Late 19th Century Research Articles

ABOUT SOME DEBATABLE QUESTIONS OF THE КYIV LAND HISTORY IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY

The attempt to identify some geographical toponyms of the Кyiv land cities of the 14th century is made in the paper. The annalistic cities in the «A se imena vsim gradam ruskym dalnim i bliznim» («List of Cities, Far and Near») are analyzed by the author. Based on an analysis of written, cartographic, archaeological sources, the author concludes that the annalistic list of Кyiv cities «A se imena vsim gradam ruskym dalnim i bliznim» was compiled in the late 14th century. However, this document includes many different sources: the documents of the ecclesiastes provenance produced by chancelleries of Metropolitans and Bishops, yarlyks of khans of 13—14th century, the charters and treaties of the Lithuanian Princes of 14th century. The paper contains the analysis of a hypothesis about the city of Tmutorokan of the 14th century. The author has paid special attention to sources which provide the evidence about the nomadic (the Cuman) Turkic dynastic clan Tuhorkhan in the Кyiv principality. The finds of the silver coins of the Lithuanian Prince Volodymyr Olherdovych (1362—1394) are discussed. They marked the territory of Кyiv principality of the second part of the 14th century in the Dnieper river region. The northern border of distribution of coins of the Prince Volodymyr Olherdovych is limited by the basin of the river Oster and Sosnica district. The raid of Lithuanian Prince Olherd (1345—1377) against the Golden Horde in the 1362 at the Korshev (Karasy — Black Vody?), and to the territory of traditional summer and winter roaming also are examined. The paper discussed the issues of historical geography, many of which can be solved by systematically archaeological research in the sites from the annalistic list of the «A se imena vsim gradam ruskym dalnim i bliznim» and Golden Horde centers in the Dnieper, Ros, Oster, Vorskla, Buh, Sula, Psel, Desna and other river basins.

Number of Innovations in Kazakh Dictionaries of the Eighteenth Century in Comparison with Those of Other Turkic and Finno-Ugric Languages

The analysis of the dictionary published by P. S. Pallas makes it possible to clarify the chronology of changes in Kazakh dialects. The Kazakh dictionary of P. S. Pallas is important evidence that PTu *č was still preserved in the 18th century in Kazakh, and the changes were PTu *j-, *ĺ not finished yet. The dictionary presents only those innovative changes of consonants that are common for all Kipchak languages. It was also interesting that in the Kazakh language spoken in the late 18th century, only 1 sound change from Proto Turkic; in the Tatar dictionary 2 sound changes; in the Nogai dictionary 1 sound change; in the Hill Mari language 2 sound changes; in the South Khanty 5 sound changes; in the North Khanty 3 sound changes, and in the East Khanty 1 sound change.

Ethnobotany in Angola: The contribution of late 19th century christian missionaries to the knowledge of medicinal wild plants

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAngola has an extraordinary plant diversity and a great ethnobotanical potential. However, there is a general lack of information about the first botanical explorations in the country and their contribution to the knowledge of the medicinal flora. Aim of the studyThe main aim of this study was to unveil the ethnobotanical legacy of José Maria Antunes and Eugène Dekindt, priests of the first Catholic mission in Huíla (Angola) and shed light on their contribution to the knowledge of medicinal wild plants of the country, including information on the uses, plant parts used, and preparation methods documented in the late 19th century. The findings are discussed considering recent ethnobotanical studies to offer a more comprehensive understanding of the historical and traditional uses of plants in Angola over the last two centuries. Materials and methodsBased on the information available in manuscripts and on the study of botanical collections preserved in herbaria of Portugal and Angola, we extracted relevant information about the species used in traditional medicine by the rural population of Huíla, the health conditions treated, and the mode of preparation and application. ResultsOur results revealed that Antunes and Dekindt conducted the first ethnobotanical study in Huíla, and documented a large number of medicinal wild plants. From these, we report 191 medicinal species, including 25 endemic and four introduced species, belonging to 56 plant families and 146 genera. Fabaceae family presents the highest richness of medicinal plants (39 taxa), followed by Rubiaceae (13), Asteraceae (10), and Apocynaceae (9). The illnesses reported were classified into 15 different categories, with the highest number of species (49) corresponding to unspecific conditions, such as general pains, chills, and fever. Thirty-seven species were reported for respiratory diseases, 31 for musculoskeletal problems, and 30 for digestive issues. Leaves were the most used plant part for medicinal purposes (84 species). Infusion was the most frequently described preparation method (40 species), followed by maceration (24 species), and powdering (36 species). ConclusionsThe legacy of Antunes and Dekindt's work improves our understanding of Angola's botanical richness and traditional uses of plant resources. Our findings highlight the presence of unique medicinal resources in Angola, especially among endemic species, which hold the potential to improve the quality of life of rural communities. Moreover, our research underscores the lack of knowledge of medicinal species, emphasizing the risk of losing valuable historical information.

O-181 It takes more than genes to build a family

Abstract Sperm donation has been known to mankind possibly for a very long time, although first medical reports come from the late 18th century. Initially, most inseminations in married couples were homologous, involving the husband’s semen. The first publicized breakthrough that came in 1884 would today be considered unethical, as an anesthetized woman was subjected to an injection of semen from a handsome (as duly reported) student of medicine, without any consent of both her and her spouse. The veil of secrecy that covered heterologous insemination was finally lifted when Dr Mary Barton openly acknowledged the practice in her clinic and published the first manual on “artificial insemination.” It set the ethical standards for such procedures—including mutual anonymity of donors and recipients and maintaining absolute secrecy of the fact of donor insemination—for decades to come. The cost was of course the lost identity of the conceived children and the often reported emotional detachment of the fathers from their social, but not genetical, offspring. The grave consequences of the limited pool of donors were yet to be discovered with the advent of DNA testing. In the UK, Barton’s husband and another collaborator were confirmed to father at least 100 children each. In the Netherlands, the country was shaken by the case of Jan Karbaat who used the sperm of an anonymous donor—who probably should not have even passed psychological screening—to bring more than 200 babies to the world. Suddenly, lots of adults learnt of the existence of their never expected siblings. Concomitantly, more and more parents revealed the fact of donor conception to their children motivated by openness. The secrets could not be held any longer and Joanna Rose was the first British woman that won a court case in 2002 against her own country that was wilfully breaking her right to respect for private and family life guaranteed by European Convention on Human Rights. The proponents of open donation found support also in Convention on the Rights of the Child. More and more countries started enforcing either open or at least double-track donation from then on. However, even more legislations blissfully ignore these ethical developments and maintain complete anonymity of the donor insemination procedures. This is where my personal story begins, as a father of twins born in 2012 from in vitro fertilization thanks to the semen of an anonymous donor. At that time, Poland even did not have an actual law on fertility treatment. The ART centres adopted their own policies on anonymous donation and signed contracts with their patients on a case by case basis. The legal status in my country was further cemented with the long overdue adoption in 2015 of Act on Fertility Treatment that forbids non-anonymous donation and even excludes the prospective parents from the decision process on the choice of the donor. The burden of partially lost identity of my kids will be with me possibly my entire life. But I don’t want it to cast a shadow on our family relations. We have to deal with my non-genetic fatherhood one way or another. We maintain our family ties in full knowledge of the fact of the existence of some unnamed benefactor that made this possible. Maybe one day my children will find some unsuspected genetic relatives via increasingly popular public DNA banks if they choose so, thus sticking together parts of their identity. Only time will tell.

Paedagogica Historica themed issue: gaining momentum – new cultural histories of education and disability

ABSTRACT In this themed issue of Paedagogica Historica, editors Pieter Verstraete, Maria Romeiras, and Carlos Manique aim to merge the flourishing fields of disability history and the history of education. Despite past initiatives like the 2005 special issue on disability and education and the 34th ISCHE conference in 2012, these fields have largely remained separate. This issue presents three articles that intersect these domains, capitalising on recent historiographical evolutions. Both fields share activist origins, with the history of education emerging in the 19th century and disability history in the late 20th century. Recent trends in disability history, such as non-Western perspectives and renewed interest in institutional histories, align with the new cultural history of education. The included articles exemplify this synergy by exploring the architecture of French deaf institutions, tactile reading systems in East Asia, and the Perkins Institute for the Blind. This collection underscores the potential of integrating these research fields.

Indigenous education and (re)existence through self-writing - for a pedagogy of sensibilities: dialogue between Paulo Freire and Maria Amélia Pinho Pereira

Based on decolonial thinking that originated in the late 20th century, we will discuss the importance of indigenous resistance practices promoted through “ taking the floor ,” a term coined by philosopher Michel de Certeau and appropriated in this research to refer to the development of research and literary productions carried out by indigenous researchers and writers in order to confront and resignify colonizing narratives about these peoples, indicating how these productions contribute to thinking about decolonial education, such as the school model proposed by pedagogue Maria AP Pereira and her Education of Sensitivity. Based on Catherine Walsh, Paulo Freire, Márcia Kambeba, Daniel Munduruku, and Albert Memmi, we understand that the colonizer finds in scientific-intellectual knowledge devices of knowledge-power that underpin oppressive Eurocentric structures to justify exploitation, violence, inequality, inferiority, and discrimination, bases that still exert a strong influence on the various sectors of contemporary society. It is identified in the contributions of the aforementioned researchers that an educational model critical of scientism and the hierarchy of knowledge is possible based on an educational praxis and that dialogues with the diversity of knowledge and cultures, where education is liberating, promoting the overcoming of the oppressor-oppressed dichotomy as proposed by Freire, and is applied in the Education of Sensitivity promoted by the pedagogue Maria AP Pereira.

Garden Cities of yesterday, roots of urban sustainability?

Ebenezer Howard is one of the foundational figures of town planning. His Garden Cities of To-morrow envisions a Utopian synthesis of the urban and the rural to enhance the well-being of residents, in contrast to the industrial megalopolis of the late 19th century. While realized Garden Cities took many forms different from Howard’s original layout, this is the one we find in the urban roots of the deep past. About 4350 BCE we see the formation of large, circular, decentralized settlements in what is today central Ukraine. Elsewhere, in the Brazilian Amazon between 1200 and 1600 CE, we see a transformation of the jungle into a vast park landscape filled with clusters of circular settlements, with horticultural land-use in between them. In addition to similarities in planning, these past settlements also involve the social aspect of countering inequality and fostering freedom and cooperation. This paper explores the possibility of Garden Cities in the past and the implications of decentralized ‘rurban’ landscapes from the deep history perspective of archaeology.

“Acting on apartheid in a way that is consonant with the Irish people’s love of freedom”: anti-apartheid activism in Ireland, 1959–1994

ABSTRACT This article seeks to provide a broad overview of anti-apartheid activism in Ireland, in doing so, demonstrating that anti-apartheid activists in Ireland forged a distinct identity grounded in Ireland’s anti-colonial history as well their alignment with the African National Congress (ANC) and South African Communist Party (SACP). Focusing on the Irish Anti-Apartheid Movement (IAAM) it highlands the role played by its most prominent figure, the exiled South African academic and senior ANC/SACP member Kader Asmal. Securing a national profile through the mass protest campaign against the 1969–70 Springbok rugby tour, the IAAM portrayed itself as above domestic politics. Nonetheless, efforts to force the disaffiliation of the Provisional Sinn Féin in the early 1980s proved the impossibility of entirely avoiding entanglement in the domestic political climate. The IAAM was also criticised by the women who led the 1984–87 strike against South African goods at Dunnes’ Stores, who saw it as dependent on middle-class support and reluctant to enter the industrial sphere. Drawing on engagement with the IAAM’s internal archive, the article contributes towards filling a substantial gap in the scholarship of anti-apartheid activism globally, as well the study of left-wing activism and trade unionism in late 20th century Ireland.

Perceptions of Japan in Hungarian Turanism

The lively Hungarian interest in Asian cultures and Japan before 1945 had several motifs, one of them being the idea of Turanism, which was formed around the ethnic, linguistic, and cultural relation of the Turanian (Ural-Altaic) peoples (including Hungarians) in the late 19th century and affected public thinking until 1945 in Hungary. The secondary literature on Turanism seems to have increased in volume in the past decades with a notable emphasis on Hungarian Turanism, and some new research has examined the issue of Japanese Turanism, making a connection with Hungarian Turanism as well. As Hungarian Turanism is regarded as a significant promoter and mediator of Turanism to other regions, too, it is important to analyse the manifold nature of this phenomenon with comprehensive approaches. The paper focuses on the Hungarian background of the Japan-related Turanist ideas with a multifaceted examination and interpretation of Hungarian Turanism based on original research of the contemporary sources (including publications, archival documents of Turanist and Japan-related associations, newspaper articles, and reports on Japan-related events) and the available secondary literature. The paper also aims to examine what perceptions of Japan appeared in the ideas of Turanism, to present why and how Japan was attributed a special significance in Hungarian Turanism, and to analyse the origin, meaning, and the contemporary importance of this outstanding role. In the course of research, new aspects have arisen for examination: the perceptions impacted by the Japanese development of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and by the notion of the situation of Japan ‘between East and West’ as similar to that of Hungary; the debate on modernisation; the isolation of Hungary after the World War I; and the cultural achievements of Hungarian Turanism. Examining the complexity of the Hungarian historical, cultural, and political context of the early 20th century in connection to the perceptions of the East of that time in Hungary may provide a more complex interpretation and deeper understanding of the formation of Turanist ideas.

Preliminary Notes on the Mahāmudrātilaka: Contents, History, Transmission

This short essay is an introduction to the study of the Mahāmudrātilaka (‘An Ornament of the Great Seal’), an important Buddhist tantric scripture of the Hevajra cycle. The text is a so-called uttaratantra (ancillary scripture) of the Hevajratantra. This cult emerged around ca. 900 CE in Eastern India and quickly rose to a position of prominence. In order to illustrate this point, first I discuss some historical references to the Hevajra cult: a lexicographical work, inscriptions, and testimony in Śaiva exegesis. I then contextualise the Mahāmudrātilaka among the Hevajra ancillary scriptures and share some notes on the purpose of such texts. I argue that such scriptures were meant to update a cult’s ritual and doctrinal palette in order to keep up with developments seen (and thought desirable to have) in rival schools. In the next section, I present the only known Sanskrit manuscript of the Mahāmudrātilaka, Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Preußischer Kulturbesitz Orientabteilung Hs. or. 8711, a late Nepalese copy dated 1827 CE, which can be shown to be a copy of a Vorlage dating to 1204 CE. Next, I compare the text transmitted therein to the Tibetan translation, Tōh. 420, and identify them as two recensions. I then proceed to discussing exegesis on the Mahāmudrātilaka, the works of *Gambhīravajra and *Prajñāśrīgupta; these texts are for now available only in their Tibetan translation. I also identify some testimonia of the Mahāmudrātilaka. Using all this evidence, I argue that the text cannot be much earlier than the late 11th century. Next, I present an overview of the text by means of examining selected passages and their most significant features, with special focus on the differences and similarities with the Hevajratantra, the internal references to other scriptures, and the text’s significant parallels with the Vajramālābhidhāna. I argue that the text is unapologetically antinomian and gnostic. In the second half of the paper, styled as an appendix, I select five blocks of verses, which I edit and translate: the first deals with the relationship between initiating master and disciple, the second provides some insights into the attitudes of tantric practitioners towards orthodox Buddhists, the third contains detailed instructions on how to gather the antinomian substances known as ‘nectars’, the fourth deals with communal worship in a rite known as the gaṇacakra, and the final one describes a somewhat rare and rather gruesome ritual meant to bestow the power of flight.

ISSUES OF LIVESTOCK FARMING IN THE RESEARCH OF B. KH. KARMISHEVA

It is known that in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, animal husbandry developed in its own way, as one of the important industries along with agriculture. The favorable climate of the southern oasis and the availability of wide pastures are important in this. The scientific study of this area has been widely analyzed in the studies of ethnographers such as B. Karmisheva, K. Shoniyozov, I. Hidoyatov, N. Borozna. Among them, the work of B. Kh. Karmisheva is also important, the scientist distinguishes four types of animal husbandry in his works. These are the portable method, the plowing-pasture method, the plowing method and the plowing method. The article reveals the specific aspects, differences, similarities, and gradual development of these methods over time. In addition, an attempt was made to reveal the types of livestock, their distribution by regions and breeds. In the course of the article, it was emphasized that the economic activities and traditional activities of the residents of the Central Asian region have ancient historical experiences and are distinguished by their own characteristics. It has been shown on the basis of various sources that the inhabitants of the oasis are considered one of the peoples with an ancient sedentary culture, which preserved and improved the traditions of their ancestors for thousands of years. B.Kh. Karmisheva said that the descendants of large tribes such as Transoxiana Turks, Kungyrot, Lokai, Karluq, Turks, who came from the Dashti Kipchak, from the tribes that were formerly nomads, were herdsmen. It tries to reveal on the basis of field materials that they were driven to the steppe meadows, and how cattle breeding affected their way of life.

The German-American physician and philologist Achilles Rose (1839-1916), the grand Philhellene

Achilles Rose, a German-American physician of the late 19th century, became famous for his persistent global struggle to promote the Hellenic language as the official language in medicine and science in general. Having studied in Zurich, Jena, and New York, he became a general practice physician. His most well-known medical treatise was “The Carbonic Acid in Medicine”, and he was the author of various works celebrating the Greeks and their vivid language. The Medical Society of Athens elected him as a member of a committee for such a purpose. Although Latin appeared to have won this linguistic battle, Hellenic terms eventually conquered international nomenclature. Greece must not forget this valiant Philhellene.

Social science Eurocentrism in the land of universalism: An introduction to French blindness

AbstractFrom the late 18th century onwards, France has delivered a universalistic discourse about politics, society, rights and also science. The emergence of social science largely confirmed this trend. Nowadays the growing challenging of Eurocentrism that has become more and more visible since the early 1990s remains most often untranslated, untaught, uninvestigated and undebated. The disciplinary structure of the university as well as the lingering isolationism of French social science accounts for part of this situation, the latter requires some further explanations. If some opening has recently been visible in the field of gender, race and discriminations, it has usually meant a greater influence of some—White or Black—American anthropologists, sociologist or philosophers, but hardly ever of non‐Western thinkers. The very issue of a social science canon is not even raised. The main reason for this is the weight of French neo‐republicanism as it was born in the early 1990s at the very same time when anti‐Eurocentric alternatives discourses became more widely heard. It results in a persistent denial of these discourses as being scientific and a widespread ignorance of them in the academic field.

WITHDRAWN: Reconstructing the environmental impact of mining on mountain lakes

Mountain lakes are particularly fragile ecosystems undergoing important transformations associated with ongoing global change. However, the history of anthropogenic impacts on mountain lakes and their catchments is much longer, in many cases featuring millennia of summer pastoral farming. More recently, the growing demand for raw materials and energy linked to industrialization, particularly accelerated since the 19th century CE, meant a further increase in human impact on mountain areas. The Cantabrian Range (northern Spain) constitutes a paradigmatic case of southern European mountain range experiencing intense human impact during the past few millennia and particularly the past two centuries. Here, we have reconstructed the environmental dynamics of this area during the last millennium, with a particular focus on the impact of mining, based on the multidisciplinary analysis (sedimentology, biogeochemistry, magnetic susceptibility, diatoms, pollen, charcoal and dung fungal spores) of sediment cores from Lago de La Cueva (43°03′N, 6°06′W, 1550 m a.s.l.). Changing land use and climate have driven lake dynamics during the last centuries. A major fire-caused deforestation event dated to the late 15th century CE increased erosion and the frequency of intense runoff episodes, in the context of the wetter and colder Little Ice Age. The onset of iron mining activities in the catchment ca. 200 years ago had a strong impact on the lake. Sedimentation rates notably raised and mining waste containing hematite and potentially toxic elements (e.g. Fe, Co, As) was washed into the lake. Additionally, diatom assemblages showed that lake regulation since the early 20th century CE severely altered the natural hydrological regime introducing rapid seasonal lake-level oscillations and increased lakeshore erosion, water turbidity and nutrient loads. The recent environmental restoration, finished in 2006, has involved the re-deposition of large volumes of mine tailing. Although some mining wastewater still arrives into the lake because mine drainage is still active, restoration works have succeeded in reducing erosion rates and nutrient loads. Lower land-use intensity has also contributed to natural vegetation recovery, further diminishing erosion. This study illustrates the complex interactions between human activities (grazing, mining, hydropower) and climate change in defining mountain landscape shifts through time. Moreover, our results highlight the usefulness of paleolimnological research to quantitatively assess the effectiveness of lake restoration programs.

The Relationship between Faith and Knowledge in the Works of Mykhailo Maksymovych

The paper deals with images of faith and knowledge in the works of Mykhailo Maksymovych, a famous botanist, folklorist, and historian of the 19th century and the first rector of the University of Saint Volodimir in Kyiv. Mykhailo Maksymovych’s way of solving the problem of the relationship between religion and science is analysed in the general context of the intellectual processes in Eastern Europe of the 19th century. The study is based on Mykhailo Maksymovych’s published works, memoirs, letters, and unpublished texts, held in the Institution of Manuscript at the Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine (Kyiv). The methodological foundation is the approaches of the Cambridge School of Intellectual History, theorising on cultural memory and quantitative content analysis with MAXQDA-2022. The paper shows that Mykhailo Maksymovych’s attitude to the demarcation problem of knowledge and faith resulted from a combination of his personal religiosity and his fascination with the ideas of Friedrich Schelling. Mykhailo Maksymovych perceived the Bible as a relevant description of the “factual” dimension of human history. He represented the philosophy of the heart, widespread in Ukrainian intellectual life of that period. Maksymovych’s deep personal religiosity, combined with his theoretical ideas about the correlation between faith and knowledge, led him to the idea of Orthodox coherence between Russia and Ukraine. This was an actualisation of the early modern idea, elaborated in the Kyivan Synopsis of the late 17th century. Mykhailo Maksymovych actualised these ideas on the basis of Romanticism. Early modern ideas were close to Maksymovych’s consciousness because he was religious in the traditional Orthodox sense. Religious images of Ukraine in the works of Mykhailo Maksymovych were similar to the ideas of Konstantin Leontiev, a famous Russian conservative philosopher of the second half of the 19th century.

Hacer Topaktaş o poselstwie Franciszka Piotra Potockiego do Stambułu (1788–1793)

Reading Ottoman-Polish diplomatic relations leads to a clear conclusion that in the late 18th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had an opportunity to enter into an international alliance as a partner alongside the Ottoman Empire. Topaktaş has not attempted to create hypothetical scenarios regarding the survival or otherwise of the First Republic, but has reconstructed the idea of an Ottoman-Polish alliance in a scholarly manner, drawing on a rich body of historical sources. The publication contains innovative insights from the fields of history, political science and international relations. It takes into account the latest state of research and the results of searches personally conducted by the author. Topaktaş has almost managed to avoid factual mistakes and errors. The scale of the research apparatus used and the high specialisation of the technique of the historian of Polish-Turkish relations makes this monograph a work complementary to the diplomatic relations between the Republic of Poland and the Ottoman Empire. The reader is presented with a convincing argument alternating with a narrative that gives the impression of a reportage on the journey and stay of Franciszek Piotr Potocki - all wrapped up in academic terminology. The author has accomplished the research goals declared in the introduction. I personally believe that Topaktaşs book is a groundbreaking and inspiring treatise on the late 18th century. It is worth recommending to enthusiasts of Ottoman studies, but also to students of history interested in the subject.

호주의 불법 마약 관련 법과 통제정책:한국과의 간략한 비교

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of Australian drug laws, highlighting the evolution of laws from the late 19th century to the present, and comparing them with South Korean drug policies. It begins by exploring the historical context of Australian drug laws, highlighting the shift from minimal intervention in the late 19th century, characterized by the widespread use of drugs like opium and morphine, to more stringent drug control policies in the early 20th century. This change was influenced by international developments and domestic concerns, notably racial prejudices and the rise of international drug conventions. The paper then delves into the legal frameworks governing drug offences in Australia, explaining the interplay of federal and state laws. It outlines the specific provisions and penalties, with an emphasis on the Criminal Code Act 1995(Cth) and the definitions of serious drugs. A detailed examination of drug offences under Federal law is provided, including distribution, production, import-export and possession offences, along with their respective penalties. Furthermore, the paper discusses the enforcement and prosecution of drug laws in Australia, detailing the roles of law enforcement agencies, the prosecution process, and the judiciary's role in interpreting and applying these laws. It also highlights the shift in Australian drug policy towards harm reduction and public health approaches. This section includes case studies of harm reduction initiatives in Australia. A notable aspect of the paper is the comparison between Australian and South Korean drug laws, elucidating their similarities and differences. While both countries adopt a strict stance on illicit drugs and have similar drug classification systems, they differ in their approach to personal use and possession, harm reduction focus, legal status of cannabis, and cultural perceptions of drug use. The paper concludes by emphasizing the complexity of drug legislation and policy in Australia, shaped by international conventions and domestic priorities. It notes that Australian drug laws strike a balance between prohibition, control, and public health, providing valuable insights for international audiences. The paper also recognizes the dynamic nature of Australian drug law, suggesting that its evolution could significantly influence global drug policy, especially with emerging challenges like synthetic drugs and online drug trafficking.

INFLUENCE OF MODERNISM ON POST-INDEPENDENCE INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

The modern architecture, which was conceived as a reaction to the chaos and eclecticism of the earlier 19th century was taking its shape in the late 19th century and earlier 20th century. The exact timeline in which the modern movement in architecture started in the world cannot be described with precision. But ‘Modern architecture’ had its origin in the developments of the late 18th century with major thrust on the idea of progress. This movement of modern architecture in India started quite late in the first half of 20th century. Its development in India started with the isolated efforts of some foreign architects’ works. But the movement gained momentum only after the arrival of foreign trained Indian architects with imbibed policy of modernism in their mind. Final thrust to this movement was given by the political patronage bestowed upon the idea of modernism by the then Prime Minister Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru, when he invited Swiss born French architect Le Corbusier to design the state capital city of Chandigarh. This paper delves upon the Influence of Modern architecture of these foreign architects built in India on the Post independence Indian architecture.

18세기 후반 근기(近畿) 사족의 일상 의료와 식치(食治)

Sunam Ahn-jeongbok was a leading scholar of the late Joseon Dynasty, who not only wrote the history book Dongsagangmok(東史綱目), but also the Imgwanjeongyo(臨官政要) for local officials. In this article, I wanted to explore his family’s medical and dietary practices through the various recipes handed down by the Ahn’s family. Joseon scholars considered the preservation of one’s body to be the highest form of filial piety. Ahn-jeongbok suffered from chest pains that caused him to cough up blood throughout his life. However, he was concerned about his wife’s health and that of his sickly children. An analysis of the recipes handed down to the Ahn-jeongbok’s family reveals the following. First, there are many recipes for porridge for the health of the elderly. Then there are recipes for medicinal liqueurs and teas with medicinal ingredients. In addition, there are porridge recipes using lotus flowers, bamboo, goji berries, turnips, and so on. As for medicinal liquor, there is a special liquor made from the flesh of a lamb, or known as the liquor of Taoist hermits. As for drinks, there were summer drinks with cinnamon and medicinal teas with plum and goji berries. Many of the prescriptions in the Ahn-jeongbok’s family collection are recipes for pills for longevity. Ahn-jeongbok’s family sought to maintain longevity and good health by taking pills made from special herbs and special recipes over time. Through this article, I hope to convey the desire for medical care and healthy food among Joseon scholars in the late 18th century.

FRASER’S HILL 1919 – 2019: REVIEW ON LANDSCAPE’S EVOLUTION AND FEATURES THROUGH ARCHIVAL RECORDS AND SITE OBSERVATION

The creation of the hill station landscape was one of the tangible evidences of British imperialism in Malaya from the late 18th century until 1957. In the past, British expatriates retreated from lowland to higher lands due to their inability to adapt to hot climates and the threat of malaria. However, despite looking at landscapes as colonial remains, hill stations depict the human genius in taking the opportunity offered by the natural environment with specific geographical factors to satisfy one’s needs and bring comfort to their health. Fraser’s Hill is one of the hill stations in Malaysia and is famously known as a tourist’s destination because of its colder climate. Unfortunately, there are unstoppable threats to this landscape and the risk of it being forgotten as a historic landscape. Hence, this paper is objectively to document the history and evolution of Fraser’s Hill landscape and to explore its built environment over a 100-year timeline. These objectives were achieved through a qualitative review of archival documents and on-site observation on Fraser’s Hill. The evolution of Fraser’s Hill proves that this historic landscape is more than just a cold mountainous landscape because it portrays the value of cultural landscapes that deserve to be protected.