Larvae Of Ch Research Articles

A Description of Chirolophis japonicus and Ch. saitone (Stichaeidae) Pelagic Larvae from Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan

The larval development of Chirolophis japonicus and Ch. saitone from the yolk-sac stage to the settlement on the bottom is described from waters of Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. The pattern of distribution of melanin pigmentation over the body of larvae in these Chirolophis species is formalized for the first time. It consists of six rows, the aggregation on the top of head, and several single melanophores. Despite the similarity between the species, each of them has its specific features that are manifested mainly as a different number of axial skeleton elements (total number of vertebrae and number of rays in the dorsal and anal fins). A conclusion is made that a reliable diagnostic character to identify larvae of Ch. japonicus and Ch. saitone within the period of their development from hatching to settlement can be the number of melanophores at the base of the anal fin rays.

First Record of the Biotopic Associations of the Larvae of the Hover-Fly Genus Cheilosia Meigen, 1822 (Diptera, Syrph idae: Eristal inae) with Deciduous Trees

Biotopic associations of two species of the genus Cheilosia Meigen, 1822 with deciduous trees were discovered. Cheilosia josankeiana (Shiraki, 1930) distributed on Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, and in Japan, and Ch. komabaensis (Shiraki, 1968) known from Siberia, the Russian Far East, and Japan (Honshu, Kyushu) were collected on Kunashir Island. The larvae develop in the trunks of Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem. and Kalopanax septemlobus (Thunb.) Koidz. (family Araliaceae). This is the first record of Cheilosia larvae in the trunks of deciduous trees. Larvae of Ch. josankeiana were found in decayed bast tree fibers of A. elata and K. septemlobus. Larvae of Ch. komabaensis settled sap aggregations on K. septemlobus. The descriptions of the larva of Ch. josankeiana and the pupae of Ch. josankeiana and Ch. komabaensis are given, and diagnostic characters of the pupae are listed. The larvae of both species are saprophagous.

A Review of the Distribution and Phylogenetic Relationships of Bristletails of the Genus Charimachilis Wygodz. (Archaeognatha, Machilidae) with Descriptions of Larvae of Ch. caucasica Kapl. and of a New Species from Belgorod Province

A review of phylogenetic relationships of species of the genus Charimachilis based on comparative analysis of zoogeographic distribution and plesiomorphic and apomorphic states of their main morphological features is performed for the first time. The II and III instar larvae of Charimachilis caucasica are described. The genus Charimachilis belongs to the subfamily Machilinae (Machilidae) where, together with the genus Turkimachilis, it forms the Charimachilis group of genera occupying an isolated position within Machilidae close to the subfamily Petrobiinae. The genus Charimachilis probably originated in the mountainous areas of the east and northeast Mediterranean coasts in the zone of evergreen forests and shrubs. The patterns of dispersal of its species deep into the European continent along the south and west Black Sea coast, as far northwards as 50°N, are traced. Reduction of body size and transition to parthenogenesis in the genus Charimachilis were probably determined by the increasing aridity of climate and deterioration of living conditions; bisexual species remained only in the humid environments of relict communities in the Caucasus. The new species Charimachilis morozovi sp. n. most closely resembles Ch. palaestinensis in the absence of lateral digging teeth on the anterior gonapophyses but differs from the latter in the structure of the ovipositor and urosternites.

Temperature adaptation in Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya pinguis, two blow fly species of forensic significance

AbstractChrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is a common and forensically important blow fly species in the Oriental region. However, in the higher mountain regions and on winter days, its habitats are occupied by a closely related species, Chrysomya pinguis (Walker). The resources that the two species employ to survive are very similar and competition between the species may be one of the factors that trigger differentiation of their behaviors. We conducted experiments to examine how these two closely related species may have adapted to different temperature regimes to avoid competition. Several adult and immature parameters were assessed, such as fecundity, locomotor ability, hatching ratio, larval survivorship, and eclosion ratio. Results indicate that species show specific diapause at high temperature (38 °C), larval survivorship of Ch. megacephala was significantly better than that of Ch. pinguis. Conversely, at low temperature (15 °C), adult locomotor ability was better for Ch. pinguis than for Ch. megacephala. The results indicate that the two species may have evolved different temperature adaptation strategies to avoid competition. In mixed‐species larval rearing experiments, competition between Ch. pinguis and Ch. megacephala was observed: at higher temperature (30 °C), the immature performance index of Ch. megacephala was significantly increased when compared to that in single‐species culture, whereas the index of Ch. pinguis was decreased. These data are consistent with the idea that tolerance for higher temperature conditions would allow larvae of Ch. megacephala to gain a competitive advantage over Ch. pinguis in certain habitats. These results may help to explain their current distribution in the environment and provide more biological information on these forensically important species.

Chilocorus renipustulatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) dominates predatory ladybird assemblages on Sorbus aucuparia (Rosales: Rosaceae)

Fourteen predatory species of ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were collected from May to October 2008 from mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia) infested with the scale insect Chionaspis salicis at 31 localities in the Ore Mountains, northern Bohemia, Czech Republic. Chilocorus renipustulatus, usually a rare species, made up 85% of the individuals collected (1690). Other abundant species were Coccinella septempunctata, Calvia quatuordecimguttata, Adalia bipunctata and Adalia decempunctata. The invasive alien Harmonia axyridis was present but made up less than one per cent of the individuals collected. Niche overlap between pairs of ladybird species measured in terms of the coefficient of community, Morisita's index and cluster analysis showed that microhabitat preferences were similar and hence the possibility of competition was high in two pairs of congeneric species (Chilocorus and Calvia). Larvae of Ch. renipustulatus were abundant from mid-June through August and were still present in October.

The morphology of larvae and systematics of the leaf-beetles Chrysolina tundralis and Chrysolina roddi (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Chrysomelinae)

The 1st- and 4th-instar larvae of Chrysolina tundralis and Ch. roddi and the egg of the latter species are described for the first time; the instar-related changes of the larval morphology are discussed. The 4th-instar larva of Ch. tundralis is very similar to that of Ch. septentrionalis, but differs in the smaller sclerite-like plates of the abdominal segments and wider spaces between them (4–7 times as wide as a sclerite-like plate). The 4th-instar larva of Ch. roddi is very similar to that of Ch. pedestris, but differs in the dark brown coloration of the body and a fewer number of setae (9–12) in the dorsolateral areas of the meso- and metathorax. Data on the habitats and host plants of the larvae are given.

Findings of the leaf beetles Chrysolina tundralis and Chrysolina roddi (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in the middle part of European Russia

Two species of leaf beetles, Chrysolina tundralis and Ch. roddi, were found in the “Galich’ya Gora” Nature Reserve (the middle part of European Russia), 1200 and 700 km, respectively, from the main part of the ranges of these species. Adults and larvae of Ch. tundralis feed on Lamium purpureum, those of Ch. roddi feed on Seseli intermedia there. Diagnostic characters of the adults of both species are reported.

Biology of xylophilous larvae of the rhagionid flies Chrysopilus dives and Chrysopilus nigrifacies (Diptera, Rhagionidae)

The larval morphology and biology of two species of rhagionid flies (Diptera, Rhagionidae) from the Russian Far East are described for the first time. Larvae of Chrysopilus dives Loew develop in the tunnels of xylobiont insects in the trunks of ash trees. Larvae of Ch. nigrifacies Nagatomi were found under the bark of the elm, Sakhalin cork tree, birch, and fir. Morphological characteristics of larvae of Chrysopilus are discussed.

Isomeric incorporation of the haem into monomeric haemoglobins of Chironomus thummi thummi. 1. Isolation of chemically homogeneous haemoglobins. Evidence for the isomerism of the haem in the component III.

With high-resolution NMR spectroscopy it has been possible to detect various types of isomerisms in the monomeric component III of the haemoglobins of Chironomus thummi. In the component III prepared from commercially available larvae of Ch. thummi a chemical heterogeneity has been found to occur at the position E6 (Ile or Thr). The imidazole C-2 proton resonance of the adjacent His-E7 is split because of this alternative occupancy. From larvae of an inbreeding of the single subspecies Chironomus thummi thummi a component III material has been isolated in which the position E6 is occupied by one single amino acid. An additional isomerism of this haemoglobin III is produced by an isomeric incorporation of the haem group into the haem pocket. This isomerism has been established from the complex signal pattern of the mesoproton resonances of the diamagnetic ligated haemoglobin III. Other evidences of this isomerism have been obtained from an analysis of th high-field proton resonances.

B-Chromosomen beiChironomus

In the population “Herrenmuhle” ofChironomus plumosus 11% of the individuals contain one supernumerary chromosome. This B-chromosome is present both in germ-line and somatic cells. — InChironomus melanotus 6% of the larvae of the population “Falkau” carry supernumerary chromosomes. These B-chromosomes cannot be found in all nuclei of testis and soma, their number varies between cells within the individual. In both species the B-chromosomes represent centromeric fragments of chromosome IV as can be shown by their structure and pairing behaviour. — The polytene B-chromosome ofCh. plumosus exhibits a banding pattern in the salivary gland nuclei. Furthermore it is able to form an additional nucleolus in the nuclei of the malpighian tubules. InCh. melanotus band structures can be seen only in the B-chromosome of malpighian tubules. The larvae ofCh. melanotus, carrying B-chromosomes, show heterochromatic bodies in the salivary gland nuclei, varying in number and size in the nuclei of the same gland. These bodies are interpreted to be polytenic B-chromosomes divided into subunits.

Heterochromatin proliferation in the salivary gland chromosomes of Chironomus melanotus

In one collection of Chironomus melanotus a few larvae were found which had an extended larval life of 3 months instead of the normal 3 week period. Among these unusual larvae an interesting phenomenon was observed in some of the salivary gland cells during 4th instar. At the kinetochore regions there occurs a proliferation and ejection of heterochromatic material. The ejected heterochromatic bodies (H-bodies, H-Korper), although variable in number, always undergo a characteristic differentiation; the solid heterochromatic mass develops radiating fibers ultimately connected with an outer concentric circle of denser material. Not all of the individuals with the prolonged larval period exhibited this phenomenon. Spectrophotometric measurements on normal larvae of Ch. melanotus revealed that the percentage of heterochromatin in the salivary gland nucleus at the same stage of development (4th instar) is variable (7 to 13%), suggesting that the replication of heterochromatin is less rigidly controlled than that of the euchromatin.