Late 1980s To Early 1990s Research Articles

Anomalous ecosystem dynamics following the apparent collapse of a keystone forage species

MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 553:185-202 (2016) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11761 Anomalous ecosystem dynamics following the apparent collapse of a keystone forage species Kenneth T. Frank1,2,*, Brian Petrie1, Daniel Boyce2, William C. Leggett2 1Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Ocean Sciences Division, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada 2Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada *Corresponding author: kenneth.frank@dfo-mpo.gc.ca ABSTRACT: Major groundfish populations in the western Atlantic north of Georges Bank/Western Scotian Shelf experienced near-total population collapses beginning in the late 1980s-early 1990s. Explosive increases in the abundance of their pelagic fish and invertebrate prey (notably capelin, sand lance, herring, shrimp and snow crab) generally followed. However, several investigators have concluded, based on the results of annual acoustic surveys, that the lightly exploited capelin stock in the Newfoundland/Labrador (NL) region experienced a sudden 6.8 Mt (98%) decline in biomass from 1990 to 1991 coincident with the groundfish collapse. Given the enormity, duration and unexpected nature of this decline, it was characterized as a collapse. The contrasting response of this capelin stock to the groundfish collapse relative to other North Atlantic (NA) ecosystems prompted us to undertake systematic analyses of the NL ecosystem. The reported capelin collapse in NL should have induced significant responses of trophically linked species, as have been reported in other NA ecosystems. We found little evidence of changes in the population abundance, diet and condition of marine mammals, cod, seabirds and zooplankton, in indexes of the areal occupancy and spawning biomass of capelin, or of environmental effects. These results strongly support the hypothesis that the reported collapse did not occur. Profound seasonal distribution changes, a fixed in time and space acoustic survey in a restricted portion of the distributional range of capelin, and the possibility that NL capelin stock has become less migratory provide a more robust and consistent explanation of the observations. KEY WORDS: Forage fish · Stock collapse · Ecosystem response · North Atlantic · Acoustic surveys · Migration Full text in pdf format Supplementary material PreviousNextCite this article as: Frank KT, Petrie B, Boyce D, Leggett WC (2016) Anomalous ecosystem dynamics following the apparent collapse of a keystone forage species. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 553:185-202. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11761 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 553. Online publication date: July 14, 2016 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2016 Inter-Research.

On the assessment of the reproductive capacity of eastern Baltic cod Gadus morhua callarias (Gadidae) by ichthyoplankton data

Annual egg production in eastern Baltic cod Gadus morhua callarias in 1966–2000 has been assessed. A significant relationship between egg production and recruitment, progeny survival index, and 11psu-isohaline depth has been revealed. Comparison of egg production and spawning stock biomass indices has shown the time difference in their maxima and the absence of significant correlation between them. This difference is assumed to be due to an increase in the share of mature individuals that did not participate in spawning in the late 1970s–early 1980s. The determination of potential egg production, taking into account the share of individuals that spawn during the current year, yielded a significant positive relationship between its value and spawning stock biomass.

The republic of historians: historians as nation-builders in Estonia (late 1980s–early 1990s)

The restoration of the Estonian Republic in late 1980s and early 1990s can be described as the construction of ‘the Republic of Historians’. A great many founders and leaders of the newly independent republic had received their education from the Department of History at the University of Tartu, and first gained their public renown as leaders of the national heritage movement and publicists on historical issues. The whole of the period, often called the ‘new era of awakening’, was characterized by an ideology of restoration, worked out by politically minded historians and historically minded political dissidents. In essence, all the political steps taken were motivated by a desire to return to pre-war laws, traditions, and institutions – to rehabilitate and restitute everything that had been destroyed or condemned to oblivion in the Soviet period. The major role of historical arguments and restoration ideology in the Estonian independence movement was not without several important sociopolitical consequences, especially in the realm of citizenship and property policy, which departed from a strict idea of legal continuity.

The History of a Mother Factory

IntroductionThe term 1 is widely used in the Japanese industry. Every year, an increasing number of articles referencing appear in the Japanese mass media. Moreover, academic research, particularly in the international business domain, also uses the term. When the Japanese production system began to garner attention in the 1980s and its advantages were realized, became known as the organization that facilitated the transfer of that system (Yamaguchi, 1996). Since that time, the term has been used in academic research outside of Japan as well (Liker, Fruin, & Adler, 1999).However, the term has never been clearly defined and is used in many ways. For example, articles in the Japanese mass media have variously described as a factory that acts as parent for developing production technologies and human resources and strengthens the function of guiding and controlling overseas factories, 2 a factory that engages in product development or product prototyping, creates prototypes of new products, and leads other mass production plants in development of the latest manufacturing technologies,3 and a factory that develops new technologies and transfers them to overseas factories.4 Because the term has diverse meanings, it is likely to be used differently in the Japanese mass media, Japanese academic research, and non-Japanese academic research. 5 However, no studies have examined the differences in the usage of the term. Unless such differences are clarified, use of the term without common agreement on its meaning could lead to misunderstandings.This study identifies the different usage of the term in the Japanese mass media, Japanese academic research, and non-Japanese academic research and concludes that difference exists in the way each of these three groups defines the mother factory. Initially, all three groups commonly held to the definition of mother factory as a unit that continuously supports overseas factories; however, over time, all but those in Japanese academic research departed from this original meaning.Usage of the Term Mother Factory in the Japanese Mass MediaFirst, let us examine the usage of the term in Japanese newspapers and magazines. We used newspaper company's database6 to search the number of articles each year that used this term.7 Figure 1 presents the results of this search while Table 1 indicates when the term was first mentioned and the company that was being referenced. Based on these results, it can be seen that has been widely used since it appeared in the newspaper in 1983 for the first time. We consider four periods: between 1980s and early 1990s, between the late 1990s and early 2000s, late 2000s, and since 2010. Below, we more closely examine the usage of the term in each of these periods.The early days (1980s-early 1990s)Mother was initially used to denote a unit that continuously supports overseas factories as technology center. It first appeared in an article on Stanley Electric Co., Ltd., where mother factory was described as a model factory for overseas factories. Until 1992, was most commonly mentioned in relation to Honda Motor (eight articles), where mother factory was described as a unit that transfers company's production system to overseas factories,8 a unit that transmits Japan's superior production technologies to overseas factories as needed, 9 and a unit that provides guidance as needed for improving the productivity and quality of overseas factory lines.10 In other words, the initial meaning of the term in the Japanese mass media was a unit that continuously supports overseas factories as model factory.The second period (Late 1990s-early 2000s)However, the meaning of the term changed during the second period. …

ЗМІНА СТИЛІВ ЖИТТЯ У ПОСТРАДЯНСЬКІЙ РОСІЇ: ФЕНОМЕН «КУЛЬТУРНОГО ПРОМІЖКУ»

ЗМІНА СТИЛІВ ЖИТТЯ У ПОСТРАДЯНСЬКІЙ РОСІЇ: ФЕНОМЕН «КУЛЬТУРНОГО ПРОМІЖКУ»

Using Innovative Pedagogies in the Classroom

It can be difficult to interest students in academic topics if they have no prior exposure to or experience of the subject. The authors introduce and discuss a pedagogic innovation designed to trigger interest in entrepreneurship and ‘enterprise culture’. They use fiction in the form of Gothic context and the vampire motif to move the student through Bloom's cognitive levels of learning. The vampire is a mythic creature spawned from the deepest recesses of folkloric imagination. The entrepreneur might be seen in a similar light. The authors therefore explore these ‘Byronic heroes’ and vampirism as heuristic devices to help re-story and better understand entrepreneurial processes and narratives. They demonstrate that there are elements of enterprise discourse in contemporary narratives and images of vampires. The analysis is based on observations of the late 1990s early 2000s teenage television serial ‘Buffy the Vampire Slayer’, which retains its popular and academic cult status. Through the identification of the familiar (vampires and Buffy) as examples of the entrepreneurial construct, the unfamiliar (the construct of entrepreneurship) is made more accessible because both students and faculty approach it from a shared understanding rather than from a position of inequality. Themes of morphology and transformation emerge, but the paper's main contribution lies in its account of a novel way of teaching entrepreneurship to a new generation of students. It offers insights into making entrepreneurship more interesting for students and so into developing an entrepreneurial mindset. At the same time, the process allows for discussion of how the student has become aware of the concepts of entrepreneurship, thus facilitating knowledge in a non-threatening way.

Some data on the characteristics of the geomagnetic field at the Gauss–Matuyama magnetic chron boundary from the Pirnuar section, West Turkmenistan

Extremely scarce data have been published on the structure of the geomagnetic field during the Gauss and early Matuyama chrons until recently. Only a few papers contain information about the characteristics of the field during the Gauss–Matuyama reversal, derived by studying the terrestrial sediments. This motivated us to revisit the paleomagnetism of the sedimentary rocks of Akchagyl age in the section of the Pirnuar Valley in West Kopet Dag, for the first time studied by us in the late 1960s–early 1970s. These rocks are the analog of the top Piacenzian–bottom Gelasian and span the mentioned time interval. The reanalysis was conducted with the use of the state-of-the-art paleomagnetic techniques and modern magnetostratigraphic timescale. We have studied a number of the characteristics which enabled us to distinguish the rocks whose remanence is most likely to have a depositional origin. Based on the paleomagnetic characteristics of these rocks, we reconstructed the structure of the paleomagnetic field for the studied interval (~270 ka) of the initial stage of the Gauss–Matuyama reversal and revealed the excursions at the final and initial stages of the Gauss and Matuyama chrons. This analysis has significantly updated the time constraints of the rock sedimentation in the studied section and supported the locations of the virtual geomagnetic pole during the reversal, obtained previously.

Housework and constructing socialism in the USSR according to time-use surveys

After the October Revolution, the transformation of gender relations was placed at the heart of the Bolshevik project to build socialism in Russia. New ways of organizing domestic life, the workforce and society as a whole would transform relations between men and women. In order for women to play the same part as men in the productive sphere and in social activities, it would be necessary to relieve them from housework, by transferring domestic tasks to collective services. What was the situation in reality? Data produced by the family time-budget surveys carried out in the Soviet Union in the early 1920s and then in the late 1960s-early 1970s provides information allowing us to compare the reality of gender relations with official discourse in Soviet Russia.

Gene expression regulation: lessons from noncoding RNAs.

Gene expression regulation: lessons from noncoding RNAs.

Time trends and congener profiles of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PBDEs in Baltic herring off the coast of Finland during 1978–2009

In Finland, consumption of Baltic fatty fish may lead to high exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which might have hazardous health effects. Monitoring of POPs in Baltic fish enables the health authorities to keep dietary advice on fish consumption up to date. In this study, which is a compilation of analytical data from earlier studies, time trends and congener profiles of polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) and biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Baltic herring are reported. Altogether 344 samples of Baltic herring from 1978–2009 were collected across the Finnish coast of the Baltic Sea. The chemical analysis was performed in an accredited testing laboratory with high resolution gas chromatography mass spectrometry. During the 31-year period, PCDD/F and PCB concentrations decreased on approximately 80%, from approximately 20 to 5pg/gfw, expressed as WHO2005 TEQ. The PBDE concentrations experienced a 4–10 fold increase during late 1980s–early 1990s, and declined to 1978s levels of approximately 2ng/gfw by 2009. The current concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs in Baltic herring are relatively low, and mostly below EU maximum accepted levels, and are expected to continue decreasing. In the future, it may be possible to re-evaluate the consumption restrictions for this specific Baltic fatty fish.

Law and Development: 40 Years after Scholars in Self Estrangement - A Preliminary Review

Noting that 2014 is the 40th anniversary of the publication of Scholars in Self-Estrangement, the author looks at the field of law and development during these four decades. In a preliminary report, he reviews the critique outlined in Scholars and the claim that its publication killed the field it was designed to save. While acknowledging that the field had lost momentum by 1980 he argues that the decline occurred not because of the article but because the field lost the support of development agencies before it could establish a secure place in the academy. Noting that the field revived in the late 1980s-early 1990s, he observes that conditions for law and development scholarship are much better today and there is a proliferation of research much of which has avoided errors pointed to in Scholars. This proliferation has enriched the field but at the price of fragmentation: the field has split into a number of “sub-disciplines” that do not always communicate with one another. The article scans the field in the 21st Century, noting the influence of new ideas about development which stress experimentation and local variation in policy. These, combined with a better understanding of the embeddness of local legal systems and the limits of legal transplants demands more attention to local context and variation. Looking to the future, the author concludes that if law and development is to produce useable knowledge the separate aspects of the field should be better integrated, more attention paid to local variation and context in law and policy, research capacity in the Global South enhanced, and North-South communication improved.

Abstract P446: External Validation Of The CAMUNI Score, A Long-term Cvd Prediction Equation For Low-incidence Populations.

Aims: We assess the external validation, on a “new” set of subjects, of the CAMUNI 20-year risk score, developed in a northern Italian population. Although an external validation analysis is recommended before adopting a score in clinical practice, it is rarely performed in long-term prediction equations as it requires similar long-term follow-up procedures in different cohort studies. Methods: The CAMUNI risk score was developed to estimate the 20-year risk of first coronary or ischemic stroke event, fatal or non-fatal, in 5247 (2574 men) 35-69 subjects free of CVD at baseline enrolled in late 1980s-early 1990s in Brianza, northern Italy (derivation set). The score is based on two gender-specific Cox models, including age, total- and HDL-cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, anti-hypertensive treatment, cigarette smoking and diabetes. As validation set, we considered 5307 (2418 men) subjects enrolled in the Rome area in the same time span (MATISS Study). Both the derivation and the validation cohorts shared the same procedures for baseline risk assessment and follow-up procedures, including MONICA definition of acute events. We evaluated the performance of the CAMUNI score in the validation set; the Framingham CVD risk score was used for comparison. The absolute predicted risk from both scores was re-calibrated to the 20-year risk observed in the validation set. We report the calibration slope as a measure of calibration; a value different from 1 is suggestive of a different strength in predictor effects. The Area Under the ROC-curve (AUC) measured the discrimination ability; the AUC in the validation set was compared to the value in the derivation set, corrected for over-optimism. Results: The 20-year Kaplan-Meier risk of event was 16.1% (derivation set; 315 events) and 13.2% (validation set; 238 events) in men, and 6.1% (123 events) and 5.6% (119 events) in women. The calibration slope for the CAMUNI score did not significantly differ from 1 in men (1.1; 95% confidence interval 0.9; 1.2) nor in women (1.0; 0.8;1.2). The Framingham score performed equally well in men (1.1; 0.9; 1.2) but worse in women (1.3; 1.1;1.6). In the derivation set, the over-optimism corrected AUC for the CAMUNI model was 0.737 (men) and 0.801 (women); the corresponding figures in the validation set were 0.732 (95% CI: 0.727-0.738) in men, and 0.801 (0.794-0.808) in women. The Framingham score performed less well in men (0.722; 0.717-0.727) and in women (0.705; 0.699-0.711). Conclusions: Based on these preliminary results, the CAMUNI 20-year risk score seems to be appropriate for long-term risk prediction in Italy and, more generally, in low-incidence populations.

Long-term seasonal variability of water transparency in the surface layer of the deep part of the Black Sea

Basing on the data of long-term observations of the Secchi disk visibility depth (1923–2000) and the beam attenuation coefficient (1978–1995), considered are the main peculiarities of seasonal spatial distribution of transparency and its intraannual and interannual variability in the deep part of the Black Sea. Noted is a decrease in the transparency in the late 1980s-early 1990s. Obtained are the statistic estimates of its seasonal variations for the whole water area of the sea and for cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies. It is demonstrated that the interannual seasonal variations of transparency are basically connected with the interannual dynamics of phytoplankton biomass which is defined with climatic conditions.

TRANSFORMATION OF PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS IN WESTERN SIBERIA WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THE “THAW” DURING LATE 1950s-EARLY 1960s BASED ON MATERIALS OF REGIONAL TRADE UNIONS, PUBLIC ENGINEERING ORGANIZATIONS, AND TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES

The paper studies the changes in the structure, personnel, and areas of practical activity of the trade unions, public engineering organizations and technical and scientific societies in the West Siberian region during late 1950s – early 1960s. The impact of national and regional factors on the transformation content, character, and results is investigated. Objective Analyze the transformation process of public organizations in Western Siberia during late 1950s-early 1960s, revel the characteristic trends and regional specific features. Method or methodology of the study: problem and chronological method, historical-and-systematic method, statistical method. Results: it was established that public organizations experienced certain changes, lost the dependence on government institutions, enlarged the area of activity, but they complementely remained in the field of the party control and operations, did not aquire the proper self-reliance and independence of practical actions. Results application scope : scientific research and preparation of training in the field of historical knowledge. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2218-7405-2013-10-29

Fashioning docile teacher bodies? The strange space of the ‘staff teaching seminar'

For 40 years, the ‘staff teaching seminar’ has aimed to prepare academics to meet the complex demands of university teaching. In Aotearoa/New Zealand (NZ), as elsewhere, the seminar emerged in the late 1960s–early 1970s, and preceded centrally funded academic development (AD) centres. Targeting new academics, the programme typically focused on core activities of university teaching and blended presentations by experienced academics from various disciplines with group activities and plenary discussions. Several decades on, this pedagogical space is plainly recognisable as a core site of AD in NZ today. In order to problematise AD’s ambitions for this site and others like it, this essay refracts past and present versions through the prism of heterotopia. In so doing, we sound a warning about AD’s implication in the inexorable rise of governmentality in our institutions. We also, though, recognise the ways in which the staff teaching seminar eludes such forces.

Long-term changes in coastal zoobenthos in the northern Baltic Sea: the role of abiotic environmental factors

AbstractRousi, H., Laine, A. O., Peltonen, H., Kangas, P., Andersin, A-B., Rissanen, J., Sandberg-Kilpi, E., and Bonsdorff, E. 2013. Long-term changes in coastal zoobenthos in the northern Baltic Sea: the role of abiotic environmental factors – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 440–451. We investigated site-specific changes in a coastal zoobenthic community during 1964–2007 in the northern Baltic Sea. Multivariate analysis indicated that the community structure had changed. The amphipods Monoporeia affinis and Pontoporeia femorata decreased drastically in the late 1970s–early 1980s, and by the early 1990s P. femorata vanished and M. affinis abundance was low. The decline of M. affinis and P. femorata was followed by an increase of the bivalve Macoma balthica and the arrival of the polychaete genus Marenzelleria in the 1990s. Trend analyses showed a rising trend for near-bottom temperature from the late 1960s. There was a significant decline in salinity during the early 1980s, which stabilized during the early 1990s. A negative trend was observed for oxygen concentration during the entire study period. There were interannual variations in the phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations, and a step-like increase in phosphorus concentration at the beginning of the 21st century. The correlations of temperature, salinity, oxygen, total phosphorus and nitrogen with zoobenthic communities were examined using Constrained Correspondence Analysis. Temperature was the most highly correlated explanatory variable for the benthic species. The study highlights the importance of long-term data sets in assessing the state and ecological processes of zoobenthic systems.

Metamaterials and their application in microwaves: A review

A metamaterial is a composite material that has attracted the attention of researchers since the late 1990s-early 2000s. This material contains an artificial periodic structure, which modifies its permittivity and permeability and, thereby, makes it possible to control the dispersion, refraction, and reflection of electromagnetic waves in the metamaterial. Analytical and experimental studies of the properties of metamaterials, as well as their applications, cover a wide frequency range from radio waves to the visible range. In recent years, considerable progress has been made toward the application of these materials in the microwave range (1–100 GHz). Works on development and application of metamaterials in the microwave range published over the last 8–10 years are reviewed. Artificial transmission lines as 1D metamaterials are discussed. Resonators, filters, and phase shifters based on the “metamaterial philosophy” are considered. Special attention is given to the application of metamaterials in the antenna technology.

Using the principle of critical slowing down to discuss the abrupt climate change

In recent years, critical slowing down phenomenon has shown great potentials in disclosing whether a complex dynamic tends to critical cataclysm. Based on the concepts of critical slowing down, the observed data of temperature and the pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) index and the intensity of Aleutian low pressure, which have different noises are processed in this article to study the precursory signals of abrupt climate change. Take the abrupt climate change in the late1970s-early 1980s as an example, then variances and autocorrelation coefficients which can characterize critical slowing down will be calculated separately; the occurring time of precursory signal of abrupt climate change under the noises influence is studied. The results show that the critical slowing down phenomenon appears in the data with different signal-to-noise ratios before the abrupt climate change takes place, which indicates that critical slowing down phenomenon is a possible early warning signal for abrupt climate change and the noise has less influence on the test results for precursory signals of abrupt climate change. Accordingly, it demonstrates the reliability of critical slowing down phenomenon to test the precursory signals of abrupt climate change, which provides an experimental basis for the wide applications of the present method in real observation data.

The Erasure of History in the Remodeling of the Grand Efes Hotel in Izmir

ABSTRACTDesigned and built in the late 1950s—early 1960s, the Grand Efes Hotel in Izmir became both an architectural legacy, tracing distinctive marks of the International Style in Turkey, and a cultural icon, being an integral part of Izmir city life as well as constructing the collective memory of Izmir's city-dwellers. After forty years of active use, its owner decided to remodel the hotel, and the remodeling began in 2006. The hotel reopened in 2008, renamed as the Swissotel Grand Efes, and resumed its role within the daily city life of Izmir. The scope of this study will deal with the issue of remodeling this building within Turkey's modern heritage. It will concentrate on the inevitable distortion of the hotel's spatial and cultural values through the remodeling process, materialized as an intervention to the interior that combines a unique local character with the architectural characteristics of the International Style. Within this framework, the main focus of this study is the analysis of the tension between the transformation and preservation of this historical building.

Special issue on global sourcing of business and IT services

I ncreasing globalization and technological developments have contributed to the growth of the outsourcing and offshoring trends worldwide. These trends started in the late 1980s–early 1990s as Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO). This has been expanding to include Business Processes and Services (BPO), and today also covers a wide range of knowledge-intensive and strategic processes and services. The global IT outsourcing ITO market has increased each year since 1989, when global ITO was only a US$9–$12 billion market. On conservative estimates, looking across a range of reports and studies, global IT outsourcing revenues will probably exceed $290 billion in 2012. With business process outsourcing revenues exceeding $175 billion in the same year, and offshore outsourcing representing more than $85 billion of these combined revenue figures, it is very clear that, with its 20 year plus history, outsourcing of IT and business services is moving into becoming an almost routine part of management, representing for many major corporations and government agencies the greater percentage of their back office expenditures. Moreover, all projections we have looked at or made suggest continued growth over the next 5 years (2012–2016). Our own synthesis of the reports from Everest, Gartner, NASSCOM and IDC suggests that ITO global growth will be in the range of 5–8% per annum, with business process outsourcing rising by 8–12% per annum, and, subsumed within these, offshore outsourcing growing at an even faster annual rate. Client organizations continue to have a strong appetite for contracting with domestic, offshore and global BPO providers, and offshoring remains strong despite some reshoring pressures in developed countries. The year 2011 saw slowing of BPO growth in many markets with a pick up later into 2012. Some, but by no means all, are now experiencing growth rates above 12% per annum. In practice, offshoring and outsourcing often retain their scale through recessionary as well as growth periods, making them attractive businesses for growing economies. A highly competitive global services market presents opportunities and revenues for countries able to offer the right mix of strong cost, reliable service and secure location. The growth of outsourcing and offshoring affects all industries and organizations, and has also attracted the attention of governments and politicians who are frequently found arguing in favour, or against, these phenomena. In Western Europe and North America, opinions are divided between seeing outsourcing as a potential danger, for example, people losing their jobs that are moved offshore, and as potential benefits – lower costs, accessing skills in short supply, supporting increased scale of expanding businesses. In the developing economies – and we have identified over 120 offshore locations for IT and business services – outsourcing and offshoring are usually perceived positively as bringing new business, foreign investment, and facilitating job creation and economic growth in these countries.