Trogoderma Granarium Larvae Research Articles

Sublethal Doses of Clove Oil Deplete the Energy Reserves and Downregulate the Carbohydrate Metabolizing Enzymes in the 4th Instar Larvae of Trogoderma granarium

Sublethal Doses of Clove Oil Deplete the Energy Reserves and Downregulate the Carbohydrate Metabolizing Enzymes in the 4th Instar Larvae of Trogoderma granarium

Chemistry and Insecticidal Activity of Essential Oils against Trogoderma granarium Larvae

Chemistry and Insecticidal Activity of Essential Oils against Trogoderma granarium Larvae

Different trap designs and attractants affect the capture of multiple life stages of Trogoderma granarium Everts and Trogoderma variabile Ballion in the laboratory

Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) is categorized as one of the most destructive species in stored products and it is considered as an important quarantine species in many parts of the world. Some countries in Asia also consider Trogoderma variabile Ballion a biosecurity risk. In the present study, five series of laboratory tests were performed to examine 2–3 different traps and five different attractants for the capture of T. granarium adults and larvae and T. variabile larvae. In the first test, a series of four-choice assays with two different traps were evaluated separately with five different attractants each and adult/larval captures of T. granarium were recorded after 7 days. In the second test, the two different traps were placed together containing different attractants each time. In tests 3, 4 and 5, no-choice trapping trials were conducted with the same traps and attractants in arenas with young or old T. granarium or T. variabile larvae. There were low numbers of captured adults and larvae for both species, but larvae generally responded better than the adults in most combinations tested. Trogoderma granarium larvae responded to different attractants compared with adults which preferred oil and gel. Moreover, wheat germ was less preferred by adults than larvae for T. granarium. Moreover, the trap type affected the captures of young T. variabile larvae. The current data indicated that there are specific combinations of traps and attractants that are more effective for the detection of T. granarium, which can be further evaluated in area-wide monitoring strategies at food facilities.

Studying the Efficiency of Essential Oil Blends with the Pesticide Abamectin against Adult and Larvae of Trogoderma granarium (Everts)

Al Mansoori, D.H.H., F.S. Al Bayati and S.M. Jawad. 2023. Studying the Efficiency of Essential Oil Blends with the Pesticide Abamectin against Adult and Larvae of Trogoderma granarium (Everts). Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(1): 18-27. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.1.018027 Using chemical pesticides has several adverse effects on the environment and human health. Therefore, natural plant extract products may provide an alternative to chemical pesticides for the control of stored pests and reduce the impact caused by chemical pesticides. The use of aromatic essential oils in the management of insect pests has recently gained popularity due to their chemical composition and the presence of many important compounds for controlling harmful insects, such as stored grain pests. A series of laboratory studies were conducted to determine the lowest dosage of the insecticide Abamectin combined as (1:1) with Eucalyptus oil against the insect's adult, third, and fifth stage larvae khapra. In addition, the repellency or attraction of Eucalyptus oil has been examined. The findings indicated that various concentrations of Abamectin were used against the khapra beetle; the death rates of the concentrations (0.6 and 0.15 ml/L) were 91.67 and 78.33% compared to the control. The concentration 0.3 and 0.15 mg/L when mixed with Eucalyptus oil (1:1) gave 98.33 and 86.67% mortality, respectively, compared to the control, which was 0.00%. The result also indicated that mortality rates were highest by the concentration of 0.6 ml/L with a death rate of 85.55 and 80.00% of the third and fifth instar larvae, while the concentration of 0.15 ml/L gave death rates of 74.44 and 67.77%, respectively. the addition of Eucalyptus oil at a ratio of 1:1 to the insecticide concentrations 0.3 ml/L led to an increase in the mortality rates of the third and fifth instar larvae that reached 88.89 and 85.55%, respectively. Likewise, the death rates of using the insecticide concentration of 0.15 ml/L were 81.11 and 82.22%, respectively. The study also indicated the effect of Eucalyptus oil alone on the percentage of death of adults, the third and fifth instars of the Khapra beetle were 83.33, 48.61 and 65.55%, respectively, whereas the death rate for the control treatment was 1.67%. The study also confirmed that Eucalyptus oil had an 83.00% repellant effect on adults, whereas it had an 84.50% attraction effect on fifth-stage larvae. The study suggests using these essential oils as a potential safe alternative to insecticides. Keywords: Khapra Beetle, Eucalyptus oil, pesticides, Essential oils

Bio-Activity of Some Oil extracts on Khapra Beetle Trogoderma gronarium Everst (Cloptera:Dermastidae) larvae on Barley seeds Hordeum vulgare

The effect of some plant oils on Trogoderma granarium larvae was investigated in the laboratory at 27±2 Co and 70% Relative humidity on barley grains 10 grams of barley were treated with five different concentration of plant oils (Eugenia caryophyllata, Osimum basilicum,Piper nigrum, and Azadirachta indica). The results showed that the rate of mortality was reached 99.96% and 93.33% when grain treated with 12.5% of A.indica and P.nigrum respectively. Also the results indicated that using 12.5% of O.basilicum and A indica reduce the germination of barley grains after treating with plant olis up to 26.66%.So it can be considred that these plant oils an environmentily safe and cheap inproteting the darley grains from infestation by T.granarium and used an alternative to chemical insecticides

Effects of Modified Atmospheres, Phosphine, and Their Combination on Khapra Beetle, Trogoderma Granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), Larvae and Wheat Grain Quality

Susceptibility of fourth-instar larvae of Trogoderma granarium Everts to gas mixtures containing CO2 at concentrations of 30 %, 50 %, 70 %, and 90 % and phosphine (PH3) at concentrations of 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, and 0.062 mg/l was determined. The toxicity of 30 % CO2 combined with an LC50 of PH3 was tested against the same instar, and the side effects on wheat grain quality and germination were also evaluated after 4 days. Complete mortality was observed only at 70 % and 90 % CO2 after 15 and 7 days, respectively. At the two other CO2 concentrations, 30 % and 50 %, the maximum recorded mortalities at the end of the experiment (15 days) were 73.3 % and 95.0 %, respectively. The calculated LT50 values were 11.62, 8.69, 6.84, and 2.28 days at 30 %, 50 %, 70 %, and 90 % CO2, respectively. Larvae treated with PH3 showed different mortality percentages ranging from 98.3 % at 1.0 mg/l to 24.6 % at 0.062 mg/l, while the calculated LC50 was 0.12 mg/l. The combination of 30 % CO2 and an LC50 of PH3 resulted in 100 % mortality after 4 days of treatment, in comparison with 1.2 % mortality in the control. The moisture content, total protein, and carbohydrate of treated wheat grains under this combination was significantly decreased in comparison with the control. It appears that the combination of CO2 and PH3 can reduce the necessary time to control T. granarium larvae and the minimum residue of PH3.

Impact of Malathion and Lufenuron Alone and Their Mixtures against Trogoderma granarium Larvae

The effectiveness of Malathion and Lufenuron alone and their mixtures against Trogoderma granariumlarvae was investigated. The obtained results showed that Malathion was more toxic to the tested insect larvae than Lufenuron and the mixtures of Malathion with Lufenuron concentrations were more effective than each compound alone. Malathion at the highest concentration gave 65.5% larval mortality after 14 days, while the corresponding value of Lufenuron was only 33.3%. In addition, the presence of larvae in grain treated with Lufenuron extends the larval stage for a long time that increases the toxic effect of Malathion and should reduce adult emergence. An additive effect on the larval mortality and reduction rates in T. granarium adult emergence was achieved when Malathion at 4ppm mixed with each concentration of Lufenuron.

Efficacy Determination of Commercial Deltamethrin-Treated Storage Bags on Trogoderma granarium Everts Adults and Larvae

Trogoderma granarium Everts, the khapra beetle, is a serious stored product pest known to feed on >100 different products worldwide and is a major threat to global food security. Deltamethrin-treated storage bags are a resource that could be used to limit infestations during storage of grain in bags. We investigated the efficacy of deltamethrin-treated bags against T. granarium adults and larvae. Deltamethrin-treated and untreated packaging materials were affixed into the bottom of plastic Petri dishes (62 or 137 cm2) to create a bioassay arena. Adult T. granarium were exposed and observed to determine the time to knockdown and the subsequent mortality rate within 24 h. Adult T. granarium were knocked down in <60 min, and 100% of adults were knocked down or dead after 24 h. Trogoderma granarium larvae were exposed for 0.33, 1, 2, 3, or 4 d or continually exposed and monitored for larval death and adult emergence. Larvae exposed for 4 d had 50% mortality versus 97% if continually exposed. Utilizing this deltamethrin-treated packaging could cause disruptions in natural populations of T. granarium found in storage facilities, and the treated packaging is an effective tool that could be implemented into an integrated pest management program for bagged grain.

Characterization of Nanostructured Silica as Carrier for Insecticides Deltamethrin, Pyriproxyfen, and Chlorpyrifos and Testing the Insecticidal Efficacy Against Trogoderma granarium (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) Larvae.

Abstract Nanostructured silica can be used as a carrier of pesticides to enhance stability and controlled release of agrochemicals with an effective concentration on target pests. Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) were synthesized by sol–gel process and employed as a carrier of three different insecticides including deltamethrin, pyriproxyfen, and chlorpyrifos. The SNPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and the insecticides-loaded in SNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The toxicity of insecticides alone and loaded in SNPs was evaluated against small and large larvae of Trogoderma granarium Everts on concrete surfaces. The immediate mortality was counted after 1, 3, and 7 d of exposure, and then surviving individuals were transferred to untreated surfaces for seven more days, with delayed mortality was recorded. Small larvae were more susceptible than large ones on all insecticide treatments. In addition, insecticides loaded in silica nanoparticles were more effective when compared with application of the insecticides alone. For immediate mortality, deltamethrin loaded in SNPs was the most efficient treatment causing 70.5% mortality on small and 55.5% mortality on large larvae after 7 d of exposure to the highest concentration. Pyriproxyfen loaded in SNPs caused low immediate mortality, but the mortality increased in delayed count indicated that the insecticide could control the larvae even after they have been removed from treated surfaces. It can be concluded that loading insecticides in SNPs could significantly increase their insecticidal efficiency, but this increase was compound-dependent.

Bioassays and Methodologies for Insecticide Tests with Larvae of Trogoderma granarium (Everts), the Khapra Beetle.

New insecticide treatment options would be beneficial for control programs for Trogoderma granarium Everts, the khapra beetle, in the United States. Two insecticides were evaluated, the Polyzone® formulation of deltamethrin and a formulation of the insect growth regulator methoprene combined with deltamethrin and the synergist piperonyl butoxide. In the test with Polyzone® deltamethrin, concrete arenas were treated with a low and high rate, and held outside, inside a shed, or inside a lab. Compared to storage in the lab, residue degradation increased slightly in the shed, and then further outside, as evidenced by greater larval survival and adult emergence. Across all environmental treatments, the high rate was more effective than the lower rate. For the combination methoprene product, the effect of food contact with treated surfaces was examined. When treating arenas with food and transferring the food to clean dishes, there was no immediate effect on larval survival, but there was a reduction in survival and emergence to the adult stage after one month. For both tests, larvae apparently often went into diapause after they were introduced onto the treatment arenas. Both treatments could be utilized in management programs if T. granarium infestations are detected.

Effect of mixing ratio and oil kind on toxicity activation of Acetamprid against Trogoderma granarium larvae

The current study aimed to test the effect of five vegetable oils, sesame, pistachio field, soybean, and almond with Acetamprid pesticide, using three different mixing ratios (pesticide:vegetable oil) 1: 0.5, 1:1, 1: 2, and 1: 3 and four different concentrations 50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm for each mixing ratio, and mixture ratio in the proportion of activation, synergy and potentiation on the % mortality of grain beetle larvae Trogoderma granarium. The study results showed that the effect of mixture Soybean oil by mixing 3 oil : 1 pesticide toxicity to the revitalization of the pesticide in the grain beetle larvae of the third instar of poetry at a rate of 2.46, which was the rate of activation synergistically 2.4, The sesame oil gave a mixture with the pesticide Acetamprid by mixing oil 3: 1 ratio less pesticide antagonism reached 0.56.

Effect of mixing ratio and oil kind on toxicity activation of Acetamprid against Trogoderma granarium larvae

Effect of mixing ratio and oil kind on toxicity activation of Acetamprid against Trogoderma granarium larvae

Efficiency of phosphine and combinations of phosphine with carbon dioxide against Khapra Beetle larvaeTrogoderma granarium everts. (Col., Dermestidae)

Investigations conducted in the laboratory for comparing the efficacy of phosphine with that of mixtures of the gas plus carbon dioxide against diapause larvae ofTrogoderma granarium showed that addition of varying concentrations of CO2 (20, 50, 75 and 100%) to fixed PH3-concentrations had a negative influence on phosphine efficacy against diapause larvae of Khapra Beetle at 30°C for short exposure periods of 18 and 24 hours. On the other hand, it was found that for longer exposure periods of 48 and 72 hours, the addition of CO2 to phosphine induced significantly higher larval mortality than that by PH3 alone, whereby an additive effect was proved for mixtures contained PH3+75% and 100% CO2. The addition of 20% and 50% CO2 to PH3 at 20°C did not show any increase in larval mortalities of the mixtures for exposure periods between 24–96 hours. The larval mortalities obtained for an atmosphere contained 20 and 50% CO2 alone at 20 and 30°C was (0–6%) and (10–40%), respectively, after 10 days exposure period.

The physiological and morphological characteristics of Neoplectana carpocapsae (Nematoda, Steinernematidae) in two insect hosts

Morphometry, catalytic (redox potential) activity, and body surface potential of two infective-stage juvenile populations of Neoaplectana carpocapsae, obtained from Sitophilus granarius adults and Galleria mellonella larvae, were compared. The relationship among these three morphological and physiological parameters and the degree of pathogenicity (=infectivity) and incidence of the nematode infection (=extensity) in Achroia grisella caterpillars, Trogoderma granarium larvae, and Tribolium confusum adults was discussed.

A laboratory evaluation of the effectiveness of diflubenzuron against Dermestes maculatus De Geer and other storage insect pests

AbstractThe chitin synthesis inhibitor diflubenzuron, applied as a wettable powder spray to woven polypropylene at 100–500 mg m−2, was effective against Dermestes maculatus De Geer for at least 12 weeks. D. maculatus was unable to develop on ox hide dipped in a suspension of diflubenzuron (125 mg litre−1), or on fishmeal dusted at 1–10 mg of active ingredient kg−1. Diflubenzuron prevented the development of infestations of Callosobruchus maculatus (L.) on peas and of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) on beans dusted at 1–5 mg kg−1. The compound was also very effective against early instar larvae of Trogoderma granarium Everts on wheat. The persistence and activity of diflubenzuron at low dosage rates against D. maculatus appear to justify larger scale trials.

Effect of acrylonitrile on trehalase, phosphorylase and acetylcholinesterase activities in Tribolium castaneum Herbst and Trogoderma granarium Everts.

Acrylonitrile inhibited trehalase and phosphorylases in larvae and adults of Tribolium castaneum. In Trogoderma granarium larvae phosphorylases alone were inhibited. Acetylcholinesterase was not affected.

Studies on the diapause of Trogoderma granarium: Effects of juvenile hormone analogues on growth and metamorphosis

Trogoderma granarium larvae reared at 30°C on wheat flour containing appropriate concentrations of farnesyl methyl ether (FME) resembled normal diapause larvae in their growth characteristics and reactions to diapauseterminating conditions. When these larvae were transferred to 37°C either without food or with normal food, normal adults resulted. But when the diapause-like state was broken at 37°C in the presence of the original FME-containing food the insects either died before pupal-adult ecdysis or gave abnormal adults. At 35°C FME did not inhibit the larval-pupal ecdysis, but only a few adults emerged and these were abnormal. Farnesol did not inhibit metamorphosis at 30°C and caused less abnormality than did FME. Based on these results, the hypothesis that the density-dependent diapause of this insect is caused by the presence, in faecal pellets, and thereby in contaminated food, of juvenile hormone (JH) analogues is rejected, but the possibility that diapause results from a high physiological level of JH brought about by causes other than the presence of JH analogues in the environment is examined.

Olfactory Response of the Khapra Beetle (Trogoderma Granarium Everts.) Larva to Factors From Larvae of the Same Species

Using a simple olfactometer, it was found that traces left by crawling larvae of Trogoderma granarium lure other Trogoderma granarium larvae more than various forms of wheat tested. The power of attraction of these traces was compared quantitatively to the power of attraction of minced larvae. Only the latter could, in certain quantities, counteract and overcome the lure of the traces of Trogoderma granarium.

On the carbohydrate utilization by the larvae ofTrogoderma granarium everts. (Dermestidae: Coleoptera)

Trogoderma-Larven reagieren auf verschiedenartige Kohlehydrate verschieden. Disaccharide erweisen sich als die besten, Trisaccharide, Starke und Hexosen als ziemlich gute, Pentosen und Zuckeralkohole als sehr schlechte Kohlehydratquellen.