Late 19th Century Research Articles

Samuel Wiener’s “Book” Letters to Baron D.G. Günzburg

The article is a publication of two letters from Samuel Wiener, a librarian of the Asian Museum in St. Petersburg in the late 19th century, to the baron David Goratsievich Günzburg, a collector and Orientalist of Jewish origin. The letters were written in Hebrew in 1897–98 and are housed in the Günzburg’s archive at the National Library of Russia. Through the commented translation of the letters into Russian, the article analyzes the subject matter and the level of interaction of Jewish intellectuals in that time: renowned scholars are mentioned (C. Salemann, D. Chwolson, O. Lemm, etc.), books purchased by the baron, in Hebrew and other languages, a problem of delivering these books to St. Petersburg is highlighted. In addition, the letters turn out to be a vivid example of relationship between the scholars, as well as a source of information on the acquisition of personal libraries in the Russian Empire: S. Wiener described in detail what the collectors were “hunting” for and how they competed with each other.

Looking Back When Moving Forward: Researching Sites of Former Disability Institutions

This article discusses an inclusive research program where colleagues and co-researchers (with intellectual disability) guide and inform future research practice to ensure research is targeted to areas of significance and relevance to them. The research program is about sites of former disability institutions. Many people with intellectual disability in Australia were segregated and forced to live in disability institutions until deinstitutionalisation efforts became mainstream in the late 20th Century. We are a team of four people based in New South Wales, Australia. Our team includes disability advocates and researchers who have contributed to a program of research exploring connections between sites of former disability institutions and contemporary disability rights. In this article, we reflect on conversations about our research undertaken so far and where the research goes from here. We explore five pillars of action informing how research relating to disability institutions can progress: 1. Current use: research exploring erasure of experiences of institutionalisation communicated through educational resources and maps about current use of sites of former disability institutions; 2. Reparative planning processes: research developing frameworks for alternative approaches to planning and heritage processes supporting alternative uses of former sites of disability institutions; 3. Official recognition and redress: research exploring perspectives on governments formally recognising and remedying experiences of people with disability who were institutionalised; 4. Community-led repair and remembrance: research identifying practices for both celebrating advocates with disability and reckoning with and repairing familial and social bonds broken through institutionalisation; 5. Community-inclusive practices: research exploring endurance of institutional practices in disability accommodation in community settings. These five pillars are underpinned by three foundational layers: advancing disability human rights; reckoning with intersections between disability institutions and settler colonialism, other dynamics of oppression, and eugenics; and using inclusive practices.

Vibrio cholerae: a fundamental model system for bacterial genetics and pathogenesis research.

Species of the Vibrio genus occupy diverse aquatic environments ranging from brackish water to warm equatorial seas to salty coastal regions. More than 80 species of Vibrio have been identified, many of them as pathogens of marine organisms, including fish, shellfish, and corals, causing disease and wreaking havoc on aquacultures and coral reefs. Moreover, many Vibrio species associate with and thrive on chitinous organisms abundant in the ocean. Among the many diverse Vibrio species, the most well-known and studied is Vibrio cholerae, discovered in the 19th century to cause cholera in humans when ingested. The V. cholerae field blossomed in the late 20th century, with studies broadly examining V. cholerae evolution as a human pathogen, natural competence, biofilm formation, and virulence mechanisms, including toxin biology and virulence gene regulation. This review discusses some of the historic discoveries of V. cholerae biology and ecology as one of the fundamental model systems of bacterial genetics and pathogenesis.

“And They Joined Him in Elphegor”: on the Relationship Between the Romanian Translation of the Palaea Historica and Its Slavonic Model

The Palaea Historica, a Byzantine apocryphal text from the 9th century, was translated into Romanian between the late 16th century and the early 17th century via a Slavonic intermediary. Although the Romanian text was edited and published in full in 2001, recent developments in the academic discussion around the Slavonic version of the Palaea Historica have led to the publication of an edition of the second Slavonic translation in the year 2016, thereby raising the question of whether the Romanian text was solely influenced by the first redaction or not. This study is a continuation of the author’s previous research on the Romanian version’s relationship with the two Slavonic redactions, with more focus being given to grammatical peculiarities and loci obscuri that were highlighted by the editors of the Romanian manuscripts as having been stemmed from the Slavonic text’s influence. These passages are analyzed in comparison with the two Slavonic translations and the Greek original, allowing for a better perspective on how dependent the Romanian grammatical constructions were on their Slavonic model. Finally, this study refers to an onomastic confusion between Abraham’s brother and Abraham’s father, which is avoided or possibly Romanian version.

Encyklopedisten August Strindberg. Fallet Svarta Fanor

Abstract The article is devoted to the late prose of August Strindberg in the context of literary theories related to encyclopedic narratives and modern epic. I argue that Strindberg’s prose after the Inferno-crisis bears all the features of encyclopedic narratives: it has the ambition to sum up the scientific knowledge of the late 19th century, the narratives are formless, excessive, and full of digressions, their pursuit is mimetic completeness, and their form is both monstrous and hybrid. My thesis is illustrated by a close reading of the nine scientific chapters of the novel Black Banners from 1907.

Kia kōrerorero tonu ai: a review of the dialogue at the interface of Indigenous oral tradition and archaeology in Aotearoa New Zealand and Oceania

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the previous theoretical interfaces of Indigenous oral tradition and archaeology in Oceania, specifically in Aotearoa (New Zealand). Historical processes of writing down kōrero, or oral histories, by amateur historians and ethnologists in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, culminated in the romanticised traditions of the early Polynesian society and influenced contemporary archaeological scholarship. In response to criticisms, archaeologists attempted to validate kōrero using Western research methodologies. However, attempts often fell short and processual archaeologists of the mid‐late‐20th century considered oral tradition and archaeology as incapable of cross‐validation. Parallel ethnological scholarship focused on the symbolism in oral histories as indicators of their function in contemporary society or as legitimate forms of recounting actual historical events after critical evaluation. More recent archaeologists use kōrero about the last few centuries like any other historical source. Māori scholars have taken inspiration from previous theoretical arcs to position kōrero in a postmodern space of relative truths or to critically analyse its historical and functional values. The review concludes with how the interface of oral history and archaeology might follow Kaupapa Māori research methodologies and current materialist critiques of dominant settlement pattern theory.

UK mosquitoes are competent to transmit Usutu virus at native temperatures

Usutu virus (USUV) is an emerging zoonotic virus transmitted primarily by Culex mosquitoes. Since its introduction into Europe from Africa during the late 20th century, it has caused mortality within populations of passerine birds and captive owls, and can on occasion lead to disease in humans. USUV was first detected in the UK in 2020 and has become endemic, having been detected in either birds and/or mosquitoes every subsequent year. Importantly, the vector competence of indigenous mosquitoes for the circulating UK (London) USUV strain at representative regional temperatures is still to be elucidated. This study assessed the vector competence of five field-collected mosquito species/biotypes, Culex pipiens biotype molestus, Culex pipiens biotype pipiens, Culex torrentium, Culiseta annulata and Aedes detritus for the London USUV strain, with infection rates (IR) and transmission rates (TR) evaluated between 7 and 28 days post-infection. Infection and transmission were observed in all species/biotypes aside from Ae. detritus and Cx. torrentium. For Cx. pipiens biotype molestus, transmission potential suggests these populations should be monitored further for their role in transmission to humans. Furthermore, both Cx. pipiens biotype pipiens and Cs. annulata were shown to be competent vectors at 19 °C indicating the potential for geographical spread of the virus to other UK regions.

Discussion

An archaeological watching brief was undertaken at the Jedburgh Abbey Rampart during repair and construction works to consolidate and secure the ‘rampart’ wall and its face, both of which had begun to deteriorate and fail. The watching brief followed on from earlier works to investigate the construction of the ‘rampart’, which had revealed the presence of disarticulated skeletal remains behind the wall. The excavations undertaken during the repair works have helped to infer the methods employed for the construction of the ‘rampart’, likely dating to the late 18th century. During construction several burials of the former Low Kirkyard were disturbed and displaced, with the disarticulated remains of several skeletons found within the construction deposits. The watching brief also revealed the remains of five burials that were partially disturbed during construction, with skeletal remains dating from the 15th century onwards. Disturbance to earlier graves, not disturbed by the construction, were also identified, the results of which indicate changing attitudes to skeletal remains through the post medieval and early modern periods.

Abstract

An archaeological watching brief was undertaken at the Jedburgh Abbey Rampart during repair and construction works to consolidate and secure the ‘rampart’ wall and its face, both of which had begun to deteriorate and fail. The watching brief followed on from earlier works to investigate the construction of the ‘rampart’, which had revealed the presence of disarticulated skeletal remains behind the wall. The excavations undertaken during the repair works have helped to infer the methods employed for the construction of the ‘rampart’, likely dating to the late 18th century. During construction several burials of the former Low Kirkyard were disturbed and displaced, with the disarticulated remains of several skeletons found within the construction deposits. The watching brief also revealed the remains of five burials that were partially disturbed during construction, with skeletal remains dating from the 15th century onwards. Disturbance to earlier graves, not disturbed by the construction, were also identified, the results of which indicate changing attitudes to skeletal remains through the post medieval and early modern periods.

Introduction

An archaeological watching brief was undertaken at the Jedburgh Abbey Rampart during repair and construction works to consolidate and secure the ‘rampart’ wall and its face, both of which had begun to deteriorate and fail. The watching brief followed on from earlier works to investigate the construction of the ‘rampart’, which had revealed the presence of disarticulated skeletal remains behind the wall. The excavations undertaken during the repair works have helped to infer the methods employed for the construction of the ‘rampart’, likely dating to the late 18th century. During construction several burials of the former Low Kirkyard were disturbed and displaced, with the disarticulated remains of several skeletons found within the construction deposits. The watching brief also revealed the remains of five burials that were partially disturbed during construction, with skeletal remains dating from the 15th century onwards. Disturbance to earlier graves, not disturbed by the construction, were also identified, the results of which indicate changing attitudes to skeletal remains through the post medieval and early modern periods.

The finds

An archaeological watching brief was undertaken at the Jedburgh Abbey Rampart during repair and construction works to consolidate and secure the ‘rampart’ wall and its face, both of which had begun to deteriorate and fail. The watching brief followed on from earlier works to investigate the construction of the ‘rampart’, which had revealed the presence of disarticulated skeletal remains behind the wall. The excavations undertaken during the repair works have helped to infer the methods employed for the construction of the ‘rampart’, likely dating to the late 18th century. During construction several burials of the former Low Kirkyard were disturbed and displaced, with the disarticulated remains of several skeletons found within the construction deposits. The watching brief also revealed the remains of five burials that were partially disturbed during construction, with skeletal remains dating from the 15th century onwards. Disturbance to earlier graves, not disturbed by the construction, were also identified, the results of which indicate changing attitudes to skeletal remains through the post medieval and early modern periods.

Acknowledgements

An archaeological watching brief was undertaken at the Jedburgh Abbey Rampart during repair and construction works to consolidate and secure the ‘rampart’ wall and its face, both of which had begun to deteriorate and fail. The watching brief followed on from earlier works to investigate the construction of the ‘rampart’, which had revealed the presence of disarticulated skeletal remains behind the wall. The excavations undertaken during the repair works have helped to infer the methods employed for the construction of the ‘rampart’, likely dating to the late 18th century. During construction several burials of the former Low Kirkyard were disturbed and displaced, with the disarticulated remains of several skeletons found within the construction deposits. The watching brief also revealed the remains of five burials that were partially disturbed during construction, with skeletal remains dating from the 15th century onwards. Disturbance to earlier graves, not disturbed by the construction, were also identified, the results of which indicate changing attitudes to skeletal remains through the post medieval and early modern periods.

References

An archaeological watching brief was undertaken at the Jedburgh Abbey Rampart during repair and construction works to consolidate and secure the ‘rampart’ wall and its face, both of which had begun to deteriorate and fail. The watching brief followed on from earlier works to investigate the construction of the ‘rampart’, which had revealed the presence of disarticulated skeletal remains behind the wall. The excavations undertaken during the repair works have helped to infer the methods employed for the construction of the ‘rampart’, likely dating to the late 18th century. During construction several burials of the former Low Kirkyard were disturbed and displaced, with the disarticulated remains of several skeletons found within the construction deposits. The watching brief also revealed the remains of five burials that were partially disturbed during construction, with skeletal remains dating from the 15th century onwards. Disturbance to earlier graves, not disturbed by the construction, were also identified, the results of which indicate changing attitudes to skeletal remains through the post medieval and early modern periods.

Archaeological results

An archaeological watching brief was undertaken at the Jedburgh Abbey Rampart during repair and construction works to consolidate and secure the ‘rampart’ wall and its face, both of which had begun to deteriorate and fail. The watching brief followed on from earlier works to investigate the construction of the ‘rampart’, which had revealed the presence of disarticulated skeletal remains behind the wall. The excavations undertaken during the repair works have helped to infer the methods employed for the construction of the ‘rampart’, likely dating to the late 18th century. During construction several burials of the former Low Kirkyard were disturbed and displaced, with the disarticulated remains of several skeletons found within the construction deposits. The watching brief also revealed the remains of five burials that were partially disturbed during construction, with skeletal remains dating from the 15th century onwards. Disturbance to earlier graves, not disturbed by the construction, were also identified, the results of which indicate changing attitudes to skeletal remains through the post medieval and early modern periods.

Environmental analysis

An archaeological watching brief was undertaken at the Jedburgh Abbey Rampart during repair and construction works to consolidate and secure the ‘rampart’ wall and its face, both of which had begun to deteriorate and fail. The watching brief followed on from earlier works to investigate the construction of the ‘rampart’, which had revealed the presence of disarticulated skeletal remains behind the wall. The excavations undertaken during the repair works have helped to infer the methods employed for the construction of the ‘rampart’, likely dating to the late 18th century. During construction several burials of the former Low Kirkyard were disturbed and displaced, with the disarticulated remains of several skeletons found within the construction deposits. The watching brief also revealed the remains of five burials that were partially disturbed during construction, with skeletal remains dating from the 15th century onwards. Disturbance to earlier graves, not disturbed by the construction, were also identified, the results of which indicate changing attitudes to skeletal remains through the post medieval and early modern periods.

From Modern Ideas-Theories, and Pandemic, Garden-Cities of To-Morrow, and Today

This research delves into the come-back of the garden-cities in the wake of recent pandemic changed urban dynamics and reshaping cities, particularly Istanbul. At the onset of the 20th century, E. Howard's book on Garden-cities of To-morrow and his idealized garden-city models gained global prominence. The Pandemic led to people to rethink their living and working conditions and patterns in a way that had not been considered before. Thus, with the regulations imposed by the pandemic, the people began to look for an airier, and greener lifestyle in nature. Initially in the popularized cities in the late-20th century, first innovative housing models resurfaced on the urban agenda in the context of climate-change concerns, green architecture, and sustainable design. While architectural and urban planning changes have historically revolved around innovative housing models driven by sustainability, the impact of COVID-19 prompted a renewed focus on these old models. The pandemic's effects surpassed initial expectations, became nearly permanent leading people to question old planning theories and the metropolitan life model imposed throughout the 20th century. Presently, with growing awareness of green architecture and renewed interest in historical concepts, E. Howard's garden-city model was the previous century’s phenomenal idea have recently come-back and unexpectedly regained attention following the recent pandemic. These models, widely recognized as English garden-city models in Europe, also found prevalence under different terms like <i>cité-jardins</i> in France and <i>Garten-stadts</i> in Germany. In Istanbul, the model was introduced by European, French, and Italian architects, adapting creating unique model for city, <i>cité-parc</i>, (park-city) Bosphorus-Heights by French architect-urbanist Henri Prost. According to the findings of case-study focused specifically in Istanbul, it is achieved that another unique model a healthy-city concept emerged during the pandemic as a novel derivative of E. Howard’s old garden-city model originally. Consequently, this study proves that not only come-back of the old garden-city models, but also it is possible to their adaptability within contemporary urban agendas, considering such as sustainability and pandemics.

The Portofino Promontory: 200 Years of History of Marine Biology

This paper outlines the history of scientific research developed in the Portofino Promontory, located in the centre of the Ligurian Sea. The chronicles span over two centuries, from the late 18th century to the present day. Portofino is now recognised as one of the best-known areas in the world regarding marine biological communities and their temporal dynamics, particularly in relation to current climate changes. In addition, since 1999, with the establishment of the Marine Protected Area, significant research related to marine environment conservation has developed in Portofino. The role of the University of Genoa, the Natural History Museum, other important institutions, and the researchers involved in the Portofino area has been outlined.

Hemp for health: a historical perspective on the marketing of cannabis-based foods in Sweden

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide the first comprehensive examination of the early cannabis-based food products industry, using Sweden as a case study. Drawing upon historical newspaper articles and advertisements from the Swedish Historical Newspaper Archive, the authors trace the short-lived development of the industry, from the initial exploitation of fears of tuberculosis in the late 19th century, followed by the “boom” in hempseed extract products and the widening of its claimed effects and, finally, increased skepticism and critiques of such products across the popular press in the early 20th century. Design/methodology/approach A rigorous search of the Swedish Historical Newspaper Archive was conducted to gather newspaper articles and advertisements on cannabis-based foods. The collected resources were scrutinized using critical discourse analysis to tease out key discourses at work, particularly around the concepts of health, nutrition and science. Findings The authors find that central to the marketization of cannabis-based foods was the construction of disease based on scientific and medical discourse, fearmongering to create a strong consumer base and individualization to place responsibility on consumers to take action to protect their family’s health. This demonstrates not only the long historical relationship between science and food marketing but also how brands’ health claims could often be fraudulent or overstated. Originality/value It is important to cast a historical lens on the commercialization of cannabis-based food products because demand for similar types of products has rapidly grown over the past decade. Now, just as before, manufacturers tap into consumers’ insecurities about health, and many of the same questions continue to be mooted about products’ safety. Paying greater attention to the broader and problematic history of commercial cannabis can, thus, serve as a reminder for both consumers and policymakers to think twice about whether hemp really is for health and if the claims it espouses are a mirage rather than a miracle.

What were the different roles women played during the American Revolution?

PurposeThrough the approach presented here, the authors created an investigation, utilizing the SOURCES Framework for Teaching with Primary and Secondary Sources, to allow their students to better understand that many people, specifically many dynamic women from diverse backgrounds, played vital roles, individually and collectively, in the fight for independence and, ultimately, the creation of the United States of America.Design/methodology/approachThe SOURCES Framework for Teaching with Primary and Secondary Sources is a framework that was developed to scaffold the learning process for students to replicate that which is done by historians. This approach allows students in the classroom, in a structured manner, to analyze primary and secondary sources in authentic and engaging ways in pursuit of answers to an essential question, and others of interest to each student, regarding historical events, controversy, etc. This process empowers students to think critically, weigh various perspectives and accounts and to develop their own evidence-based response to an essential question that is central to guiding and driving inquiry.FindingsThrough the analysis of primary and secondary sources related to women’s roles and efforts during the American Revolution, students were able to develop their own evidence-based narratives to answer the essential question of “What were the different roles women played during the American Revolution?”Originality/valueThe authors of the manuscript outline a unique approach to teaching students about the importance of women to the independence efforts in the United States during the late 18th century. Teachers of all grade levels and various content can modify and adapt the methods and resources presented here.

The Form of the Multinational Enterprises: The Evolution in the Context of the Functional Analysis of Law

In this article, we identify two recent stages in the evolution of the legal form of multinational enterprises (MNEs): the rise of offshore empires by the late 20th century and the emergence of neo-MNEs in the past decade. We examine the gradual shift in the parameters linked to the economic substance unity of MNEs (Part 1) and those associated with their legal multiplicity (Part 2), within the context of the law’s functional analysis. Our findings have revealed that each MNE’s form developmental stage corresponds to changes in all the selected parameters. Furthermore, we note significant changes in the relationship between the MNE’s legal form and its economic substance. This has led us to conclude that the firm’s size is not a necessary characteristic of the MNEs’ form, but serves as a crucial additional criterion for defining the scope of regulatory measures. Simultaneously, optimization of regulatory burdens including the growing importance of sanction compliance is a key factor of forming the MNEs. The differences between new and old MNEs’ forms are primarily the result of technological transformations, reflecting not only a mismatch but also a fluidity in the economic and legal boundaries of MNEs (Part 3). In conclusion, a comprehensive, cross-sectoral approach is required for the legal form of MNEs. Understanding the specifics of neo-MNEs broadens the search scope for new conceptual solutions. States initiate experimental legal regimes, while entrepreneurs develop quasi-public and quasi-corporate structures based on new technologies and quasi-law (standards, customs, soft law). This approach eventually prompts a reevaluation of the normativity concept