than Korean in terms of housing and economics. This can be seen from the fact that they paid 10 times more house tax than Korean. 75% of them were lending other’s houses. 54.8% of them were lending houses from Japanese. Thus, there must be a significant amount of burden for them to pay the rent for the houses. Economic supremacy of Chinese in Busan can naturally become a subject of jealousy from Korean. As a result, an anti-Chinese protest had occurred in Busan in July 1931 and caused damages. Fourth, from 1933 to 1934, their economic activities had significantly been reduced and fabric stores had to close up their stores or changed the business into restaurants. This was not just a phenomena limited in Busan, but a nationwide one. The one who represented Busan in Seoul meeting for organizing Yeoseon Central Store Association(旅鮮中華商會聯合會) in February 1938 was a person named Yang Mo Min(楊牟民), who runs a high class Korean-style restaurant called Bongraegak. The fact that he was representing Busan symbolically presented the collapse of Guandong merchants and surfacing of Shandong merchants. At the late colonial period, Chines in Busan had to force into praise Japan. As a result, they were demanded the friendship between Japan, Manchuria and China at Yongdu Mountain Shrine. They had become a subject of surveillance and suspicion despite the cooperation. They sometimes had to face difficult times to be violated their property right in the process.

‘Ties that would Divide’: Explaining the NU’s Exit from Masyumi in 1952

This article explains the political and historical roots of the making of Muslim political identities in Indonesia. It seeks to answer the question: why Muslim communities in Indonesia are inclined to grouping in such social differences between traditionalist (NU) and modernist (Muhammadiyah) organizations. These two organizations emerged as a model of social division based on religio-cultural groupings of Indonesian Muslims that emerged during the process of national identity construction in the late colonial period. Concerned with the historical development of Islamic organizations in the post-independent Indonesia, this article specifically examines the role of Masyumi in creating both unity and conflict in Muslim society, which occurred in the 1950s. However, this article’s principal explanation for the emergence of Muslim cleavages is the subsequent moment of elite conflict in response to the most important political development in Indonesia: the first national elections in 1955.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v19i2.363

El comercio tipográfico matritense en México durante el siglo XVIII

Después de mediados del siglo XVIII, y como correlato transatlántico del apoyo que Carlos IIIdaría a las artes y las industrias peninsulares,surgió entre los impresores de América la preocupación por dotar de mejores insumos sus oficinas tipográficas, hecho que pronto se hizoevidente en las ediciones novohispanas. En elpresente ensayo se presenta una serie de hallazgos –la muestra latinoamericana de letras másantigua que se conoce hasta el momento ynumerosos documentos de archivo inéditos–que posibilita la reconstrucción de un circuitocompleto de compra de material tipográfico porparte de la imprenta de la familia Jáuregui, afinales del periodo colonial. Dichos documentos permiten aproximarnos a la cultura impresamexicana desde la faceta material y estética,considerando además elementos comercialespara adentrarnos en algunas prácticas promocionales y laborales de los talleres locales, aspectos del mundo editorial americano de los queaún tenemos poca información.

Islam, Nationalism and Democracy: A Political Biography of Mohammad Natsir

As Indonesia's leading Muslim politician in the second half of the 20th century, Mohammad Natsir (1908-1993) went from heading the country's first post-independence government and largest Islamic political party to spending years in rebellion and in jail under the Soekarno regime. After initially welcoming Soekarno's overthrow in 1965, he became one of the most outspoken critics of the successor Suharto government's increasingly autocratic rule. Natsir's copious writings stretch from his student days in the late colonial period, when his debates with Soekarno over the character of Indonesian nationalism first attracted public attention, to the years immediately preceding his death when his trenchant criticisms brought him the enmity of the Suharto regime. They reveal a man struggling to harmonise his deep Islamic faith with his equally firm belief in national independence and democracy.

Mexican Instauration: Devotion and Transformation in New Spain

‭This article interrogates the devotional histories and archival evidence related to Our Lady of Angels in Tecaxic and Tlatelolco. Both Marian paintings survived lengthy periods of neglect and dilapidated shrines. Throughout the late colonial period, the Franciscan Order and church elites exploited the notions of “incorruptibility” and “ruined spaces” in their desire to regulate piety and rogue religiosity. (In)corruptibility delineated the divine and sanctioned official intervention. Yet official support never proved enough—both histories draw our attention to the politics of patronage and the complex task of renovation and instauration; they ultimately demonstrate the instability of sanctuary structures and the precarious nature of icon devotion.‬

A Time of Normalcy

This article explores the idyllic portrait of a colonial estate depicted in the life narratives of former Javanese estate workers. The recollections of former workers do not reflect the existing narratives of plantation life and work on Sumatra’s colonial plantations, but provide a different perspective on the colonial estate. The memories of estate life in the late colonial period recorded here provide an opening to explore how and why these elderly narrators engage the colonial past.

Rods and Reels: Social Clubs and Political Culture in Early Pennsylvania

Through the story of Philadelphia's dancing and fishing clubs, this article explores the intersection of elite Anglo-American social institutions, gender relations, and political culture in the late colonial and early national periods. These exclusive, invitation-only organizations provide a case study and window onto the shifting relationship between elite sociability and politics across the period. From the clubs' origins in the 1730s and 1740s through their function on the eve of the Seven Years' War to their careers in the early republic, their position and composition suggest that they evolved from integral components of colonial political culture to something more insularly social—from the auxiliaries of governance and diplomacy to their counterpoint. This trajectory shows that one way in which local men of wealth and lineage may have adapted to the gendered, ethnic, and political challenges fired in the forge of imperial crisis, revolution, nation making, and democratization was by closing their social ranks.

Marriage in Córdoba City (Argentina) in the Late-Colonial and Early-Independent Periods

Married couples in Córdoba City (Argentina) were studied from the census data of 1778, 1795, 1813, 1822, and 1832. Homogamy regarding ethnic group, juridical status, and the title “Don/Doña” was analyzed through contingence coefficients as well as inbreeding and mate preferences among lineages, using the isonymy and repeated pair methods. Class endogamy was revealed in all groups and homogamy was found for various characteristics. The inbreeding was low, but repeated pairs of surnames indicated associated family lines in the Spanish group. A temporal analysis showed that both indicators were higher in times of sociopolitical instability.

Historical temporality of Song Young's plays in the late colonial period

Historical temporality of Song Young's plays in the late colonial period