Last Week Of August Research Articles

Fruitworm Control, 1980

Abstract The test was conducted on a uniformly vined, 12-yr-old section of State Bog in East Wareham, Massachusetts. The experiment design was a randomized complete block with 10 treatment plots replicated 3 times. Plots of 15 x 7 ft were separated within blocks by 5-ft pathways and between blocks by 20-ft pathways. Two post-bloom applications were made on Jul 18 and Jul 30-31 with a 10-gal, powered ground sprayer delivering ca. 0.6 gal per min at 50 psi. All treatments were diluted to the rate of 400 gal of water per acre. A spray disc (4/64 inch orifice) and long distance nozzle tip allowed the applications to simulate those achieved commercially with over-head sprinkler systems. Difolatan was applied on Jun 24 and Jul 24 to prevent infection by fruit rot organisms. Temperatures were normal and precipitation well below normal throughout the test period. During the last week of August, berries from 5 randomly selected, square-foot areas within each plot were harvested by hand and frozen. These were later inspected for injury by A.vaccinii and S.sulfureana. Data transformed to arcsine were subjected to analysis of variance. Infestation levels were rated as moderate for A.vaccinii and light for S.sulfureana.

REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT IN LOBLOLLY PINE: I. THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF MALE AND FEMALE STROBILI IN RELATION TO THE LONG SHOOT GROWTH BEHAVIOR

The timing and patterns of initiation and differentiation of strobili on three clones of loblolly pine located in Washington, N.C., were similar, although the cone‐producing abilities of these clones were significantly different over a 5‐yr period. Male strobili were initiated in early July and were differentiated by mid‐September. Female strobili were initiated about the last week in August and were fully differentiated by mid‐November. There were significant differences in the developmental patterns of the long shoots on these three clones.

Deformation and metamorphism in the Caledonide Orogen

This thematic set of 10 papers concerned with deformation and metamorphism in the Caledonian and Appalachian orogens arose from part of a conference which was held in Dublin in September 1978 as part of IGCP Project 27 (The Caledonide Orogen). The main topic of the conference was ' The Caledonides of the British Isles, reviewed' and 82 papers from this have been published in a book of this title (Harris, A. L., Holland, C. H. & Leake, B. E. (eds.) 1980. Geol. Soc. Lond.). These papers on deformation and metamorphism complement that book by adding the dimension of the whole orogen to their topic. Authors were asked to summarise critical sectors of the orogen and to emphasise methods of analysis. The Scandinavian sector of the orogen receives most attention because much of the British Isles sector is covered in the companion book. The Appalachian sector will also receive major emphasis in a book entitled 'The Caledonides in the U.S.A.' which will be published this year (Editor: D. R. Wones, published by: Department of Geological Sciences, 4044 Derring Hall, Virginia Polytjechnique Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061. U.S.A.). The Scandinavian East Greenland sector of the orogen will be covered in a companion book to be published after the symposium entitled 'The Scandinavian and Greenland Caledonides, reviewed' to be held at Uppsala in the last week of August 1981. The 10 papers here provide up to date summaries of the nature and timing of deformation and metamorphism in critical sectors along the

The Seasonal Cycle of Swarming in Honeybees

SummaryA six-year study of natural swarming in Ithaca, NY, USA, showed a bimodal distribution for date of swarm emergence, with a peak during the first two weeks in June and a lesser peak during the last week in August and the first week in September. The mean swarm size for 126 swarms was 1·53 kg (11 800 bees). The mean weight of 116 swarm queens was 195·9 mg; of mated queens 203·4 mg, and of virgin queens 185·0 mg. Data from 1976 suggest that a virgin or a young mated queen may accompany a prime swarm.

Cholera

RECENT events have focused renewed attention on cholera as a source of health concern for the United States. During the last week in August 1973, cholera outbreaks occurred in several cities in Italy. More than 200 cases with 23 deaths had been reported by the end of September. This represents a further westward extension of the pandemic of El Tor cholera that, in recent years, has spread from Asia through the Middle East to most of Africa and, on occasion, to Europe. In 1971, Spain and Portugal experienced outbreaks of cholera resulting from cases imported from Africa. In the past few years, more than 100 imported cases have been reported from various other European countries without evidence of subsequent spread. On Aug 25, 1973, a case of cholera occurred in Calhoun County, Texas. 1 The diagnosis was suspected by an alert physician. As a result, the patient, a 51-year-old man,

Cholera. Implications for the United States.

RECENT events have focused renewed attention on cholera as a source of health concern for the United States. During the last week in August 1973, cholera outbreaks occurred in several cities in Italy. More than 200 cases with 23 deaths had been reported by the end of September. This represents a further westward extension of the pandemic of El Tor cholera that, in recent years, has spread from Asia through the Middle East to most of Africa and, on occasion, to Europe. In 1971, Spain and Portugal experienced outbreaks of cholera resulting from cases imported from Africa. In the past few years, more than 100 imported cases have been reported from various other European countries without evidence of subsequent spread. On Aug 25, 1973, a case of cholera occurred in Calhoun County, Texas. 1 The diagnosis was suspected by an alert physician. As a result, the patient, a 51-year-old man,

The Icefield Ranges Research Project, 1970

In 1970 the Icefield Ranges Research Project (IRRP) conducted its tenth consecutive summer of interdisciplinary basic research in the St. Elias Mountains, Yukon Territory, and in the valley and plateau region to the east where all aspects of the environment reflect the influence of those mountains. Summer field investigations began in April and ended the last week in August. And for the first time since the Project's inception in 1961, two programs have continued through the winter (1970-71). This opportunity to continue studies all the year round was made possible by the winterization of a log house; the work, begun in 1967 on the north side of the runway near the Kluane Base Camp, was completed with modern facilities in June 1970. This short paper briefly reviews the programs which were accomplished during the 1970 field season within the broad categories of glaciology, geophysics, physical geography, biology, and human physiology.

Observations on the seasonal occurrence and egg production of the grasshopper Chorthippus curtipennis Harris (Insecta: Orthoptera) in Newfoundland

Grasshoppers, Chorthippus curtipennis Harris, were collected on grassy hillsides and in sphagnum bog near St. John's during the summer of 1969. Dissections of females showed that the usual number of ovarioles was four in each ovary, that oviposition was restricted effectively to the last week of August and the first 2 weeks of September, and that grasshoppers from the bog were more heavily parasitized by calliphorid larvae than those from the hillsides.

High School Football Injuries

To the Editor:— The Athletic Medical Advisory Committee of the Academy of Medicine of Cincinnati, Ohio, has collected data on high school football injuries for the years 1962, 1963, and 1964. In southwestern Ohio, 31 of 37 schools responded to a detailed questionnaire, which provided for anonymity of players, coaches, and individual schools. The 31 responding schools reported 550 injuries among 2,846 players for the season. Of these, 89 injuries were listed as serious, and 88 players were out of action for periods of nine days or more. Almost half of the total injuries occurred before the season of scheduled football games began. The second week of practice, ie, the last week in August of 1964, was the week of peak incidence of injuries, in which 131 injuries or approximately 25% of all the injuries for the entire season occurred. Of the total injuries, 62% occurred during practices and only

Bay of Islands and Humber River Atlantic Salmon Investigations

Humber River is one of the important Atlantic salmon rivers of Newfoundland both from the standpoint of the angling in the river and the commercial fishery at the mouth of the river in Bay of Islands. The fishery was investigated in 1942 and a general survey was made of the main river and its tributaries in 1943 to determine conditions for spawning.The sea-age classes of Bay of Islands salmon and their percentage composition were: 1, 57.2; 2, 32.8; 3, 0.5; and previously spawned, 9.5. The 1 sea-year or grilse class was less numerous in June than 2 sea-year class, but was more numerous during the rest of the season. The 3 sea-year class was not represented at all until August, whereas the previously-spawned class had a higher representation in the first half of June than it did later in the season. According to fishermen's reports, the time of the run of the older salmon is usually from the last week of May to the first week of August with the peak around June 15, whereas grilse are caught from June 15 to the last week in August with the peak during the first half of July.The river-age classes of Bay of Islands salmon and their percentage representation were: 2, 2.1; 3, 42.1; 4, 51.6; 5, 4.0; and 6, 0.1.The average river age was 3.6 years.The average size of grilse was 52.8 cm and 3.4 lb (1.54 kg), and that of the sea-age class 2 was 75.3 cm and 10.6 lb (4.81 kg). Four per cent of the grilse and 28% of older salmon from Bay of Islands contained food; after July 22 no fish containing food was found. Capelin formed the predominant food item, and, almost always, the remainder was fish of other species.A survey of the main Humber River and its tributaries revealed a number of natural obstructions to the passage of salmon. A brief description of these is given, together with some suggestions for improvement. Access of anadromous salmon to Grand Lake and tributaries has been cut off by a dam. The lake now contains lake salmon, brook trout, and Arctic char.

Bionomics of the Eye-Spotted Bud Moth, Spilonota ocellana, on Cherry in Wisconsin1

The bionomics of the eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermüller), on sour cherry in Wisconsin from 1960 through 1961 showed that the eggs had hatched by the last week in August and larvae had left the leaves by October 4 to construct overwintering hibernacula, entering hibernation as third instar larvae and moulting once inside the hibernacula before spring. Seventy per cent of the larvae overwintered on fruiting spurs. Natural mortality of the overwintering larvae averaged 15% in 1960 and 17% in 1961. The larvae became active when the buds started swelling in late April, left their hibernacula approximately 1 week later when the terminal leaf buds showed ⅛ to ¼ inch green extended growth, and attacked the fruit buds primarily, eating into the base of the bud and feeding therein on the developing flower parts. The larvae gradually left the fruit buds to feed on the expanding leaves, and later constructed “leaf nests” in the fully developed terminals. Larval activity was correlated closely with temperature as shown by an increase in fruit bud injury from 4% to 53% and from 5% to 33% in the 7-day interval between green tip and popcorn stage of tree growth in 1960 and 1961, respectively. By the petal-fall stage 92% and 65% of the fruit buds were injured, 86% and 51% of the pistils destroyed and 100% and 85% of the leaf clusters infested by larvae in 1960 and 1961, respectively. An average of 4% of the cherries was injured between petal fall and harvest in 1961. Larvae started pupating by June 15 and pupation was nearly completed by July 20, primarily in “twig nests” on the wood. Adults were present from the first week in July until the last week in August, reaching their peak abundance the first week in August. Eggs were deposited primarily on the underside of the leaves.

THE BIOLOGY OF LETTUCE ROOT APHID

Lettuce root aphid, Pemphigus bursarius L., is a pest which sometimes causes considerable and widespread damage to crops of summer lettuce.Its favourite primary host is Lombardy poplar. On hatching in spring, from eggs that have overwintered on this host, the fundatrices cause the development of hollow, flask‐shaped galls on the leaf petioles. A fundatrix becomes enclosed within a gall, where it matures, and gives rise to between 100 and 250 young. These fundatrigeniae are all potential alatae and on developing wings leave the gall and migrate to lettuce and other secondary hosts; they reproduce rapidly.Lettuce sown between mid‐April and the end of May is most severely attacked, while lettuce sown in July escapes attack. The alternative secondary hosts belong to the Compositae, subfam. Liguliflorae, and although lettuce is preferred by the fundatrigeniae, Lapsana communis L. and Sonchus asper (L.) Hill often have big colonies of Pemphigus bursarius on their roots. The size of the mature apterae varies between hosts and is largest on lettuce and Sonchus asper.All winged alienicolae are sexuparae and fly back to poplar. Thus alternative secondary hosts are not reservoirs for lettuce‐infesting alatae.The sexuparae begin appearing on lettuce from about the last week in August. They generally come up to the soil surface and settle around the ‘collar’ of the host plant, to mature and develop wings. Having flown back to the primary host, the sexuparae seek out crevices in the bark where they produce arostrate sexuales. The ovipara contains one egg, and after mating she crawls as far into the bark crevice as possible and oviposits.

The Effect of Inflation on the Stock Market

I NFLATION IS A STORY we are constantly rehearing. In 1947-49 we heard that non-recurring inventory profits and inadequate depreciation reserves for replacement of assets had resulted from inflation, so that earnings were over-stated and ought to be discounted. An average priceearnings ratio for the Standard & Poor's Industrial Index of 19.0 in 1946 declined to 9.8 in 1947 and to the abnormally low level of 7.7 in 1948, because of investor recognition of inflation. This cause was cited until recently to justify the abnormally high price-earnings ratio for this Index of 13.6 in 1956 and 13.65 in the last week of August, 1957. Is there no rational way to allow for the effect of inflation on the value of stocks?

Excavations at Sphagion in Cyprus

The Cemetery at Sphagion was excavated during the last week of August 1951, under the auspices of the Ashmolean Museum—Sydney University expedition to Cyprus with the aid of funds contributed jointly by the University of Sydney and the Australian Institute of Archaeology, Melbourne, which now possesses the finds allotted to the expedition by the Department of Antiquities. Tomb 17 is in the Cyprus Museum. The University of Sydney has made a generous grant towards the cost of illustration.The site at Sphagion (so called because of a nearby slaughter-house) lies on the outskirts of the village of Myrtou (Kyrenia District) in North-west Cyprus (fig. 1). It is situated immediately to the North of the main Myrtou-Nicosia road, within a few metres of the 20-mile post from Nicosia. The narrow, flat tract of land, now used for the cultivation of vines and olives, has a shallow surface soil overlying the soft white limestone into which the graves were cut. The land belongs to Eleni Hadji Sophokli of the village of Myrtou.

Meiosis in an Unusual Form of Aconitum uncinatum L.

Previous articleNext article No AccessMeiosis in an Unusual Form of Aconitum uncinatum L.Henry W. JensenHenry W. Jensen Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The American Naturalist Volume 84, Number 814Jan. - Feb., 1950 Published for The American Society of Naturalists Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/281609 Views: 4Total views on this site Citations: 1Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:R. L. Cervelli Micropropagation of Monkshood (Aconitum spp.), (Jan 1992): 338–347.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07770-2_21

On the seasonal abundance of young fish. VII. The year 1939, January to August

In a number of previous reports observations on the seasonal abundance of the pelagic young of teleostean fish in the plankton off Plymouth have been recorded for the years 1924 to 1938 inclusive. Owing to the outbreak of war the series for the year 1939 is unfortunately not complete. Collections were, however, made until the last week in August. Previous records have always shown that the numbers of young fish caught in the last four months of the year, September to December, are insignificant and in consequence it is desirable that the results for 1939 should be published since they cover fully the period of production of almost all species of fish. It is, also, essential that these records should not be lost as the year 1939 has been the worst yet recorded and sets a new low limit to the production of fish. It is much to be deplored that the sequence of observations may be broken, so that we may never know what point the trough of the decline may reach.

An analysis of one hundred cases of acute poliomyelitis

Summary 1. An analysis is presented of the data taken from the records of 100 cases of acute poliomyelitis. 2.The maximum number of patients were hospitalized during the last week of August and the first week of September, 1932. With the ages of the patients varying from one to twelve years, 51 per cent of the patients were between one and one-half and five years of age. Males predominated over females in the ratio of 1.22 to 1. Color did not seem to confer any immunity. The majority of the patients in this series were well-nourished, well-developed children with normal hemoglobin concentration. The blood types of the patients had no influence on the incidence. Four patients who had received intramuscular whole blood as an attempted prophylactic measure did not develop paralysis but did develop the disease. 3. A discussion of the classification of the types of cases is presented. 4. Symptoms: A. Fever: Most patients exhibited fever on admission, ranging between 100° and 102° F. The dromedary type of temperature curve was not encountered. B. Gastrointestinal: Constipation, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia were frequent symptoms. Abdominal pain was not uncommon. Diarrhea of a mild type occurred occasionally. C. Cardiorespiratory: An initial upper respiratory infection occurred in a high percentage of cases. Respiratory phenomena incident to paralysis are discussed. Cardiovascular abnormalities were present. D. General: Deep pressure pain occurred in the majority of cases, as a transient symptom in nonparalytic cases and as a protracted symptom in those developing paralysis. Drowsiness appeared early in more than half the cases. Headache and backache occurred in 46.6 per cent and 26.6 per cent, respectively, of children able to give evidence of them. Irritability, weakness, and toxicity were rather frequent; restlessness and sweating were occasional occurrences; convulsions were rare. E. Nervous: Nuchal rigidity, stiffness of the back, and head drop were common early occurrences. Trophic and vasomotor disturbances were occasionally met. F. Genitourinary: Urinary retention occurred in less than 10 per cent of the patients as a transient symptom. G. Glandular: In no case was there generalized lymphadenopathy or splenic enlargement. H. Paralysis: A detailed analysis of the incidence, distribution, and relationship of reflexes to muscle paralysis is made. 5. Laboratory Data: A. Spinal Fluid: The fluid was usually clear and colorless. Pleocytosis was almost uniformly encountered. The relationship of the pleocytosis to paralysis and its variation during the course of the disease is outlined. Globulin was found increased in most of the fluids examined. An increase in the sugar content was found in but 23 per cent of the cases, the remaining patients exhibiting spinal fluid sugars within normal range. Chlorides were almost always normal. The Wassermann reaction carried out in twenty-five cases was negative. The fluids of nine patients showed slight pellicle formation. B. Urine: Urinary findings were those of any febrile disturbance. C. Serology: The blood Wassermann reaction determined in twentyfour patients was positive in one case—this a known case of syphilis. D. Hematology: The leucocytic response to the disease is analyzed. 6. The total mortality rate in this series was 7 per cent. However, in those children under eighteen months of age the mortality was 25 per cent. 7. The therapeutic measures employed in the early treatment of these cases are tabulated.

INFANTILE DIARRHEA

In Detroit the most severe and rapidly fatal forms of infantile diarrhea begin to make their appearance about the third week of August, reach a peak during September and become less frequent in early October. This curve corresponds closely to that observed in other cities having approximately the same climatic conditions. Despite the unusual and excessive heat of the early summer of 1930, comparatively few patients with diarrhea were admitted to the Children's Hospital until the last week of August; hence our studies have all been made over a rather brief period of about five weeks. During the time that we have been conducting our observations, there have been admitted to our ward patients suffering from diarrheas of all degrees of severity and of various etiology. We have experienced considerable difficulty in classification, because often it was practically impossible to make a definite statement as to the cause which, in

Our Astronomical Column

ENCKE'S COMET.—This comet was detected on its return by Prof. G. van Biesbroeck at the Yerkes Observatory on July 31. Its position at 2011 45-6™ G.M.T. on July 31 was R.A. 3h 24™ 53/4s, N. Decl. 280 6′ 27”, Magnitude?6·?. The position is within of Matkiewicz's prediction, according to which perihelion will be reached on Oct. 31–42 G.M.T.. The comet should become visible to ordinary telescopes in the last week of August.

Our Astronomical Column

D'ARREST'S COMET.—No news of the detection of this comet is yet to hand; this is not altogether surprising, as it has been noted faint at previous returns; and as it has not been seen for two revolutions, the positions given may be somewhat in error. The search is still possible in August; in fact, the maximum brightness is in the last week of August. The following is a continuation of Mr. F. R. Cripps's ephemeris (for midnight):