Laser Irradiation Research Articles

Effect of photobiomodulation and corticopuncture methods on tooth displacement and gene expression: animal study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Peroxiredoxin 1 (PRX1), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and type I collagen (COL1) and the rate of tooth movement comparing 3 accelerated tooth movement (ATM) methods: Corticopuncture (CP), photobiomodulation (PBM) and the combined technique (CP + PBM) on days 1, 3, 7 and 14. Orthodontic tooth movement was induced in 24 male Wistar rats. CP procedure included three perforations: two in the palate and one mesial to the molars. GaAlAs diode laser irradiation was performed on days 0, 2, 4 and 6, totaling 4 irradiations. 14 days (810nm, 100 mW, 15s). Gingival tissue was collected from the cervical area of both first molars and qPCR was performed to isolate and quantify mRNA levels. All ATM groups showed increased tooth displacement compared to control after 14 days (20% for PBM; 40% for CP and 60% for CP + PBM). PBM showed higher VEGF expression on days 1,3 and 7 followed by CP and CP + PBM. PRX1 levels increased on days 1 and 3 in PBM and CP + PBM. GLUT1 increased on day 3 in all groups. No difference was found on levels of VEGF, PRX1 and GLUT1 among the groups on day 14, except for COL1 which increased significantly in PBM group. All ATM methods showed higher expression of all of VEGF, PRX1, GLUT1, COL1 than control group. PBM and CP + PBM groups had more expression related to angiogenesis, glucose uptake, oxidative stress and collagen synthesis.

Linearly Scaling Molecular Dynamic Modeling To Simulate Picosecond Laser Ablation of a Silicon Carbide Crystal.

A molecular dynamics model for picosecond laser ablation of nanoscale silicon carbide crystals was established by linearly scaling the laser focal diameter, and the correlation between the molecular dynamic simulation of the nanoscale and the experimental reproduction of the microscale was achieved. The calculation accuracy of the molecular dynamic model was verified by ablating the surface of silicon carbide wafers with a laser pulse width of 37 ps. On this basis, this paper further investigated the influence of the laser pulse width and fluence on the surface ablation damage and modification width, threshold, and lattice temperature. The results showed that, when the laser pulse width is higher than 10 ps, the silicon carbide damage threshold increases with increasing the pulse width, while the modification threshold is almost unaffected by the pulse width. In addition, the influence of crystal orientation has been studied, and laser irradiation along the [1-100] crystal orientation induces a higher peak temperature, larger damage, and modification width and threshold, followed by irradiation along the [0001] crystal orientation and lowest along the [11-20] crystal orientation. Finally, with the linear scaling value increasing, the spatial distribution of the laser energy field deviates more from the actual situation, resulting in the calculated results being more consistent with the experimental results. Through this paper, it is demonstrated that this linearly scaled molecular dynamics model can be used to study laser ablation results over tens of micrometers.

Porphyrin-Camptothecin (CPT) Grafted Polyoxazoline Amphiphiles for Tumor Photodynamic-Chemotherapy Combination Treatment.

Porphyrin-based photosensitizers are extensively utilized in the realm of photodynamic therapy, capitalizing on their advantageous optical, chemical, and electronic properties. Nonetheless, their application is often constrained by their pronounced hydrophobicity. Structures with a high load capacity and excellent biocompatibility are preferred options to circumvent this obstacle. Herein, we constructed a novel porphyrin-camptothecin (CPT) polymer, which is composed of amphiphilic oxazoline segments, and the drug monomers containing disulfide bonds are modified on the hydrophobic chain of polyoxazoline. The polyoxazoline-porphyrin-CPT (OPC) polymer can self-assemble into nanoparticles in the aqueous phase, possesses excellent stability, and generates abundant singlet oxygen (1O2) under laser irradiation. Additionally, the OPC nanoparticles exhibit satisfactory biocompatibility and high light toxicity against 4T1 cells. In the microenvironment of the tumor, drugs were released from the OPC nanoparticles owing to the high concentration of GSH, causing direct damage to the tumor cell, achieving the combination of photo-chemotherapy. The findings of this research indicate that polyoxazoline porphyrin demonstrates adaptability as a nanoplatform for cancer treatment.

De novo strategy of organic semiconducting polymer brushes for NIR-II light-triggered carbon monoxide release to boost deep-tissue cancer phototheranostics.

The integration of photoacoustic imaging (PAI) and photothermal therapy (PTT) within the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window, offering a combination of high-resolution imaging and precise non-invasive thermal ablation, presents an attractive opportunity for cancer treatment. Despite the significant promise, the development of this noninvasive phototheranostic nanomedicines encounters challenges that stem from tumor thermotolerance and limited therapeutic efficacy. In this contribution, we designed an amphiphilic semiconducting polymer brush (SPB) featuring a thermosensitive carbon monoxide (CO) donor (TDF-CO) for NIR-II PAI-assisted gas-augmented deep-tissue tumor PTT. TDF-CO nanoparticles (NPs) exhibited a powerful photothermal conversion efficiency (43.1%) and the capacity to trigger CO release after NIR-II photoirradiation. Notably, the liberated CO not only acts on mitochondria, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and promoting cellular apoptosis but also hinders the overexpression of heat shock proteins (HSPs), enhancing the tumor's thermosensitivity to PTT. This dual action accelerates cellular thermal ablation, achieving a gas-augmented synergistic therapeutic effect in cancer treatment. Intravenous administration of TDF-CO NPs in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice demonstrated bright PAI signals and remarkable tumor ablation under 1064nm laser irradiation, underscoring the potential of CO-mediated photothermal/gas synergistic therapy. We envision this tailor-made multifunctional NIR-II light-triggered SPB provides a feasible approach to amplify the performance of PTT for advancing future cancer phototheranostics.

Investigating Quantum Confinement and Enhanced Luminescence in Nanoporous Silicon: A Photoelectrochemical Etching Approach Using Multispectral Laser Irradiation

This study explores electrochemical etching to form porous silicon (PS), which has diverse biomedical and energy applications. Our objective is to gain new insights and drive significant scientific and technological advancements. Specifically, we study the effect of electrochemical etching of P-type silicon using laser irradiation in a hydrofluoric acid (HF) solution. The formation of the nanoscale PS structure can be successfully controlled by incorporating laser irradiation into the electrochemical etching process. The wavelength and power of the laser influence the formation of nanoporous silicon (NPS) on the surface during the electrochemical etching process. The luminous flux is monitored with the help of a customized integrating sphere system and an LED-based excitation source to find the light flux values distributed across the P-type nanolayer PS wafers. Analysis of the NPS and luminescence characteristics shows that the laser bandwidth controls the band gap energy absorption (BEA) phenomenon during the electrothermal reaction. It is demonstrated that formation of the NPS layer can be controlled in this combined laser irradiation and electrochemical etching technique by adjusting the range of the laser wavelength. This also allows for further precise control of the numerical trend of the luminous flux.

Combination of gold nanoparticles with near-infrared light as an alternative approach for melanoma management.

Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer and recently approved drugs are often associated with resistance and significant adverse effects. Therefore, the design of more effective and safe options remains imperative. Photothermal therapy (PTT) using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) presents a promising and innovative approach. In this work, the efficacy of combining a previously optimized formulation of AuNPs coated with a mixture of hyaluronic and oleic acids (HAOA-AuNPs) with near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation in melanoma cell lines was explored. Coated and uncoated AuNPs formulations were characterized in physicochemical, morphological and elemental terms. Next, the cellular uptake efficiency as well as antiproliferative activity of the combination of each formulation with laser irradiation was evaluated. Subsequently, HAOA-AuNPs were selected to assess the underlying mechanism of combined therapy by cell cycle and Annexin V/PI assays. An in vivo syngeneic murine melanoma model was also conducted. In vitro studies demonstrated that 24 h after incubation and in the absence of laser, HAOA-AuNPs did not exhibit cytotoxic effects on the melanoma cell lines tested, similar to the laser alone. On the contrary, the combination therapy resulted in a large reduction in cell viability. Furthermore, it has been shown to promote S-phase cell cycle arrest and increase in the percentage of late apoptotic cells. Finally, the in vivo proof-of-concept showed that the intratumoral administration of HAOA-AuNPs followed by three laser irradiations impaired tumor progression. Collectively, AuNP-based PTT holds significant potential to improve treatment efficacy and safety, offering a versatile and potent tool against cancer.

Designable Electrochemiluminescence Patterning for Renewable and Enhanced Bioimaging.

Electrochemical imaging enables an in-depth analysis of the interface heterogeneity and reaction kinetics of single entities. However, electrode passivation during electrochemical reactions decreases the active sites and harms the long-term stability. Here, we introduce a method using laser-induced photothermal effects to restore the electrochemical activity, which is particularly displayed as enhanced micrometric patterns in electrochemiluminescence (ECL) microscopy. By co-localization characterization and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the mechanism of active site regeneration is validated as the removal of the oxide film for restoring the local surface ECL reactivity under laser irradiation. The surface-confined and voltage-dependent features of ECL allows for easy pattern erasure and rewriting, and it shows good reversibility and anti-counterfeiting potential. This approach overcomes the passivation processes, evidently improves the image quality of single biological entities including Shewanella bacteria and cells, and makes the subtle contour structures more distinct. The renewable electrode interface also enhances the ECL signal of model bead-based bioassays. This approach not only showcases precise control in fabricating micron patterns but also holds promise for enhancing the sensitivity in electrochemical immunoassays and bioimaging.

Designable Electrochemiluminescence Patterning for Renewable and Enhanced Bioimaging

Electrochemical imaging enables an in‐depth analysis of the interface heterogeneity and reaction kinetics of single entities. However, electrode passivation during electrochemical reactions decreases the active sites and harms the long‐term stability. Here, we introduce a method using laser‐induced photothermal effects to restore the electrochemical activity, which is particularly displayed as enhanced micrometric patterns in electrochemiluminescence (ECL) microscopy. By co‐localization characterization and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the mechanism of active site regeneration is validated as the removal of the oxide film for restoring the local surface ECL reactivity under laser irradiation. The surface‐confined and voltage‐dependent features of ECL allows for easy pattern erasure and rewriting, and it shows good reversibility and anti‐counterfeiting potential. This approach overcomes the passivation processes, evidently improves the image quality of single biological entities including Shewanella bacteria and cells, and makes the subtle contour structures more distinct. The renewable electrode interface also enhances the ECL signal of model bead‐based bioassays. This approach not only showcases precise control in fabricating micron patterns but also holds promise for enhancing the sensitivity in electrochemical immunoassays and bioimaging.

Laser-Induced Graphene on Novel Crosslinked Poly(dimethylsiloxane)/Triton X-100 Composites for Improving Mechanical, Electrical and Hydrophobic Properties

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has become a highly promising material for flexible functional devices due to its robust mechanical stability, excellent electrical properties, and ease of fabrication. Most research has been focused on LIG production on rigid or flexible substrates, with an obvious gap in laser induction of graphene on elastic, stretchable substrates, which limits the scope of application of LIG in flexible electronics. We demonstrate laser induction of graphene on a novel, cross-linked poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/Triton X-100 composite substrates. The effect of varying Triton content (1–30 wt.%) on the structural, thermal, surface, nanomechanical, and electrical properties of LIG was systematically studied. Physicochemical characterization confirmed the successful induction of LIG on the surface of PDMS/Triton composites. A higher content of Triton in the PDMS matrix improves the quality of LIG, increases stiffness and hydrophobicity, and somewhat decreases sheet resistance. Similar thermal properties and super-hydrophobicity were observed for LIG/PDMS/Triton materials as compared to their counterparts without LIG. Direct laser irradiation of graphene on the surface of PDMS/Triton composites results in the formation of extremely promising materials, which have great potential for use in flexible electronic devices.

Laser-Induced Decomposition and Mechanical Degradation of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Subjected to a High-Energy Laser with Continuous Wave Power up to 120 kW

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), noted for its outstanding properties including high specific strength and superior fatigue resistance, is increasingly employed in aerospace and other demanding applications. This study investigates the interactions between CFRP composites and high-energy lasers (HEL), with continuous wave laser powers reaching up to 120 kW. A novel automated sample exchange system, operated by a robotic arm, minimizes human exposure while enabling a sequence of targeted laser tests. High-speed imaging captures the rapid expansion of a plume consisting of hot gases and dust particles during the experiment. The research significantly advances empirical models by systematically examining the relationship between laser power, perforation times, and ablation rates. It demonstrates scalable predictions for the effects of high-energy laser radiation. A detailed examination of the damaged samples, both visually and via micro-focused computed X-ray tomography, offers insights into heat distribution and ablation dynamics, highlighting the anisotropic thermal properties of CFRP. Compression after impact (CAI) tests further assess the residual strength of the irradiated samples, enhancing the understanding of CFRP’s structural integrity post-irradiation. Collectively, these tests improve the knowledge of the thermal and mechanical behavior of CFRP under extreme irradiation conditions. The findings not only contribute to predictive modeling of CFRP’s response to laser irradiation but enhance the scalability of these models to higher laser powers, providing robust tools for predicting material behavior in high-performance settings.

Photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy of wide bandgap semiconductors damaged by deep-UV laser irradiation

The effects of a pulsed, focused, deep-UV (4.66 eV) laser on wide and ultra-wide bandgap semiconductors were investigated with photoluminescence (PL) and Raman spectroscopy. Three semiconductor single crystals were studied: silicon carbide (6H-SiC), gallium nitride (GaN), and gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3). Atomic emission lines from neutral Ga or Si were observed during the laser-damage process. For all three semiconductors, PL mapping (3.49 eV laser excitation) of the damaged material revealed visible emission bands in the 2.6–2.8 eV range, attributed to point defects. Raman spectra (2.33 eV excitation) showed a reduction in the Raman peak intensities in the damaged region, along with weak PL bands around 1.9–2.1 eV.

Light-Triggered Droplet Gating Strategy Based on Janus Membrane Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser.

The characteristics of the directed transport of liquids based on Janus membranes play a crucial role in practical applications in energy, materials, physics, chemistry, medicine, biology, and other fields. Although extensive progress has been made, it is still difficult to realize the accurate controllability of liquid directional transmembrane transport. The current gating strategies for the directed transport of liquids based on Janus membranes still have some limitations: (a) using magnetic fluid may cause contamination due to the addition of new substances and (b) utilizing hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity conversion of titanium dioxide requires a long switching time (over 30 min). Herein, a strategy is proposed to precisely control liquid directional transport by altering the wettability of droplets on Janus films prepared by a femtosecond laser through photothermal effects. Infrared laser irradiation on Janus film coated with CNTs can effectively convert light energy into thermal energy, rapidly increase the surface temperature of Janus film, and change the wettability of the liquid on the film. Liquid transmembrane directional transport can be achieved within a few seconds without contaminating the transported liquid. The proposed gating strategy can enable the application of Janus membranes in various scenarios such as microchemical reactions, biological cell culture, and interface self-propulsion.

Modern concepts on the mechanisms of endovasal laser coagulation in varicose vein disease

Mechanisms of endovasal laser coagulation (EVLC) applied in varicose vein disease are not fully understood.Purpose. To analyze currently applied EVLC mechanisms so as to prevent hemorrhagic complications and paresthesia caused by these mechanisms.Methods. This review analyses modern theories on EVLC mechanisms when applied in varicose vein disease in the lower extremities.Results. Published experimental and clinical trials, including histological ones, have shown that the degree of vein damage during EVLC session depends on many factors, such as wavelength, intensity, and optical fiber speed. Damage to veins during EVLC procedure depends on various factors, such as direct contact of the vein wall with an optical fiber tip, carbonization of blood elements leading to the increased intravenous blood temperature and to the formation of gas bubbles as well as heat convection on the vein wall through the blood.Conclusion. Destruction of the vein wall during EVLC procedure is the result of a synergistic effect of various damaging factors. Currently, 2-μm laser irradiation is being implemented into clinical practice. This technique provides better vein coagulation under less power values which promotes less postoperative complications.

Methodological notes on physical parameters of low-level laser irradiation. Part 2. Light dosage at laser therapeutic sessions

Purpose. The general goal of this methodological article, consisting of two parts, is to provide a unifying theoretical approach to the still debated problem on determining the depth of laser light penetration into biotissues and the dosage of laser therapeutic effect from the standpoint of modern medical physics. The purpose of the second part of the article is to demonstrate that calculation of the absorbed dosage at laser therapy sessions is similar to the calculation of classical doses in radiobiology and radiation therapy.Materials and methods. The authors reviewed current state of terms and definitions related to the calculation of doses in ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. The Monte Carlo method was used to simulate the soft tissue volume in which 95 % of radiation energy is absorbed. A classical absorbed dose measured in Grays was estimated. Numerical simulation of absorbed doses for various typical laser therapy procedures was performed.Results. It has been shown that the effective irradiated volume of tissues, despite of small variations in soft tissue density between patients, allows to calculate the absorbed radiation dose in Grays, similar to radiobiological doses. Comparative findings on a single local absorbed dose for various percutaneous therapeutic procedures do not contradict the known clinical data, and even more, make the relationship of different doses for different therapeutic purposes more clear. As it has been found, typical doses range from 0.7 Gy for intravascular blood irradiation to 106 Gy for destructive photodynamic therapy and UV therapy procedures in dermatology.Conclusion. The proposed methodological approach proposes a new look at both the problem of the depth of laser light penetration into biotissues and the problem of laser light doses during therapeutic and diagnostic procedures from a unified medical and physical standpoint.

Alternating Donor-Acceptor Ladder-Type Heteroarene for Efficient Photothermal Conversion via Boosting Non-Radiative Decay.

The development of novel ladder-type conjugated molecules is crucial for advancing supramolecular chemistry and material science. In this study, we report a straightforward synthesis of new alternating donor-acceptor (D-A) ladder-type heteroarene, FCDTDPP, and demonstrate its application as photothermal agent for imaging and cancer therapy. FCDTDPP is constructed by vinylene bridge between cyclopentadithiophene (D) and diketopyrrolopyrrole (A) through intramolecular Friedel-Crafts type reaction. FCDTDPP exhibits unique combination of good molecular planarity, efficient intra/inter-molecular mixed D-A interactions, and local aromaticity. These features collectively contribute to its broad and intense absorptions with narrow bandgap in red band of the spectra, coupled with multiple vibrational absorption feature, thereby enhancing non-radiative decay process and resulting in efficient photothermal conversion property. FCDTDPP and its nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit superior photothermal conversion performance and stability under 660 nm laser irradiation. Moreover, in vitro studies reveal that FCDTDPP NPs possess excellent biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and robust photothermal therapeutic efficacy, a finding further corroborated by preliminary in vivo experiments in tumor-bearing mice. This work charts a novel course for the molecular engineering of organic photothermal conversion systems, propelling relevant research forward.

Alternating Donor‐Acceptor Ladder‐Type Heteroarene for Efficient Photothermal Conversion via Boosting Non‐Radiative Decay

The development of novel ladder‐type conjugated molecules is crucial for advancing supramolecular chemistry and material science. In this study, we report a straightforward synthesis of new alternating donor‐acceptor (D‐A) ladder‐type heteroarene, FCDTDPP, and demonstrate its application as photothermal agent for imaging and cancer therapy. FCDTDPP is constructed by vinylene bridge between cyclopentadithiophene (D) and diketopyrrolopyrrole (A) through intramolecular Friedel‐Crafts type reaction. FCDTDPP exhibits unique combination of good molecular planarity, efficient intra/inter‐molecular mixed D‐A interactions, and local aromaticity. These features collectively contribute to its broad and intense absorptions with narrow bandgap in red band of the spectra, coupled with multiple vibrational absorption feature, thereby enhancing non‐radiative decay process and resulting in efficient photothermal conversion property. FCDTDPP and its nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit superior photothermal conversion performance and stability under 660 nm laser irradiation. Moreover, in vitro studies reveal that FCDTDPP NPs possess excellent biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and robust photothermal therapeutic efficacy, a finding further corroborated by preliminary in vivo experiments in tumor‐bearing mice. This work charts a novel course for the molecular engineering of organic photothermal conversion systems, propelling relevant research forward.

Femtosecond Laser-Induced Recrystallized Nanotexturing for Identity Document Security With Physical Unclonable Functions.

Counterfeit identity (ID) documents pose a serious threat to personal credit and national security. As a promising candidate, optical physical unclonable functions (PUFs) offer a robust defense mechanism against counterfeits. Despite the innovations in chemically synthesized PUFs, challenges persist, including harmful chemical treatments, low yields, and incompatibility of reaction conditions with the ID document materials. More notably, surface relief nanostructures for PUFs, such as wrinkles, are still at risk of being replicated through scanning lithography or nanoimprint. Here, a femtosecond laser-induced recrystallized silicon nanotexture is reported as latent PUF nanofingerprint for document anti-counterfeiting. With femtosecond laser irradiation, nanotextures spontaneously emerge within 100ms of exposure. By introducing a low-absorption metal layer, surface plasmon polariton waves are excited on the silicon-metal multilayer nanofilms with long-range boosting, ensuring the uniqueness and non-replicability of the final nanotextures. Furthermore, the femtosecond laser induces a phase transition in the latent nanotexture from amorphous to polycrystalline state, rather than creating replicable relief wrinkles. The random nanotextures are easily identifiable through optical microscopy and Raman imaging, yet they remain undetectable by surface characterization methods such as scanning electron and atomic force microscopies. This property significantly hinders counterfeiting efforts, as it prevents the precise replication of these nanostructures.

Self-focusing and stimulated Brillouin scattering effect of low-temporal coherence light and corresponding damage characteristics in fused silica

Laser-induced damage thresholds (LIDTs) of input/exit surfaces and filamentation of fused silica under low-temporal coherence light (LTCL) and a corresponding damage mechanism are investigated. By comparing self-focusing effects of fused silica for each incident laser, the lower LIDT of filamentation damage under LTCL irradiation is mainly attributed to stronger self-focusing than traditional single longitudinal mode (SLM) pulse lasers. Meanwhile, differences in LIDTs for input/exit surfaces by LTCL and SLM pulse laser irradiation are attributed to self-focusing effects and backward stimulated Brillouin scattering. Finally, influences of fused silica thickness and incident laser polarization on LIDT are demonstrated. The research contributes to exploring safe boundaries for fused silica application in high-power LTCL devices.

Near-Infrared Activatable Copper Nanoplatforms Synergize with the 5-Azacytidine Prodrug to Potentiate Cuproptosis.

Cuproptosis, a newly discovered cell death modality, is gaining recognition for its crucial role in antitumor therapy. Here, we demonstrated that Ferredoxin 1 (FDX1), a key gene involved in cuproptosis, is negatively correlated with malignancy and T-cell exhaustion in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Based on these findings, we developed near-infrared (NIR) light-controlled nanoparticles (NPs), CuD@PM, which can selectively deliver copper to HNSCC cells and induce cuproptosis in the presence of microneedles loaded with triacetylated azacitidine (TAc-AzaC) and 808 nm laser irradiation. Intravenous administration of these NPs significantly suppressed tumor growth in HNSCC animal models and enhanced the antitumor immune response. The NIR-controlled activation of cuproptosis offers great potential as a safe, targeted, and image-guided antitumor therapy for HNSCC.

Near‐Infrared Activatable Copper Nanoplatforms Synergize with the 5‐Azacytidine Prodrug to Potentiate Cuproptosis

AbstractCuproptosis, a newly discovered cell death modality, is gaining recognition for its crucial role in antitumor therapy. Here, we demonstrated that Ferredoxin 1 (FDX1), a key gene involved in cuproptosis, is negatively correlated with malignancy and T‐cell exhaustion in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Based on these findings, we developed near‐infrared (NIR) light‐controlled nanoparticles (NPs), CuD@PM, which can selectively deliver copper to HNSCC cells and induce cuproptosis in the presence of microneedles loaded with triacetylated azacitidine (TAc‐AzaC) and 808 nm laser irradiation. Intravenous administration of these NPs significantly suppressed tumor growth in HNSCC animal models and enhanced the antitumor immune response. The NIR‐controlled activation of cuproptosis offers great potential as a safe, targeted, and image‐guided antitumor therapy for HNSCC.