Laser Jet Printer Research Articles

Print-Assisted Layer - by - Layer Fabrication of Mixed-Matrix Membrane for Gas Separation

The process intensification principles of optimizing the driving forces/resistances at every scale and the spatial domain were investigated using a print-assisted technique. The investigation was done by using a LaserJet printer to fabricate structured mixed-matrix membranes for gas separation. The physico-chemical properties of the fabricated membranes were evaluated using FTIR, and XRD. The microstructure of the membrane was evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and optical microscope. The separation performance was evaluated using constant-pressure gas permeation test. The capability of the membrane to separate a mixture of two gases were tested using CO2 and CH4. The results from optical microscope analysis showed that membrane fabricated using print-assisted method possessed a well-structured morphology which can enhance the predictability of their performance. The gas permeations results showed that the transport mechanism of the membranes changed from Knudsen to molecular sieve as the number of print layers was increased from 0 to 7 layers. Overall, the fabricated membrane showed some potentials for separating CO2/CH4 mixture.

Investigation of color values of inkjet and laserjet prints on recycled papers

The aim of this study is to compare laserjet printing and inkjet printing properties on recycled papers. In the study, we recycled reference papers prepared in accordance with the INGEDE 11p standard. After recycling the papers, we produced test papers in the laboratory environment and examined the physical and optical properties of the obtained papers. We applied calendering process at 100 oC temperature and 20 bar pressure on the obtained test papers. After this process, we printed trigromy color measurement scales with inkjet and laserjet printers on the test papers obtaine Finally, using the spectrophotometer, we determined the printing properties of both print types.When we examined the results, we determined that in most of the printability parameters, laserjet had a superior performance and was a more usable printing system. For example, while the inkjet cyan density value is 0.94, the laserjet is 1.05. While M + Y trapping value was 28.23 in inkjet, it was 92.20 in laserjet. For example, we found the Gloss value as 2.53 in inkjet and 4.23 in laserjet. While inkjet cyan print chroma value is 44.03, it is 48.09 in laserjet. In addition, we determined that laserjet printing reached a wider area as a color gamut.Based on the color measurement results of both printing types, we have determined that the printability of recycled papers is reasonable. We have determined with experimental results that laserjet printing produces better quality prints in a short time, especially in the office environmen

Investigation of recycling repetition effect on deinkability efficiency and printing properties

The primary aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of separating ink particles which are adherent to cellulose fibers from cellulose fibers after recycling. In addition, after recycling, physical and optical changes in cellulose fibers are observed and inkjet and laserjet printing properties are investigated in some parameters. Initially, the reference papers are recycled according to the 11p standard. After this stage, the pulps are subjected to double stage bleaching (0.4% FAS + H2O2). Then, color scales are printed with inkjet and laserjet printers, and color measurements are made with X-Rite Exact spectrophotometer. These papers are again recycled according to the INGEDE 11p standard. As a result of the calculations, it is observed that there is an accurate ratio between the number of recyclings and the detachability of ink particles from cellulose fibers. In addition, it is determined that the resistance properties of the papers subjected to the second recycling stage are weakened and the porosity increased according to the obtained data. After the second recycling stage, it is determined that the cellulose peak values obtained in the FTIR spectrum became more pronounced and the results overlapped when compared with the ERIC values. In the SEM images, it can be said that after the second recycling stage, the fringing of the fibers increases with hornification and the fiber surface area began to expand.

Laserjet Printed Micro/Nano Sensors and Microfluidic Systems: A Simple and Facile Digital Platform for Inexpensive, Flexible, and Low‐Volume Devices

AbstractA facile and digital do‐it‐yourself technique is proposed to fabricate inexpensive sensors on flexible substrates (paper, cloth, and plastic film). A set of office‐grade equipment (i.e., laserjet printer, thermal laminator, computer‐aided paper cutter), and commercially available supplies (i.e., baking wax paper, furniture restoration metal‐leaf) are used. Forming electrodes through traditional printing and defining a fluidic confinement region through crafting practice enable fabrication of a wide range of devices without requiring customized specialty instruments, costly infrastructure, and complicated fabrication steps, unlike previously introduced methods. Three different levels of experiments are designed to assess the comprehensiveness and responsiveness of the proposed method to the needs of existing research fields. The performances of the fabricated features at each level are evaluated to cover various application domains in environmental monitoring and biomedical diagnostics utilizing conductometric, colorimetric, biochemical, and chemoresistive detection principles. Devices with varying size of features, from nanometers to centimeters, are fabricated and characterized. This method provides an alternative route to decentralized production of low‐cost flexible sensors and other devices, with a minimal step, time, and facilities. The operation of such devices is simple and can be further empowered by smartphones for data analysis and transmission.

A novel print-and-release method to prepare microplastics using an office-grade laserjet printer; a low-cost solution for preliminary studies

Microscopic plastic particles (microplastics) are widespread anthropogenic contaminants that are impacting aquatic ecosystems. Among the five most prevalent types of microplastics (polystyrene, polyamide, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, and polypropylene) in aquatic environments, the impact of polystyrene, polyethylene, and polypropylene has drawn more attention due to their high transportability. A lack of reliable inexpensive methods to accurately replicate the realistic microplastic samples extracted from environmental matrixes with the desired size and geometry is one of the main challenges in the design of experiments for systematic studies. In this work, a novel print-and-release technique to prepare colored microplastic (polystyrene) particles with a desired size and shape by using an office-grade laserjet printer is introduced. Microplastics ranging from 125 μm to 500 μm could be prepared with an average dimensional error of less than 5%. Their physical and chemical characteristics were obtained by SEM, FTIR, and XPS analyses.

Exposure to BTEX concentration and the related health risk assessment in printing and copying centers.

This study was derived to investigation of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) concentrations in printing and copying centers (PCCs) in Ardabil city of Iran. Fifty-three PCCs were randomly selected from all the 136 number of PCCs and BTEX was sampled form their indoor air. The results showed that the concentration of BTEX in the indoor air PCCs is lower than the OELs (occupational exposure limit) in all cases. The obtained mean concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene were 93.6±63.2, 150.6±99.2, 34.3±16.8, and 29.5±15.2 μg/m3 respectively. Type of printer, number of printing and copying device, and type of ventilation system had significant influence on the BTEX concentration. The mean inhalation lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) value for benzene and ethylbenzene in the indoor air of the PCCs with LaserJet and inkjet printers was 44.4 × 10-6 and 153.3 × 10-6, and 23.4×10-6 and 54.2× 10-6, respectively, which were higher than EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limits. The hazard quotient (HQ) of benzene in the indoor air of the PCCs with inkjet printers was >1, which indicates that the non-carcinogenic risks associated with exposure to these compounds are considerable.

HSR: A History of New Beginnings and a Tribute to Founding Editor Nándor F. Dreisziger

<i>HSR</i>: A History of New Beginnings and a Tribute to Founding Editor Nándor F. Dreisziger

Analysis and Design Ecommerce with User Centered Design (UCD) Method at PT. Multi Prima Mandiri Sukses

The development of technology moves so rapidly beyond human expectations in general, all eyes and minds are shocked by the sophistication of a technology that is packaged to represent various systems in the world, as well as the business world which is touched by technological developments and changes the way of doing business from the old model to be more sophisticated and efficient. PT. Multi Prima Mandiri Sukses is a company that sells laserjet toner ink and various laserjet printer rentals for office needs. The problem that occurs is in the sales department that so far sales are still carried out conventionally by ordering by telephone and sales records are still in the form of physical data where sales reach is not wide and sales data are easily lost. To overcome this problem, an online sales platform was built in the form of e-commerce with the UML (Unified Modeling Language) approach and with the design of the UCD (User Centered Design) method, the programming language used was PHP with MySQL database. The results of this research are in the form of an available online sales system which includes purchases and sales reports with a user center as a reference for developing an e-commerce sales system.

Scanning magnetic microscope based on magnetoimpedance sensor for measuring of local magnetic fields

A scanning magnetic microscope based on an off-diagonal magnetoimpedance sensor is presented. As a sensor, we use a 4 mm segment of glass covered microwire, having a metallic core diameter of 13.5 μm and CoFeCrSiB composition and a pick-up coil wound around the microwire containing 70 turns. The magneto-impedance sensor is fixed perpendicular to the surface of the sample, in such a way that the distance between the tip of the microwire and the sample is about 200 μm. The relative movement of the sample and the GMI sensor is carried out using a non-magnetic X-Y positioner. Measurements are taken inside the magnetic screen. For test measurements, samples in the form of the letters IWMW – of the conference abbreviation are used. The samples were made based on thin copper wire, Fe-rich amorphous ferromagnetic microwires and printed by laser-jet printer. Clear magnetic images were obtained on all samples, which demonstrates the high practical potential of the proposed method.

Study of chemical profile and of lines crossing using blue and black ink pens by LDI (+) MS and LDI (+) imaging

The determination of the chemical characterization and the order of ink crossing by ballpoint pens have received increasing and important attention in forensic analysis due to forgery or alteration of documents strongly related to their use. The examination of these cases must be using non-destructive methods, in order to preserve the integrity of the evidence present in the documents. Laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) and LDI mass spectrometry imaging (LDI-MSI) have been widely applied in forensic document analysis by offering specific information on the chemical composition of the material from the mass to charge ratio (m/z) of the dyes without destroying the spatial location of the analytes. In this work, the combination of LDI data with statistical treatment, such as principal components analysis, classified the blue and black pen inks according to their 11 brands and 18 models studied. The interpretation of the LDI mass spectra allowed a chemical profile analysis relating the concept of relative ion intensity of the following dyes: methyl violet (m/z 372), ethyl violet (m/z 456), basic blue 26 (m/z 470), and basic blue 7 (m/z 478). In addition, the order of ink crossing (pen over pen, pen over printer and vice versa) was determined by monitoring the ions: methyl violet dye (m/z 372), their homologues (m/z 358, 344, 330, 316) and basic blue 7 (m/z 478) for the pens; and the ions of m/z 285 and 355, for inkjet and laserjet printers, respectively, by the LDI (+) MSI.

Proizvodnja mikrokanala u laboratoriji i primena mikro PIV-a

We present a method for microfluidic channel fabrication that has the following advantages compared to conventionally-used methods: technical simplicity, dramatically lower fabrication costs, and fabrication time. The method entails printing channel designs on a thermoplastic film from a LaserJet printer. Exposure to high temperatures elicits isotropic shrinkage of the film (in the x-y plane), in addition to thickening (in the z-direction), resulting in a positive relief mold. The microfluidic channel design of the mold is then transferred to a polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) chip through soft lithography, resulting in a ready-to-use microfluidic chip. Through this approach, chips with complex channel geometries can be generated with low cost equipment and in as little as a couple hours. Flow visualizations from several chips from the 'Do-it-yourself Microfluidics Workshop', held at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Univeristy of Belgrade, are presented in this paper. We also discuss possibilities for adapting micro particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements to channel designs on PDMS-based microfluidic chips using the fabrication method delineated here.

Fabrication of 3D Shapes of Carbon By Origami

We present preliminary experiments leading to a novel approach to manufacture 3D complex shapes of thin carbon using origami. Origami is an ancient art of paper folding, where a 3D complex shape can be fabricated by folding planar paper along the creases. Paper is generally a random network of cellulose fibers. Cellulose decomposes to carbon upon heat treatment around 900 °C in inert atmosphere. The cellulose derived carbon resembles to glass-like carbon and possesses interesting properties such as low density, high electrical conductivity, biocompatibility, and high resistance to high temperature and corrosive environment1,2. Here, we aim to demonstrate the capability to manufacture 3D complex origami structures of carbon by heat treating the precursor paper origami structures. These complex 3D structures of thin cross section carbon have huge potentials as multifunctional material in different applications such as tissue engineering scaffold, catalyst support and biomedical devices. We used Fisherbrand pure cellulose chromatography paper (Sigma Aldrich, Cat. No. 05-714-1) because of its cellulosic nature and minimal impurity. A cutting plotter machine (Graphtec CE6000-40, USA) was used to pre-crease the paper. The pre-creasing method started with generating CAD models to define the location of the creases. CAD models for the creases on both sides of the paper must be created separately. Registration marks were printed on the both sides of the chromatography (CG) paper by a laser-jet printer for accurate alignment during pre-creasing. The CG paper was fed to the cutting plotter machine and pre-creased with a ball-point pen mounted on the cutting plotter machine using specific equipment parameters. Once pre-creasing is done on one side, the CG paper was flipped and creased on the other side. Excess portion of the paper was then trimmed and folded manually along the creases to obtain paper origami structures. The paper origami structures were carbonized in a tube furnace (TF1400, Across International, Japan) at 900 °C for 75 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere. This process was repeated for three different origami tessellations, which are Miura-ori, Waterbomb-base and Yoshimura in descending order of complexity. SEM and XRD were performed to characterize the effect of carbonization on the microstructure and the material composition of the carbonized sample respectively. The compressive strength of the carbonized Miura-ori was characterized by compression test. Figure 1 shows the origami tessellations before and after carbonization. The carbonized samples retained the original precursor origami structure during the heat treatment, although surface wrinkling could be observed for the carbonized structures. Around 90% weight loss occurred during the carbonization. A significant shrinkage was also observed for the carbonized origami structures. Although the overall shrinkage was dependent on the complexity of the origami structures, around 75-90% shrinkage was observed in the fibril structures when compared the microstructures of CG paper and carbonized samples as shown in Figure 2a and 2b respectively. Our hypothesis is escape of the gaseous substances from the cellulose during the carbonization results in the weight loss and the shrinkage. The XRD pattern of the carbonized sample as shown in Figure 2c confirms the formation of amorphous carbon during the carbonization process. The compressive strength to weight ratio of the carbon Miura-ori was measured to be 96.4 ± 0.48 kPa/g, which is over 5 times that of paper Miura-ori as shown in Figure 2d. Ongoing work is on characterizing the scalability of this manufacturing process; infiltrating the paper origami structure with metal precursor to obtain metal impregnated carbon origami structure through carbothermal reduction reaction for structural electrode or sensor application; and infiltrating the carbon structure with bio-epoxy to increase the strength of the carbon origami structures.

Computational modeling of particle transport and distribution emitted from a Laserjet printer in a ventilated room with different ventilation configurations

In the present research, computational modeling of particle transport and distribution emitted from a Laserjet printer was carried out in a ventilated room. A seated manikin was integrated into the study room and the manikin was evaluated in two cases: heated and unheated. Effects of different ventilation configurations of the room on the particle distribution were studied, including three displacement ventilation systems and a mixing ventilation system. The printer was located on different sides of the manikin and the particle concentrations in the breathing zone of the manikin due to the printer’s particles were evaluated in all the ventilation configurations. The averaged particle concentration in the breathing zone of the manikin was calculated and validated with the experimental and numerical data available in the literature. The results of the present study showed that in case of the heated manikin, the particle concentration due to the printer pollutants is significant in the breathing zone of the manikin. The results also showed that when the printer is located on the front side of the manikin, the particle concentration in the breathing zone is quite high in most of the used ventilation configurations. Furthermore, it was found that the mixing ventilation system has a lower mean particle concentration in the breathing zone compared to the most displacement ventilation systems.

Locating recycling facilities for IT-based electronic waste in Turkey

Turkey passed a directive on waste electric and electronic equipments in May 2012, which has been in effect since May 2013. This directive, like its counterparts in other countries such as the one in the European Union, holds producers and distributors responsible for the collection and recovery of a wide variety of end-of-use or end-of-life electronic products discarded by the consumers. The collection and recovery activities have to be planned and carried out with the help of municipalities. The success of this directive lies in the establishment of an efficient reverse logistics network design for the collection and recovery operations. An important component of this initiative is to determine the locations and capacities of recycling facilities that will handle the returned products with the objective of minimizing the total cost of opening facilities, operating them, and transporting the discarded products from their collection points to the facilities. We develop a multi-period capacitated facility location-allocation model that is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program. Since there is uncertainty in the number of used products that will be collected from the consumers, we generate a set of scenarios and try to obtain a solution with the objective of minimizing the maximum regret associated with the occurrence of different scenarios. The developed mathematical programming model is solved using estimates of discarded personal computers, inkjet and laserjet printers in 15 major cities of Turkey during the period 2013–2018. These estimates are based on real data that consist of scrapped items of these three types of products from 2007 to 2012. The results indicate that the best locations for opening recycling facilities are the largest three cities of Turkey, i.e., Ankara, İstanbul, and İzmir. We perform additional experiments to quantify the benefit of constructing a multi-period model rather than a static one.

Facile Method to Prepare Superhydrophobic and Water Repellent Cellulosic Paper

Silica nanoparticles (7 nm) were dispersed in solutions of a silane/siloxane mixture. The dispersions were applied, by brush, on four types of paper: (i) modern, unprinted (blank) paper, (ii) modern paper where a text was printed using a common laser jet printer, (iii) a handmade paper sheet detached from an old book, and (iv) Japanese tissue paper. It is shown that superhydrophobicity and water repellency were achieved on the surface of the deposited films, when high particle concentrations were used (≥1% w/v), corresponding to high static (θS ≈ 162°) and low tilt (θt &lt; 3°) contact angles. To interpret these results, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to observe the surface morphologies of the siloxane‐nanoparticle films. Static contact angles, measured on surfaces that were prepared from dilute dispersions (particle concentration &lt;1% w/v), increased with particle concentration and attained a maximum value (162°) which corresponds to superhydrophobicity. Increasing further the particle concentration did not have any effect on θS. Colourimetric measurements showed that the superhydrophobic films had negligible effects on the aesthetic appearance of the treated papers. Furthermore, it is shown that the superhydrophobic character of the siloxane‐nanoparticle films was stable over a wide range of pH.

Direct and non-destructive proof of authenticity for the 2nd generation of Brazilian real banknotes via easy ambient sonic spray ionization mass spectrometry.

Using a desorption/ionization technique, easy ambient sonic-spray ionization coupled to mass spectrometry (EASI-MS), documents related to the 2nd generation of Brazilian Real currency (R$) were screened in the positive ion mode for authenticity based on chemical profiles obtained directly from the banknote surface. Characteristic profiles were observed for authentic, seized suspect counterfeit and counterfeited homemade banknotes from inkjet and laserjet printers. The chemicals in the authentic banknotes' surface were detected via a few minor sets of ions, namely from the plasticizers bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), most likely related to the official offset printing process, and other common quaternary ammonium cations, presenting a similar chemical profile to 1st-generation R$. The seized suspect counterfeit banknotes, however, displayed abundant diagnostic ions in the m/z 400-800 range due to the presence of oligomers. High-accuracy FT-ICR MS analysis enabled molecular formula assignment for each ion. The ions were separated by 44 m/z, which enabled their characterization as Surfynol® 4XX (S4XX, XX=40, 65, and 85), wherein increasing XX values indicate increasing amounts of ethoxylation on a backbone of 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol (Surfynol® 104). Sodiated triethylene glycol monobutyl ether (TBG) of m/z 229 (C10H22O4Na) was also identified in the seized counterfeit banknotes via EASI(+) FT-ICR MS. Surfynol® and TBG are constituents of inks used for inkjet printing.

Influence of paper surface characteristics on digital printing quality

Today’s demands for high quality digital printing emphasise the importance of paper surface. This work demonstrates the effects of surface topography and appearance on printing quality. Samples were printed in black and white with a laser jet printer under identical conditions, using different types of paper in order to have different surface properties. The papers and printed samples were evaluated with atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), gloss meter, spectrophotometer, and densitometer. Results showed that the decrease in surface roughness increased optical density and print quality. Moreover, the gloss of the papers significantly influenced print quality by decreasing it. The effect of the colourimetric values of the papers on the colourimetric values of the final printed samples were less significant in higher optical density printed samples.

Printed Character Database Analysis Based Printed Document Examination

This paper presented a study on printed character database image analysis based printed document examination in purpose of identifying the printer which created a suspect printed document. It was composed of printed document image acquisition, image pre-processing, feature extraction and classifier. After characters are extracted and recognized in pre-processing, stroke feature sequence of each text block are calculated, and the HU moments of the sequence are also calculated. Finally, the Euclid distance classifier and MQDF classifier are used to recognize the fonts using the above two kind of font feature respectively. Experiments are carried out in a database including 40 LaserJet printers. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

컬러 레이저 프린터에서 검출되는 Yellow Dots의 특성 : HP 컬러 레이저 프린터를 중심으로

본 논문에서는 HP 컬러 레이저 프린터 기기의 출력물에 나타나는 Yellow Dots의 형태를 분석하고자, 각각 시간의 경과, 연과 월의 경과 그리고 동일한 기종에 따른 Yellow Dots의 특성을 실험하였다. 그 결과, 동일한 프린터기기의 출력물에서는 시간의 경과, 연과 월의 경과에서 나타나는 Yellow Dots의 형태가 동일한 것을 알 수 있었다. HP 컬러 레이저젯 프린터 기기에는 Xerox사에서 출시된 컬러 레이저젯 프린터기기와는 다르게 시간과 날짜 정보가 임베딩 되지 않았다는 것을 가정 할 수 있었다. 또한 시리얼 넘버가 다른 프린터기기에서는 유사하지만 다른 형태의 Yellow Dots가 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 이것은 프린터기기 구분에 있어 큰 도움이 된다. 마지막으로 실험에 사용된 모든 HP 컬러 레이저 프린터 기기들의 Yellow Dots를 분석한 결과, 동일한 패턴을 찾을 수 있었으며, 그 결과를 통하여 제조사를 파악 할 수 있었다. 향후 Yellow Dots 패턴을 해독하고 나아가 타 제조사의 Yellow Dots를 검출 및 분석하는 연구가 진행되어져야 한다. To analyzed the shape of Yellow Dots which appeared on the paper printed HP color laser printer, and analyzed the characteristic of Yellow Dots according to time, month, year and same printers. As a result, documents that printed in same printers had an identical Yellow Dots's shapes according to time, month, year. It was presupposed that was not embedded time and date information in HP Color LaserJet printers against Xerox, and printers which have different serial number had similar shapes but it was not identical Yellow Dots. Finally, it was found to be identical patterns in Yellow Dots of HP Color LaserJet printers used analysis. Depending on the results, it could understand HP's pattern. In the future, it will decipher patterns of Yellow Dots which have other informations to include other printer manufacturer.

Adaptive wettability-enhanced surfaces ordered on molded etched substrates using shrink film

Superhydrophobic surfaces in nature exhibit desirable properties including self-cleaning, bacterial resistance, and flight efficiency. However, creating such intricate multi-scale features with conventional fabrication approaches is difficult, expensive, and not scalable. By patterning photoresist on pre-stressed shrink-wrap film, which contracts by 95% in surface area when heated, such features over large areas can be obtained easily. Photoresist serves as a dry etch mask to create complex and high-aspect ratio microstructures in the film. Using a double-shrink process, we introduce adaptive wettability-enhanced surfaces ordered on molded etched (AWESOME) substrates. We first create a mask out of the children’s toy ‘Shrinky-Dinks’ by printing dots using a laserjet printer. Heating this thermoplastic sheet causes the printed dots to shrink to a fraction of their original size. We then lithographically transfer the inverse pattern onto photoresist-coated shrink-wrap polyolefin film. The film is then plasma etched. After shrinking, the film serves as a high-aspect ratio mold for polydimethylsiloxane, creating a superhydrophobic surface with water contact angles >150° and sliding angles <10°. We pattern a microarray of ‘sticky’ spots with a dramatically different sliding angle compared to that of the superhydrophobic region, enabling microtiter-plate type assays without the need for a well plate.