Late 19th Century Research Articles

Nationalism and the Ottoman-Arab Dynamic: From Cultural Renaissance to Political Revolt

This paper delves into the intricate relationship between the Ottoman Empire and its Arab Muslim subjects amidst the backdrop of rising nationalist sentiments during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It traces the historical evolution of Arab nationalism, examining its cultural origins and political dimensions, while also dissecting the Ottoman administration's response to nationalist aspirations. Through an analysis of historical documents, scholarly works, and contemporary accounts, the study illuminates how nationalist movements reshaped the political, social, and cultural dynamics within the empire, leading to increased tensions between the central government and Arab nationalists. The paper highlights key events such as the Tanzimat reforms and the Young Turk Revolution, which exacerbated these tensions, culminating in the Arab Revolt of 1916 supported by the British. It also explores the impact of World War I on Ottoman-Arab relations and the subsequent dissolution of the empire, as reflected in treaties like the Treaty of Sèvres and the Treaty of Lausanne, which paved the way for the establishment of modern Arab states under European mandates. Through a comprehensive examination of historical sources and scholarly literature, the paper elucidates the multifaceted nature of nationalism's influence on the Ottoman Empire's relationship with its Arab Muslim subjects, underscoring its profound and enduring significance in shaping the modern Middle East.

Imaginary Worlds and Child Readers at Kurrajong Heights in the 1890s

ABSTRACT While authors of the late 19th century may have been concerned with the production of a masculinist boy, the borrowing patterns of a group of children at a Sunday-school library in Australia show a far more fluid approach to reading and to gender. The children of the emerging Presbyterian middle class at Kurrajong Heights approached their library with imagination and originality. Girls were interested in the practicalities of work and engineering, while boys inhabited more imaginary worlds. There were staggered and overlapping ideas of what it was to be male or female. Borrowing records introduce the complex and confused world of lower middle-class female authors and their influence in making boys and girls.

Painting as Existential Experience: the Work of the Painter Rimvidas Jankauskas-Kampas

The aim of the article is to study the life and creative work of the famous Lithuanian artist Rimvidas Jankauskas-Kampas in the context of socio-cultural phenomena of the late 20th century. Results. Paintings of Rimvidas Jankauskas-Kampas (1957–1993) give an impression of intriguing, temperamental, obscure and enigmatic creative work. The artist lived for a short time, as his life ended unexpectedly when he was only thirty-five years old. The painter is strongly etched in the memory of his contemporaries, and his personality, as well as creative work are intertwined with things that may not even exist. Nowadays, a lot of people talk about Rimvidas Jankauskas-Kampas and his paintings. This bright personality achieves more and more colourful tones, and is vividly portrayed. Art historians are interested in his artistic legacy. The artistic work of this painter remains a subject of interest and discussion among artists and art critics. It is fought over at public auctions, and in the shadow of the art market. After graduating from the Vilnius Art Institute (now the Vilnius Academy of Arts), the young artist was thrust into a period of political change. The liberation of Lithuania from the Soviet Union meant new opportunities and creative freedom for him and other artists. Scientific novelty. This article is the first attempt to analyse in detail the oeuvre of Rimvidas Jankauskas-Kampas, as during the period of political changes, his paintings became a symbol of creative freedom. Conclusions. In fact, this outstanding artist brought many innovations to Lithuanian painting. The painter intuitively found a new concept of abstract painting in Lithuania. His main idea was to improvise freely on a very large canvas, and to paint nature alla prima. Free colour improvisations in his work only appeared after long sessions in painting plein air workshops. Rimvidas Jankauskas-Kampas stood out because he did not care about subtle colour nuances, or even for the whole expressive colourist school of Lithuanian painting. His abstractions are like a short and precise message spoken aloud.

Visualization of Fashion in European Engravings of the 16th — Early 18th Century

Images of people from different countries in their traditional costumes as a genre emerged in the second half of the 16th century and actively existed in the form of prints until the first fashion magazines appeared in the late 18th century. The article attempts to build a chronology of iconic examples of costume prints of the 16th — early 18th century on the basis of a number of sources of theoretical, historical and pictorial nature. The functions it fulfilled as a kind of graphic art in its time and artistic and technological features of its creation are defined. The study considers the works of artists and engravers from Germany, the Netherlands, England and France, since it is in these countries that the art of costume engraving was most developed. Not being for the most part highly artistic works of art, having no portrait resemblance to the depicted characters, protomod illustrations did not attract close attention of art history, which regarded them as one of many ordinary sources, as elements of applied creativity, which largely prevented their detailed analysis. However, these numerous costume prints (woodcuts and etchings) are worthy of attention as examples of graphic art that give an idea of the fashion of the time. The decline in the popularity of costume prints in the middle of the 18th century, despite the development of printing technologies and the growth of population in cities, which implies the demand for products of this kind, is connected, in our opinion, with the absence of a descriptive part — text as an explanation to the picture. For in the epoch of the formation of fashion journalism in the 18th century, costume engravings were revived as part of women’s magazines, acquiring the form of fashionable pictures-illustrations that would exist throughout the 19th — first half of the 20th century.

DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF A FREQUENCY CONVERTER FOR INDUCTION HEATING OF OIL PIPELINE

The article provides a detailed overview of the history, development and applications of frequency converters, with particular emphasis on their use in the oil and gas industry. It traces the evolution of frequency converters from their inception in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to their modern applications, which use microprocessors and digital signal processing to precisely control the output frequency. In the oil and gas industry, frequency converters are critical to efficient and accurate induction heating of pipelines. They convert a fixed frequency and voltage power supply into a variable frequency and variable voltage output, controlling the speed of the induction motors used in the heating process. The article also covers the design and modeling of frequency converters, discussing the process of characterizing them, creating mathematical models, and using modeling software tools such as MatLab. It presents equations for inductive energy, capacitor energy, resonance conditions and power factor, which are necessary in the mathematical modeling of frequency converters. The article concludes by highlighting the impact of frequency converters on the efficiency and economics of induction heating systems. It emphasizes the need for careful design and modeling to ensure optimal performance and safety.

Physics of bacterial chemotaxis

Chemotaxis is the ability of some organisms to direct their motion in response to chemical signals. This behavior is important across biological scales, from olfactory navigation in animals, to cell migration in development. Chemotaxis is particularly important for bacteria, many of which are capable of directing their motion towards nutrients and away from toxins. The history of bacterial chemotaxis as a field stretches as far back as the late 19th century when scientists observed various species' ability to localize around gas bubbles and pipettes filled with nutrients. After these initial observations, however, it would take over 60 years for the mechanisms of this behavior to come into focus.

Niche and interspecific relationship of alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) after a hundred years’ invasion in central China

Alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.) is considered one of the worst invasive weeds in China. It was introduced to east China in the late 18th century and gradually spread to central China by the 1930s. Over the course of about a century, it occupied a quite lot of wetlands, agricultural ditches, fishery ponds, and croplands in Central China along the Yangtze River. To reveal the ecological characteristics of alligator weed in the agricultural zone, a field survey was contacted in the mid-Yangtze River region of Hubei Province. A total of 72 species of vascular plants were found in 50 alligator weed plots among 6 field sites. Niche overlap analysis was performed for the 25 main species (frequency>5 %) within alligator weed plots. The analysis showed that only 1 % of species pairs had niche overlap values exceeding 0.5, while 57 % of pairs exhibited a value of 0. These findings suggest that, despite a century of presence, alligator weed has not yet fully naturalized in the region. Alligator weed exhibited the widest niche breadth in the field, with a Levins' Index of 40.778 and a Shannon index of 3.796, indicating its strong resource utilization and invasive potential. The niche similarity among the 25 main species within alligator weed plots was notably low, as none of the specie pairs had a niche similarity value exceeding 0.5, with only 3 % having a value above 0.3. These results suggest that there are no native species having the capability to compete in the ecological niche with alligator weed. Species association analysis revealed that all 24 pairs of species with negative correlation involved alligator weed and other species, indicating that the presence of alligator weed negatively affected other species in the communities. Consequently, continued vigilance is required to monitor and mitigate the further invasion of alligator weed and its impact on local vegetation.

International financial integration and financial stress of emerging market economies: The role of institutional quality

In the wake of unprecedented financial liberalization policies adopted by Emerging Market Economies (EMEs) since the late 20th century, their integration into global financial markets has brought forth both opportunities and challenges. This paper endeavors to assess the intricate relationship between international financial integration (IFI) and financial stress in EMEs, focusing on the potential moderating effect of institutional quality. Addressing key questions, it examines how various IFI indicators impact financial stress and evaluates the role of different dimensions of institutional quality in influencing this relationship. Using a Financial Stress Index (FSI) and employing the panel threshold regression technique, the study unveils significant threshold effects of institutional quality on the IFI-FSI nexus, with variations across different institutional factors. This study underscores the vital need for policymakers to identify threshold levels in institutional quality indicators to strike a balance between attracting investments and preventing unwarranted financial distress.

Childhood mental health and educational attainment: Within-family associations in a late 20th Century U.S. birth cohort

Mental health problems during childhood are associated with lowered educational attainment in adulthood. However, it is not clear if these associations hold when controlling for unobserved features of the family environment and if they depend on the socioeconomic status (SES) of parents. We use the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Child Development and Transition into Adulthood Supplements (CDS; TAS) to examine these questions. Using linear and logistic regression, we isolate within-family variability in mental health problems among full sibling pairs (n = 958 individuals in 479 pairs). Associations depend on the measure used. Parental reports of problem behaviors and diagnosed problems have the most consistent negative associations with educational attainment (for example, a hyperactivity diagnosis is associated with 0.74 fewer years of schooling). Retrospective self-reports of diagnoses other than depression or anxiety also have a negative association (0.96 fewer years of schooling). But self-reports of depressive symptoms and emotional or psychological well-being during late childhood and adolescence have no significant associations with educational attainment. In addition, there is no significant moderation of these associations by SES.

Ontologies and Research Data

This study examines the relationship between ontologies and open research data within the framework of the Semantic Web. The objective is to investigate the interconnectivity of both subjects through scholarly works that offer enhancements to the Web ecosystem and scientific research processes. The paper reviews critical theoretical frameworks related to the Semantic Web and the significance of metadata within this model. It also delves into the function that ontologies can fulfill in the Semantic Web landscape. The paper provides a historical overview of the emergence of ontologies and definitions in both Computer Science and Information Science. It chronicles how theorists in Information Science have progressively embraced the concept of ontologies since the late 20th century and assesses the current scholarly consensus on the subject. The study also addresses the importance of open research data in modern science by doing a systematic literature review; this study sources relevant publications from the Web of Science and Scopus databases, with a temporal focus from 2000 to 2023. The findings offer a comprehensive analysis of existing literature that bridges the two domains above, aiding in the theoretical and methodological systematization of the subject matter. The discussion section elaborates on the findings, offering insights into the evolutionary trajectory of the subject matter. Emphasis is placed on the utility of ontologies as tools for the sustainable and effective utilization of research data, accentuating the value of such data as a basis for future scholarly work. In conclusion, we advocate for information science to take a leading role in initiatives that leverage ontological frameworks to manage specialized knowledge in research data sets effectively, ensuring that such data remains an asset for advancing scientific understanding.

The age and position of the southern boundary of prehistoric Polynesian dispersal

AbstractPrehistoric Polynesian voyaging into high latitudes with landfall in Antarctica remains a widely credited proposition. We examine it through archaeological and environmental evidence from the Subantarctic region of the southwest Pacific, focussing upon an extensive archaeological site at Sandy Bay on Enderby Island. Combining a new set of radiocarbon ages with former, older, ages we show that the site is now within the same rapid expansion phase in which South Polynesia was first colonised. Radiocarbon ages across the site indicate a single continuous settlement, probably of some decades. Consideration of limiting factors in Subantarctic settlement, including of seafaring capability and critical resources, suggests that the site was about as far south as prehistoric habitation could be sustained and was probably vacated at the onset of the Little Ice age (LIA) in the late 14th century. An absence of prehistoric remains on islands further south also suggests that Polynesian exploration reached a boundary 2000 km short of Antarctica. The southern case is discussed briefly in the wider context of Polynesian expansion.

THE ROLE OF JADIDS IN THE REFORM OF THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN TURKESTAN GOVERNORATE

This article examines the pivotal role of the Jadid movement in reforming the judicial system of the Turkestan Governorate during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. By establishing modern educational institutions and advocating for legal reforms, the Jadids sought to address the inefficiencies and injustices of the traditional judicial framework. Their engagement with both local communities and Russian authorities facilitated a hybrid legal system that integrated modern principles with Islamic law. Despite facing opposition, the Jadids' efforts laid the groundwork for future reforms and continue to influence contemporary discussions on justice and rights in Central Asia. ‎

One hundred years of piñon nuts, a largely forgotten wild food crop from the American Southwest (1850–1950)

This is the first paper to intensively examine the history of piñon nuts, the seeds of the piñon pine (Pinus edulis), which Indigenous Americans have harvested in the Four Corners region of the American Southwest for millennia. The history of the piñon nut industry is reconstructed from its inception in the mid-19th century in the New Mexico Territory to its heyday in the early 20th century until consumption began to decline in the mid-20th century. Additionally, this paper provides some suggestions for reviving this iconic Southwestern American food. The commercial harvest of piñon nuts primarily involved Native and Mexican Americans. While the economic benefits of piñon nut harvesting were significant, the work was often dangerous, with reports of deaths due to exposure, accidents, and violence. Piñon nut production varied yearly due to the trees’ masting behavior, where trees produce large seed crops intermittently. Although there was considerable interest in cultivation during the early 20th century, slow growth and delayed nut-bearing limited cultivation efforts. Piñon nuts were popular throughout the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, gaining popularity, especially among immigrant communities in New York. In 1918, Fannie Spitz patented a piñon nut-shelling machine, significantly improving processing efficiency and impacting the industry by enabling quicker and more effective removal of kernels. Shelled piñon nuts were now sold for consumption out of hand and also for use in candy production. Farmers experimented with feeding hogs and chickens piñon nuts. However, this practice did not become widespread due to the availability of cheaper corn. Piñon wood was also valued for its use as firewood and in mining as props, though it had limited application as lumber for railroad ties. At the same time, smaller piñon trees gained popularity as Christmas trees. Piñon resin was chewed and also used medicinally in salves. By the mid-20th century, piñon nuts lost popularity to peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), which were marketed more aggressively and produced in higher quantities at lower prices. The piñon industry has struggled with crop variability, low supply, and high prices. Still, it might be revived with improved marketing, working cooperatively and through the construction of a strategic reserve to ensure a steady supply of piñon nuts every year, through both good and bad harvests.

Tracing the Contours of Archival Silences: A Case Study of Critical Collection Building on the Rock Springs Massacre

ABSTRACTArchives can reinforce silences of marginalized communities, further erasing their stories and voices. This study aims to understand the contours of archival silences, focusing on experiences of Chinese people in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. We are building a digital archival collection that centers Chinese peoples' voices around the Rock Springs Massacre of 1885, an incident of racial violence that killed at least 28 Chinese people and displaced hundreds more. As we selected items, we wrote structured reflections to critically examine each item's content, source, presentation, arrangement and description in their original context, as well as any absences and silences that we encountered in the search and assessment process. Based on a praxis of radical empathy, ethics of care, and slow archives, we engaged with our positionalities, past experiences, professional training in Library and Information Sciences (LIS), and affective responses throughout the research process to reflect on how they shape our decisions and hesitations in item selection and contextualization. Three main themes emerged from a preliminary thematic analysis of our reflections: complexity of archival silences and silencing, challenges of inclusive representation, and problematizing and going beyond primary sources.

From Exile to Integration: Immigration Patterns and Cultural Identity of Chinese and Jewish Communities in the United States

The Chinese immigration experience began in the mid-19th century, driven by economic opportunities and marked by significant challenges. In contrast, Jewish immigration, primarily occurring in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, was driven by severe religious and racial persecution in Europe. Jewish immigrants sought refuge from violence and the Holocaust, finding a relatively open environment in the U.S. to maintain their religious and cultural traditions. This paper examines the immigration patterns and cultural identities of the Chinese and Jewish communities in the United States, highlighting their distinct historical backgrounds and experiences. This study applies theoretical frameworks from sociology and anthropology, including Everett Lee’s “Push-Pull Theory,” Stuart Hall’s cultural identity theory, and Anthony Giddens’ theory of modernity, to analyze how these communities’ immigration patterns have influenced their cultural identities. The study compares the Chinese community’s economic-driven integration and the Jewish community’s diverse approach to cultural preservation. The findings provide insights into the complexities of cultural identity within the U.S. multicultural landscape and highlight the varied strategies adopted by different immigrant groups. Limitations of this study include its focus on Chinese and Jewish communities, which may not fully represent other immigrant experiences. Future research should consider a broader range of immigrant groups to enhance understanding of cultural integration and identity.

How labor induction methods have evolved throughout history, from the Egyptian era to the present day: evolution, effectiveness, and safety

Induction of labor (IOL) is currently used for one in 10 pregnancies globally. Methods used for induction have shown major changes over time. Medical interventions trace their origins back to ancient civilizations, with evidence suggesting that they began over 5000 years ago in ancient Egypt. During this era, the Egyptians employed natural remedies such as castor oil and date fruits for the IOL. These early practices highlight the rich history and long-standing tradition of using natural substances in medical treatments, laying the foundation for the development of modern obstetric practices. After that, Hippocrates practiced mammary stimulation and mechanical cervical dilatation about 2500 years ago in Greece. Since then, there has been a marked change, especially over the last century, with the development of safer and more effective methods. Mechanical methods were the main method until the early 20th century, which were then substituted by pharmacological methods with more experiments in the mid to late 20th century. Nowadays, effectiveness, safety, cost, and client satisfaction are the main determinants of the methods used. This review summarizes how labor induction practices have evolved from the Egyptian era to the present-day randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis evidence, paying attention to their effectiveness, safety, and future directions.

“Plomo por hablar, plata pa’ que hablemos”. Diversidad étnica y educación en el suroccidente colombiano

How do the relationships between the concept of being indigenous and the processes of ethnoeducation manifest in southwestern Colombia? This ethnographic study explores the complexities of constructing ethnic identity among the indigenous peoples of Nariño, focusing on the implementation of educational programs driven by a population perspective. By questioning the foundations of ethnoeducation from the late 20th century to the early 21st century, we establish a dialogue among various institutional agents within the broader framework of ethnic-based social organization. We also examine the historical relationships, institutional archaisms, and contemporary challenges faced by ethnic educational processes in Nariño. We conclude with insights into the construction of ethnic identity and its implications for the social order governing the interactions between community members and government representatives. We conceptualize the relationship between the State, school, and ethnic identity as a fundamental part of Colombia’s modern project, which has been in development since the republican era. The institutional framework has fluctuated between protectionist, paternalistic, and cultural assimilation policies. However, the current threats to the physical and cultural survival of ancestral peoples must be addressed through the State’s institutional mechanisms and governance technologies. These mechanisms are designed to tackle the challenges of interculturality within a complex and often contradictory framework of relationships.

Образ России: «Записки о реформах Петра Великого» Кан Ювэя

The article presents a translation of part of the essay “An account of the Reforms of Peter the Great” by the Chinese philosopher and politician Kang Yu-wei (1858-1927), leader of the reform movement "One Hundred Days Reforms" in China in the late 19th century. The material in the article allows us to 1) to recall how the "Association for Strengthening the State" came into being; 2) to find out how the interaction between Kang Yu-wei and Emperor Zai Tian took place during the "Hundred Days of Reforms", analysing the evidence for the necessity of changes presented by the reformers; 3) to reveal the theoretical justification of the reforms presented by Kang Yu-wei; 4) to show the attitude towards the personality of Peter the Great as a model of a talented ruler and his activities as an example of successful reforms.

OSTRICHES AND GEOTOURISM: THE EVOLUTIONARY PATHWAY OF A SMALL TOWN TOURISM DESTINATION IN SOUTH AFRICA

Small towns are a critical tier in the settlement hierarchy. For many small towns tourism is a vital sector of local development. This paper contributes an historical perspective on small town destination development. Using archival sources the paper provides a window on the evolutionary development of one small town tourism destination in South Africa. The case study is Oudtshoorn in the Western Cape. During the late 19th century and early 20th century Oudtsthoorn experienced phases of economic boom and bust which linked to international fashion and the trade in ostrich feathers. The imprint of this era is manifest in the town’s landscape of ‘feather palaces’. In terms of early 20th century tourism growth it is demonstrate d geotourism was a critical driver with the asset of Cango Caves. In the period after the Second World War, the local tourism economy diversifies with the revival and reorientation of ostrich farming which incorporates ostriches as tourism attractions. The evolutionary pathway of this small town changes such that its local tourism economy is anchored on the dual foundations of its geotourism and ostrich attractions.

Acoustic emission failure detection and localisation in historic fibrous plaster ceiling

Fibrous plaster (FP) is a composite material that has been used for suspended decorative ceilings in historical buildings since the late 19th century. Such ceilings are susceptible to failures, particularly in hard-to-access structural hangers (‘wads’). Due to a limited understanding of structural behaviour of FP ceilings, maintenance and reconstruction decisions are based on visual and tactile inspections. Such inspections are costly, intrusive and ultimately subjective. Non-destructive techniques are needed to detect and localise failures in FP ceilings. An Acoustic Emission system was recently developed to detect and localise damage sources in FP ceilings. The method processes data from AE sensor clusters with one-dimensional convolutional neural networks(1D-CNNs) trained to account for wave propagation anisotropy. This paper presents a case study conducted at the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) building in London (UK) to validate the method. The results confirm the ability of the method to localise failures under real site conditions in 450 mm-by-450 mm monitoring areas. The method may enable non-intrusive detection of failures from the underside of ceilings during periodic inspections. The possibility of conducting pre-training in laboratories and covering large monitoring areas up to 1500mm-by-1500mm is established and may facilitate practical applications in the future.