Last Military Dictatorship In Argentina Research Articles

Молодежная политика аргентинской вoенной хунты как часть глобальной консервативной реакции

This article examines the youth policy pursued by the mili-tary junta as part of the general authoritarian strategies used to control public life and to shape mass worldviews during the last military dictatorship in Argentina (1976-1983). Applying Michel Foucault’s concept of disciplinary power, the author analyses the interaction of military authorities with young people. Particular attention is paid to generational conflict and conservative ideology opposing changes in youth culture. The article also shows how the complex socio-political processes of the last dictatorship in Argentina were linked to the global conservative reaction observed in different countries in the 1970s. The topic touched upon by the author allows for a better understanding of authoritarian practices used to shape social norms, especially when influencing young people.

Testimonio teatral de la violencia contra las mujeres en la dictadura argentina: NN 12 de Gracia Morales

This research paper focuses on Hispanic contemporary theatre and the representation of violence against women during the last military dictatorship in Argentina (1976-1983). With this aim, it analysed NN 12 (2008), written by Gracia Morales, which examines the topic of violence perpetrated by the State, especially sexual and obstetric. To demonstrate how theatrical fiction has the capacity of creating new subjectivities based on the historical reality and argue its vindicative capacity, a critique and comparative analysis of the text NN 12 and the spoken and written testimony of women who were tortured and, in most cases, were assassinated during the Argentinian dictatorship was undertaken.

Preservation and Accessibility of the Audiovisual Document of the Trial of the Argentine Military Junta

AbstractThis research note outlines the current state of preservation and accessibility of an audiovisual document that contains complete video footage of the Trial of the Argentine Military Junta, whose verdict in 1985 found the accused guilty of crimes against humanity perpetrated during the last military dictatorship in Argentina (1976–1983).The project of digitization is the result of a joint effort by the University of Salamanca, the Argentine human rights organization Memoria Abierta, and the judges involved in the case, with the support of the Argentine Cámara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Criminal y Correccional Federal. Its two main objectives are to preserve and provide open access to the audiovisual document. To date only digitized preservation has been attained, a nonetheless remarkable achievement. Despite legislation dates enforcing the protection of the parties involved in the trial, and the absence of legal constraints, open access to the document has not been obtained.

Transitional Justice measures implemented in Argentina: their psychosocial impact

Terrorism carried out by State forces is the most reprehensible action to be taken because the power and resources of a country are used to generate terror. Such power and resources are aimed at reaching certain political goals instead of serving the citizens. Transitional Justice has raised complex debates related to democratisation, human rights and the reconstruction of the State and its institutions after periods of severe social conflict. After the last military dictatorship in Argentina (1976-1983), different transitional justice mechanisms were implemented to cope with the consequences of the State’s collective violence: Truth Commission, criminal trials, institutional reforms, as well as reparatory gestures. A descriptivecorrelational study of group difference was developed, with a non-experimental cross-sectional design. It was aimed at analysing the psychosocial impact of transitional justice measures taken in Argentina. The study was conducted on a non-probabilistic sample composed of 576 participants. Findings support the effectiveness of combined Transitional Justice measures, the weakness of recognition of criminal acts and apologies, and significant differences in terms of violence affectation.
 Received: 20 September 2021Accepted: 25 November 2021

Death of a Subaltern: Melodrama, Class and Victimhood in Muerte de un ciclista (Juan Antonio Bardem, 1955) and La mujer sin cabeza (Lucrecia Martel, 2008)

This article provides a comparative analysis of Muerte de un ciclista (dir. Juan Antonio Bardem, 1955) and La mujer sin cabeza (dir. Lucrecia Martel, 2008). It argues that both films use the hit-and-run motif to address class difference, but also to reflect on key historical events such as the Spanish Civil War and the desaparecidos during the last military dictatorship in Argentina. The article analyses how both films adopt and rework conventions of melodrama to produce a critique of the bourgeoisie from within. Finally, it contends that each film negotiates differently its affiliation to the melodramatic mode.

Genetic testing to restore the human right to identity in post-dictatorship Argentina: Ethical, legal, and social issues.

The last military dictatorship in Argentina (1976-1983), committed egregious violations of human rights, including torture assassinations and disappearance of 30,000 political dissidents as well as friends and relatives. This included hundreds of pregnant women who were kept in clandestine detention centers and killed after delivering their babies in abject conditions. The succeeding democratic governments applied forensic genetics at the Banco Nacional de Datos Genéticos to identify the estimated 500 children stolen at birth and being reared by military families with suppression of their identity. The first genetic identification was in 1984 of a 6 years old, while the latest was in 2019 of a 44 years old, completing so far 130 identifications along 35 years of post-dictatorship. The ethical, legal, and psycho-social complexities of restoration of genetic identity after years of appropriation and suppression of identity in the Argentine context, is discussed at length. Evidence indicates that after initial psychological distress, most individuals that had their true genetic identity restored experienced relief by learning the truth and reuniting with their biological families. Many "recovered grandchildren" are socially and politically involved in progressive causes and express pride for the social activism of their disappeared parents. The role played by genetics in support of the right to identity in Argentina has set an example of social responsibility of science in defense of human rights.

Salir al mundo en tiempos de dictadura: Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo y las redes transnacionales de derechos humanos (1977-1983)

In this article we analyze the interaction between the Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo and the transnational advocacy networks for human rights during the years of the last military dictatorship in Argentina. In the first place, we analyze the main characteristics and actors of these networks and reconstruct the process and the modalities of insertion of the Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo in them. Secondly, we inquire into the repertoire of action and the different forms of collaboration of international human rights organizations with the Argentinian group. Finally, we discuss the medium and long-term effects that these relationships had for the Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo, both for the dissemination of its cause and for its consolidation as an independent organization.

Amerykańska polityka praw człowieka wobec Argentyny w czasie „brudnej wojny” 1976-1983

The U.S. Human Rights Policy Towards Argentina During the “Dirty War” 1976-1983 The paper aims to provide an analysis of the question of violations of human rights during the last military dictatorship in Argentina (1976-1983) and the impact of this problem on bilateral relations with the United States. The article will focus mostly on the presidency of James “Jimmy” Earl Carter. The political line adopted by him, known as “the Carter doctrine” or “human rights policy” was the basis of restrictive attitude towards the Argentine dictators. In order to provide a complete analysis, the topic of the paper was treated broadly, covering not only bilateral, American-Argentine issues, but also multilateral forms of exerting pressure on Argentina, mainly at the United Nations and Organization of American States. The article also provides an analysis of the human rights policy itself, as well as of the state terror introduced by the Argentine military, known as the “Dirty War””.

¿Dónde está Santiago Maldonado? Disputas por la memoria del pasado reciente en Argentina

Santiago Maldonado desapareció el 1° de agosto de 2017 durante la represión que Gendarmería Nacional realizó en la localidad de Cushamen, en la provincia de Chubut, contra la protesta de la comunidad mapuche en la que Maldonado participaba. El sur argentino tiene una larga experiencia de reclamos del pueblo mapuche centrados en recuperar las tierras que consideran ancestrales, lograr la autonomía jurisdiccional y alcanzar el reconocimiento de libertad económico - productiva y de su identidad cultural. El 1° de agosto de 2017, la Gendarmería ingresó al Pu Lof en Resistencia de Cushamen dado que el Movimiento Autónomo de Puel Mapu había cortado durante 24 horas la ruta 40, que recorre Argentina paralela a la cordillera de los Andes, para reclamar la liberación de su líder Facundo Jones Huala, detenido un mes antes en la provincia de Rio Negro. La Gendarmería Nacional había recibido orden de la justicia federal para despejar la ruta 40 pero, una vez que la cumplió, ingresó también a la comunidad de manera ilegal. La desaparición de Santiago Maldonado fue denunciada de forma inmediata por la comunidad, para luego, convertirse en el reclamo central de los organismos de Derechos Humanos y de diversas organizaciones políticas. Maldonado estuvo 78 días desaparecido hasta el hallazgo de su cadáver, sumergido en el Río Chubut, durante un rastrillaje que los buzos de la Prefectura realizaron, rio arriba respecto del lugar de la represión. La movilización social, política, jurídica y mediática que se produjo durante el tiempo que Maldonado estuvo desaparecido reflejó cómo la Historia Reciente argentina continúa abierta, se hizo evidente la presencia del pasado en el presente y las disputas sociales y políticas que de ello se desprenden. Más precisamente, quedaron expuestas las memorias en conflicto en torno a lo ocurrido durante la última Dictadura militar en Argentina y a la violación a los derechos humanos mediante la desaparición forzada y el Terrorismo de Estado. En este contexto, y entendiendo que los medios de comunicación son una herramienta clave donde se producen esas luchas por la memoria como proyección de discusiones y conflictos más profundos, el objetivo del presente trabajo radica en analizar cómo se presentó la desaparición y muerte de Santiago Maldonado en la prensa escrita argentina, ¿A qué imaginarios responde y qué significados tiene esa conceptualización?, ¿Qué luchas sobre el pasado reciente argentino visibilizó?, y ¿Qué posiciones se intentaron legitimar con su utilización pública?. Para dar respuesta a estos interrogantes se analizarán los diarios La Nación y Página 12 (versiones digitales) observando la existencia de una lucha por los sentidos del pasado que pugnó por el significado de la desaparición y de la muerte de Santiago Maldonado. Si bien se entiende que dichos periódicos no agotan las líneas de análisis del caso, se seleccionaron como punto de inicio de la investigación en tanto constituyen publicaciones masivas dirigidas a perfiles de lectores disimiles donde pueden rastrearse las disputas por la memoria antes mencionadas. El foco de análisis estará puesto en los meses de la desaparición y muerte de Santiago Maldonado para reflejar la existencia de una lucha por los sentidos del pasado que pugnó por atribuirle diferentes significados al destino del joven.

Usos y debates en la Argentina sobre la categoría del Estado terrorista

Nos proponemos reflexionar acerca del uso por parte de diferentes actores de una de las categorías del análisis socio-histórico que ha marcado las formas de pensar al Estado nacional en los años de la última dictadura militar en la Argentina: la de Estado terrorista. Se ha señalado, críticamente, que quienes abordan la cuestión estatal en términos históricos reflexionan poco sobre las implicancias teóricas de esta categoría a la hora de pensar, por ejemplo, el diseño e implementación de los dispositivos represivos. En este sentido en los últimos años se ha trabajado sobre la legitimidad y utilidad de la noción de Estado terrorista para entender las formas específicas que adoptó el ejercicio de la violencia por parte del último gobierno militar. Mientras que algunos la retomaron considerándola productiva, otras investigaciones se apropiaron de conceptualizaciones como la de genocidio o poder concentracionario para abordar la comprensión de esta experiencia histórica singular. Asimismo, otros análisis han contrapuesto el conocimiento surgido del movimiento social de aquel originado en los ámbitos científicos, mostrando una preocupación por el uso de estas nociones a las que consideran “contaminadas” por lo político. De conjunto, apuntamos en este texto a examinar distintos elementos que explican cómo se llega a esta teorización sobre el Estado, y en tal sentido, deseamos contribuir al debate sobre el uso de categorías teóricas específicas para el análisis histórico, delimitando y situando su contexto de creación.

Opinion polls and surveys in the BANADE archives: a productive use of governmental technologies by the last military dictatorship in Argentina (1976–1983)

ABSTRACT Surveys and opinion polls were systematically carried out by the last military dictatorship in Argentina (1976–1983), becoming the main source to comprehend public opinion. Governmental and military institutions with intelligence services focused on the population carried out polls on collective moods, produced reports on the “psychosocial situation”, and designed communication strategies as well as propaganda campaigns to revert the trend of negative opinion. This article analyzes opinion polls and surveys carried out in 1981, which have not been systematically studied yet. The polls and surveys can be found in the BANADE archives. These documents open a new dimension of analysis, which leads to the hypothesis that the last military dictatorship in Argentina governed not only through constant repression but also through a productive plan, as systematic as the suppressive plan, aiming at the regulation of behavior to achieve useful outcomes (compliance, support, obedience, etc.).

The Crimes of the Last Dictatorship in Argentina and its Qualification as Genocide: A Historicization

The last military dictatorship in Argentina was characterized by gross and systematic human rights violations. After the restoration of democracy in 1983, President Raúl Alfonsín put the military juntas on trial. Criminal prosecution of the abuses was later halted through laws and decrees. In 2003, under the Néstor Kirchner administration, the trials were resumed and some of the sentences incorporated the idea that the crimes had been committed in the framework of genocide. This article reconstructs the history of the uses and re-significations, furthered by local and transnational actors, of the category of genocide and the ways in which it was incorporated to characterize the crimes committed by the Argentine dictatorship. I argue that the use of this category shows the long presence of the Shoah paradigm in the country and the adoption of the international framework of human rights by actors involved in pro-accountability and memorialization processes.

Violencia política y disciplinamiento social durante la última dictadura militar argentina. Modalidades represivas en Bahía Blanca, Argentina (1976-1977)

Desde una perspectiva que reconoce las articulaciones locales de procesos que tuvieron alcance nacional, este artículo analiza las características que asumieron las modalidades represivas en una subdivisión del V Cuerpo de Ejército, que durante la última dictadura militar argentina tenía asiento en la ciudad de Bahía Blanca (Argentina). Para abordar las prácticas represivas dominantes en la Subzona 51 se distinguirán espacios punitivos, niveles de violencia registrados y formas de articulación entre dimensiones legales e ilegales y secretas y visibles de la represión a escala local. Dicho análisis permite reconstruir un mapa represivo complejo cuyos puntos nodales estaban configurados por los Centros Clandestinos de Detención y Exterminio, lugares transitorios de encierro y tortura, ámbitos de blanqueamiento y dependencias castrenses en general. Esos espacios no sólo estaban unidos entre sí, sino que formaban parte de una trama que incluía a las fuerzas represivas que actuaban en las calles de la ciudad y en instituciones específicas como las dependientes del Servicio Penitenciario Bonaerense. El heterogéneo corpus de esta investigación (integrado por registros burocráticos de las agencias estatales, memorias de los represaliados y artículos periodísticos) será abordado a partir de la integración de métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos.

Los 20 años del Archivo Biográfico Familiar de Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo

In 1998, Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo created the Family Biographical Archive (Archivo Biografico Familiar) aiming at reconstructing the life stories of those disappeared people whose children had been appropriated during the last military dictatorship in Argentina. Since then, the Archive has recorded and preserved the voices of those people who knew them, waiting for the moment the grandchild is found. It intends to be an instrument towards generational transmission, through which the grandchildren can learn the story of their parents, and so, their own. On the occasion of its 20th anniversary, this article intends to go through the history of the Archive, examining its research methodology, analyzing how its work has evolved throughout the years, the different projects it has developed and its future challenges.

Justo en el borde de la zona de certeza. Modos de la memoria en Los planetas de Sergio Chejfec

Al revisar ciertas aproximaciones críticas a las narrativas sobre la última dictadura militar en Argentina, observamos que Los planetas de Sergio Chejfec se resiste a las interpretaciones disponibles, a los modos usuales de leer y a los intentos de sistematización. El artículo establece vínculos entre tales resistencias y la concepción de la memoria que trabaja la novela. La memoria se configura como un estado de paso que adopta formas imprecisas y transitorias, una experiencia que se sustrae de las organizaciones objetivas del espacio geométrico y del tiempo cronológico. En este sentido, las temporalidades se acoplan con lo espacial: recordar significa reactualizar la estancia del cuerpo en la ciudad, volver a andar para hacer presente lo pasado.

Revisiting the origins of Argentina’s military junta trial: political, moral, and legal dilemmas of a transitional justice strategy

ABSTRACTThis article examines the conceptual construction and the dilemmas surrounding the strategy that led to the trial of the military juntas furthered by President Raúl Alfonsín to address the human rights abuses perpetrated during the last military dictatorship in Argentina (1976–1983). The article argues that Alfonsín’s decision was the result of a process and as such was shaped gradually in dialogue with the political, moral, and legal dilemmas raised by the crimes and with the initiatives furthered by the armed forces and the human rights movement, two major actors in the transition to democracy. The article looks at the discussions over the space in which prosecution would take place, the scope of the trials in terms of criminal justice, and their relationship with the construction of the truth regarding the crimes. In that way it contributes to the study of a foundational strategy in the field of transitional justice, and, at the same time, reveals the teleonomic nature of projects aimed at dealing with legacies of systematic human rights violations.

NARRATIVAS EN EL PAÍS DE LA INFANCIA

Resumen La expresión de la propia subjetividad, tanto en los medios de comunicación como en la política, la investigación académica, la literatura, el cine y las artes visuales, tuvo sin duda un anclaje prioritario en la instauración de la memoria pública como un deber ético en las sociedades contemporáneas, y por ende en la valorización del testimonio, en sus formas más diversas, como un modo de dar cuenta de la experiencia de pasados traumáticos, donde las memorias de la segunda guerra y de la Shoá dejaron una matriz indeleble. En esa herencia testimonial, en estos avatares del espacio biográfico, se inscriben las narrativas a las que alude el título de mi artículo, que anudan los tres significantes que lo presiden: infancia, memoria, autoficción. Son narrativas de autores – escritora y cineastas – que padecieron el hecho común de vivir la infancia en dictadura – la última dictadura militar en la Argentina, 1976-1983 – y ser víctimas directas de ella, confrontadas, en una lectura sintomática, con otras narrativas, singulares, de niños cuando eran niños, recogidas por un periodista en el retorno a la democracia y publicadas en un libro mucho tiempo después. Mientras los primeros decidieron afrontar la elaboración narrativa de sus memorias traumáticas a través de la creación de obras autoficcionales, las voces de los niños, registradas en esa primeridad de la experiencia, dejaron un conmovedor testimonio de inocencia y miedo.

Among bodies: reflections on ethnographic work and the repercussions of exhumations and identifications of the disappeared of the last military dictatorship in Argentina

This article will investigate the process of confronting death in cases of the disappeared of the last military dictatorship in Argentina. Based on the exhumation and identification of the body of a disappeared person, the article will reflect on how the persons social situation can be reconfigured, causing structural changes within the family and other groups. This will be followed by a discussion of the reflections generated by the anthropologist during his or her interview process, as well as an investigation into the authors own experiences in the field. This intimate relationship between the anthropologist and death, through the inevitable contact that takes place among the bodies, causes resonances in the context both of exhumations and of identifications in the anthropologists wider fieldwork.

Fetal Trauma Syndrome by Torture

New clinical description for cases of children of disappeared [1] captive born to mothers under torture, harassment and abuse, as a special form of distress transmitted by the mother. These children had somehow the horror of torture-as state terrorism from their mothers after delivery being separated from them, and delivered by his captors to infertile couples, which generally hide their possible tort origin, especially from 1976 to 1982 period the last military dictatorship in Argentina, legally characterized. Discussed possible inclusion in the existing categories of ICD-10 WHO, making a comparison of possible diagnoses pictures descriptors: as the (F43.1, and F62.0), concluding on the need to apply to new presentation semiological pathognomonic the Persistent Personality Disorders, from within a situation of extreme stress of the mother, recognizable clinical ideosincrasica the child, derived from an original uniqueness pathogenesis. This syndrome has Funcionarios its singular specificity appear as identifier notoriously high sensitivity to detect children who, unaware of their history fetal spent in concentration camps of illegal detentions, whose mothers finished killed after torture. The likely impact of the violent situation in their appropriation, which would determine a new concept of alienated identity, or stolen personality (psycholegal concepts) related to the awareness that parents have their origin in tort is also suggested, that could have affected his upbringing and early education, very different from the usual way adoptions from another source. They have been added to this new confirmatory cases obtained from a current age group of 32-39 years. It has started a campaign of self-detection through the international spread of a self-administered questionnaire. At present the Association of G.a.m.a has-been recovered granddaughter No. 117.

James Joyce’s Ulysses in Ricardo Piglia’s Respiración artificial

The aim of this article is to analyse the presence of James Joyce’s Ulysses (1922) in Respiracion artificial, the first novel by the Argentinean writer Ricardo Piglia (1941- ). Published in 1980, Respiracion is a fictional representation of a near and tragic past, the last Military Dictatorship in Argentina, but it is also a literary re-assessment of earlier stages in the history of the nation, as well as a metatextual comment on western culture and on Argentine literature. James Joyce’s Ulysses is present in Piglia’s novel mainly through its main character, Emilio Renzi, who belongs to a literary genealogy that can be traced back to Stephen Dedalus and even Stephen Daedalus, the protagonist of Stephen Hero. The analysis will focus on the many allusions and quotations of Ulysses in Piglia’s novel with the purpose of showing how they are resignified by Piglia in a different sociocultural context. Keywords: Ulysses; Respiracion artificial; Stephen Dedalus; Emilio Renzi; historiographic metafiction.