Large Temple Research Articles

DAYA TARIK PURA PARAHYANGAN JAGATKARTA SEBAGAI WISATA BUDAYA DI KABUPATEN BOGOR

As one of the tourist attractions in Bogor Regency, Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta is the largest temple in West Java and the second largest in Indonesia after Besakih Temple in Bali. The lack of tourist attractions and promotions is considered to be the thing that causes tourism activities in the area to be not optimal. The study was conducted with a quantitative approach to assess tourist attractiveness in terms of something to see, something to do, and something to buy. The aspect of something to see achieves a tourist response, which is 83.2%. The something to do aspect is 78.6% and the something to buy aspect is 76.4%. All three aspects get good marks so that the tourist attraction of Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta is not problematic in terms of tourist attractions

Enguri basin toponyms in cuneiform texts

In studying the semantic and phonetic coincidences of Abzu-Engur, we focused on the Sumerian word Laḫama, which is also related to the Svan toponyms Laḫamula and the river Enguri. 50 Laḫama of Engur, as well as Abzu-Engur is found in many Sumerian and Babylonian texts from the third millennium BC and is usually associated with the Engur, Abzu waters, or the abode of wisdom. The article presents and discusses the Sumerian cuneiform texts from III millenium BC., including the ancient Babylonian period, where the Sumerian word Lahama and the Akkadian equivalent Laḫmu are recorded. Analysis of the cuneiform texts shows that the Laḫama / Laḫmu are the guardians and inseparable beings of Engur. The Sumerian word Engur (Sum. Engur), which in Sumerian means underground river, is the abode of Enki (Akk.Ea), the god of wisdom, in all cuneiform texts, guarded by the Laḫama deities. Laḫama is also found in Sumerian texts to refer to a figure of a guardian statue standing at the gates of large temples. Such as E-KUR in Nippur and E-ninu in Girsu. They are also called “Abzu -Laḫama”. (Ancient Akkadian laḫmu, probably meaning “hairy” shaggy). Laḫmu – the guardian deity associated with Enki (Akk. Ea). The Akkadian tradition was associated with Marduk. Appeared with long hair and a beard, sometimes with 4 or 6 curls. In art he is called a naked hero. Was associated with the human-bull figure. In the Babylonian creation myth, “Enuma Eliš” Laḫmu and Laḫamu are a female and a male couple, and are mentioned among the original creatures together with Anšar-Kišar. They derive from a common root (muddy). In the myth of the Babylonian creation – Enuma Eliš, Tiamat gives birth to 11 monsters. Among them is Laḫamu – a long-haired “hero”. As it is known from Ancient Mesopotamoan iconography, glower bowl with trickling water is an attribute of Enki, the god of wisdom, which is occupied by Enki in Akkadian (XXIV-XXII BC) and New Sumerian (XXI-XX BC). ) In the iconography of the period is, who is sometimes replaced by Laḫmu. Laḫama – deities are associated with Abzu-Engur and the city of Eridu. La-ḫa-ma (Sum.). According to the interpretation of the Sumerian cuneiform signs,he appears as a noble mythical creature – a creature of gratitude, merciful essential water creature. Our paper presents the Sumerian word Laḫama phonetic study, search for different meanings of cuneiform signs, which should be interesting for the study of the Kartvelian, in particular the Svan toponym Laḫamula. The article substantiates the coincidence of the Svan toponym with Laḫamula, which is directly related to the Enguri River, and which is confirmed by the Engur- Laḫama semantic and phonetic coincidences in the cuneiform texts. The root of the Svan toponym Lahamula is based on a basic study of the Sumerian lexical units: Engur and la-ḫa-ma. In the Sumerian language, the Engur is the abode of the god of wisdom, Enki (Akk. Ea). The word Apsu’s root in Georgian is also related to the flow of water (eg the river Supsa, Psou, etc.). The study presented by us is based on a general analysis of Sumerian texts and iconography and combines chronologically with the completely ancient period (IIII mill. BC), which gives us a basis for the etymology of the Svan toponyms – Enguri and Laḫamula as a matter of Mesopotamian civilization. It is also another clear proof of the cultural relations between the Ancient Near East and the Caucasus.

Ogun in the Black Atlantic: Family History and Cross-Cultural Religious Exchange in Bahia, c. 1813–1970

Abstract Afro-Brazilian religions play a vital role in the history of northeastern Brazil, home to an enormous Black population. An especially well-known case is Candomblé, which arose in the state of Bahia, where a number of large temples dating back to the time of the slave trade have long attracted scholarly attention. Less well-known, however, is the parallel existence of shrines belonging to individual families. One, dedicated to Ogun, in the city of Salvador, recently gained government recognition as a site of memory. According to oral tradition, it was created by a freed African couple on the farm where they lived and worked. Drawing on oral traditions, ethnographic data, and archival sources, this article reconstructs the family’s history over the course of nearly two centuries, tracing the presence of cross-cultural exchanges over time, initially from Dahomean and Hausa religion and more recently from Yoruba and Catholic cosmologies.

CAMBODIA-FLOATING VILLAGE KAMPONG SEAM REAP

Lord Venkateswara is known has Kaliyugavayukuntam situated in TirumalaTirupatiAndhraPradesh India. It was constructed and developed by Krishna devarayalu andSalvanarasimharayalu. Lord Vishnu temple at Angkor watSiem reap is the largest temple, with area 500 akers in Cambodia. I went to Cambodia on December 2022 and visited Angkor wat at that time I visited Kampong oating Village. As an Anthropologist I surprised a lot how people are living in this village in the oating water.

The Building Accounts of the Fourth Century BC Temple of Apollo at Delphi

Abstract In this article, Hansen analyzes and discusses the construction of the fourth-century BC. Temple of Apollo at Delphi, taking into consideration the practical aspects of this difficult construction process. He includes the unique epigraphic building accounts that have been made accessible to non-philologists with Jean Bousque’s edition and French translation of the fragments published in 1989. Thereby Hansen offers a masterful revised calendar of the whole building process of the third largest temple on the Greek mainland.

ФИЛОСОФСКИЕ И ИДЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ДЕКОРАТИВНОЙ ПРОГРАММЫ ХРАМА БЕЙТ-ЭЛЬ-ВАЛИ

The Nubian temple of Beit el-Wali, erected under Ramesses II, has long been considered by experts as a monument of secondary importance on the southern borders of Ancient Egypt. It is significantly smaller than other religious buildings of that era. However its decorative program is an important source of knowledge about philosophical and ideological concepts that existed in Egypt in the early period of reign of Ramesses II. Reliefs decorating the temple demonstrate transition from a canonical model of battle scenes, characteristic of the Seti I era, to a new stage in its development. In the decor of Beit el-Wali, one can find signs of a search for new artistic techniques, iconographic and compositional solutions, which would later be embodied in the largest temples in Egypt. The article is about studying the decorative program of the Beit el-Wali temple in its connection with the state ideology and worldview paradigm in the era of Ramses II

Efforts to Increase Mendut Temple Brand Awareness through Mix Marketing Communication Strategy

Mendut Temple is one of the tourist destinations in the Mungkid area, Magelang, Central Java. Mendut Temple is one of the historical relics built by the Syailendra Dynasty. Mendut Temple is the second largest temple after Borobudur Temple in the area. Located in the exact location of Borobudur Temple, Mendut Temple is the second destination after Borobudur Temple. With this significant difference in tourist visits, a strategy is needed to increase the interest of tourists in visiting Mendut Temple. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative—the collected data using relevant sources through interviews, literature studies, and observation. Then sort and analyze the data to make conclusions from the results obtained. This analysis aims to determine how effective the tourism communication strategy has been in managing Mendut Temple to increase the number of tourists. This study shows that the management of Mendut Temple is still not optimal. Mendut Temple is still unaware of the brand because it still doesn't get a satisfactory response. It is hoped that in the future, the results of this analysis can be used as an evaluation to improve the next communication strategy for Mendut Temple.

ANALISIS PERGESERAN DINDING CANDI BOROBUDUR MENGGUNAKAN ROBOTIC TOTAL STATION (RTS)

Borobudur temple is one of the world's cultural heritages which located in Magelang, Central Java. This largest temple in Indonesia has historical and cultural values that are very valuable, so it is important to be maintained and preserved. One way of preservation that can be done is to monitor the structure of temple walls. This purpose of this monitoring is to observe if there is a shift or movement in the earth’s plates and non-natural factors. The development of survey technology with Robotic Total Station (RTS) will make easier to monitor the structures. The monitoring method is carried out used the principle of geodetic measurement to measure 60 monitoring prisms on all sides of the temple in three cycles. The results of the monitoringshowedthat magnitude of the shift in this temple walls was small, which was under than 1 mm on all sides, so that it can be categorized as relatively stable temple wall.

Visiting Taman Ayun Temple, a Bali’s Subak Heritage Temple in Mengwi

Subak temple serves as a socio-religious adhesive for agrarian society in carrying out its function as a member of this ancient system. One of the temples with an important function for an agrarian society in the Mengwi area, Badung, is the Taman Ayun Temple. Together with the Ulun Danu Batur Temple, these two holy places have a religious function for the Subak Pakerisan and Subak Catur Angga Batukaru areas. The two areas consist of five broad rice fields with a water distribution area that reaches 19,500 ha. In 1634, Taman Ayun Temple was constructed by order of Mengwi Kingdom, I Gusti Agung Putu after he moved the location of His kingdom from Belayu to Mengwi. Serving as the Paibon Temple for the Mengwi kingdom Royal Family, the Taman Ayun temple was magnificently built as a form of devotion to the royal ancestors. Later on, this temple developed as a Penyawangan for several large temples in Bali, which in the past could not be accessed in a day by the Mengwi people. Taman Ayun Temple also acts as a place to regulate water for the activities of the Subak community around the site. After UNESCO recognized Taman Ayun Temple as part of the manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana philosophy in 2012, the number of visits to Taman Ayun Temple increased significantly. Even though it has become a tourist-visit destination, visitors must obey several things when visiting this cultural heritage site. Apart from that, there are various interesting destinations around Taman Ayun Temple which are also worth visiting by tourists to know more deeply about the culture-based life adopted by the Balinese people.

The sacred pool of Ba'al: a reinterpretation of the ‘Kothon’ at Motya

The Phoenician island-city of Motya, off the west coast of Sicily, has long been a focus of archaeological research. Earlier excavations identified a large rectangular basin interpreted, by analogy with Carthage, as a ‘kothon’ or artificial inner harbour. Recent investigations of this feature, however, lead the author to a new interpretation. Rather than a harbour, the so-called ‘Kothon’ is revealed as a sacred freshwater pool at the centre of a monumental circular sanctuary hosting three large temples. The pool, watched over by a statue of Ba'al, also served as a surface for observing and mapping the movement of stars, as emphasised by the alignment of structures and features positioned around the sacred enclosure.

Temple Uspenija of the Virgin as a means of influence on the formation of national identities of Ukrainians

Based on the analysis of the development of Christianity on the example of Zolotonosha (Left Bank Dnieper) the history of Orthodox churches is studied. The place of the Zolotonosha Assumption Cathedral in the spiritual and moral life of the Ukrainian people is substantiated. The role of the church in increasing the social activation of the Orthodox Christian personality and social development of Zolotonosha region is proved.
 The object of research: the Temple Uspenija of the Virgin as a historical, architectural and spiritual monument of Ukraine, its impact on public consciousness in the formation of the national identity of Ukrainians.
 Investigated problem: the development of Ukrainian Orthodoxy on the example of Zolotonosha as an effective means of forming the national identity of Ukrainians and a significant factor in the democratization of society on the basis of Christian values, which increases the morality and spirituality of the people.
 The main scientific results: the integral history of orthodox churches of Zolotonosha region is analyzed on the basis of data of researchers and local historians, archival church documents. The place of Zolotonosha sanctuary as one of the largest temples of Central Ukraine in the formation of the spiritual culture of the Ukrainian people is substantiated. The role of the Holy Dormition Cathedral in increasing the social activation of the Orthodox Christian personality and social development of Zolotonosha region during its history is revealed.
 The area of practical use of the research results: the results of the study can be used by public administration and local government in determining public policy in the field of religion, mechanisms for solving its current problems, during the development and teaching of courses on public administration, history of religion, world history and history of Ukraine.
 Innovative technological product: on the basis of fragmentary data of researchers and local historians, numerous archival church materials and documents, some of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, a significant gap in ideas about the holistic picture of the history of Zolotonosha Assumption Cathedral as a historical, architectural and spiritual monument of Ukraine was filled for 70 years had been prohibited. The place of the Temple Uspenija of the Virgin in the spiritual and moral life of an Orthodox Christian is substantiated. The role of the Zolotonosha Church in the formation of the national identity of Ukrainians is highlighted.
 Scope of the innovative technological product: theoretical research, the practice of forming the national identity of Ukrainians, a means of influencing religiosity to increase the morality and spirituality of people, the implementation and improvement of the system of state regulation by religious organizations.

The Family of Zeus in Early Greek Poetry and Myths

The Family of Zeus in Early Greek Poetry and Myths In early epic poetry it is evident that certain differences exist in both traditions, mainly due to the fact that Homer’s epic poems were written on the western coast of Asia Minor and the surrounding islands, while Hesiod’s poems were composed on mainland Greece. From the analysis, it becomes clear that the development of the cult of an Indo-European Sky Father differs significantly from the assumed Proto-Indo-European tradition. His family is completely different from that in the Indo-European tradition. His wife is the goddess Hera, whom Homer calls ‘old’, as opposed to the Hesiodic tradition, in which Hestia and Demeter are older than her. Homer makes no mention whatsoever of Hestia. The ‘daughters of Zeus’ are the goddesses Athena and Aphrodite, and the ‘son of Zeus’ is Apollo. The family of Zeus according to Homer also differs from the archaeological findings of the tradition on land. Hera of Samos bears no resemblance to Hera of Argos. The oldest large temples are connected to her, as well as to the memory of Oceanus and Thetis as parents to the gods, which is a direct influence of the Mesopotamian myths of Apsu and Tiamat. Homer’s Zeus from Mount Ida, Hera of Samos, Apollo of Cilla, and Tenedus and Artemis of Ephesus are closer to the Anatolian tradition.

Killing the Priest-King: Addressing Egalitarianism in the Indus Civilization

The cities of the Indus civilization were expansive and planned with large-scale architecture and sophisticated Bronze Age technologies. Despite these hallmarks of social complexity, the Indus lacks clear evidence for elaborate tombs, individual-aggrandizing monuments, large temples, and palaces. Its first excavators suggested that the Indus civilization was far more egalitarian than other early complex societies, and after nearly a century of investigation, clear evidence for a ruling class of managerial elites has yet to materialize. The conspicuous lack of political and economic inequality noted by Mohenjo-daro’s initial excavators was basically correct. This is not because the Indus civilization was not a complex society, rather, it is because there are common assumptions about distributions of wealth, hierarchies of power, specialization, and urbanism in the past that are simply incorrect. The Indus civilization reveals that a ruling class is not a prerequisite for social complexity.

Meru as a Hindu Sacred Building Architecture with a High Roof and Resistant to Earthquakes in Bali, Indonesia

Meru has meaning as a symbol of Mount Mahameru, symbol of God and the universe that serves as a place of worship of the gods and ancestors. Meru is found in large temples in Bali, Indonesia with its trademark characteristic that the roof has a high overlapping reaching 10 meters or more with the number of roofs always odd so that Meru becomes a landmark in every temple in Bali. Meru is a very beautiful sacred building that was built based on the accuracy of proportions, the logic of construction techniques and the beauty of decoration, which holds fast to local wisdom based on Traditional Balinese Architecture. This study aims to explore the meaning and philosophy of Meru and why the construction of Meru as an earthquake resistant building. With a qualitative explorative study of primary data collection such as: surveys, observations and interviews and combined with secondary data in the form of old legacy writing, study shows that Meru not only has beauty as a sacred building but also is an earthquake-resistant building construction that has proven its reliability compared to other Hindu sacred buildings.

Modeling and Assessment of Lightning Hazards to Humans in Heritage Monuments in India and Sri Lanka

Lightning is one of the inevitable disastrous phenomena which in addition to damaging tall edifices, might also consequently endanger humans due to lightning-human interactions. This research focuses on analyzing lightning hazards to humans in the vicinity of heritage monuments in India and Sri Lanka. Five monuments which include three giant stupas namely Ruwanweliseya, Jethawanaramaya and Abayagiriya from Sri Lanka and two large temples namely Brihadishvara Temple and Gangaikonda Cholapuram from India have been chosen for investigation. Lightning-human interaction mechanisms namely direct strike, side flash, aborted upward leader, step and touch voltages have been investigated for the most onerous scenario on humans in the vicinity of the monuments. Firstly, the electro-geometric model as stipulated in standards has been implemented to ascertain the effectiveness of lightning protection to the structures. Subsequently, the study has been extended to the computation of step and touch voltages utilizing lightning current and electrostatic models based on Finite Element Method (FEM) using COMSOL Multi-physics®. Detailed plots of electric field and voltage distribution of lightning on humans due to a typical lightning current of 30 kA have been obtained. The final study involves assessment of current through humans which is estimated based on lumped R-C human model representation using OrCAD Cadence®. The analyses reveal that humans are invariably shielded against direct strikes whereas effects due to side flashes are minimal. During strikes to the monuments, high voltage may appear due to step and touch potential under dry conditions, though such effects could be mitigated by appropriate earthing system.

Preface Special Issue: Lessons from the past: the evolution of seismic protection techniques in the history of builings

“Grecae magnificentiae vera admiratio extat templum Ephesiae Dianae CXX annis factum a tota Asia. In solo id palustri fecere, ne terrae motus sentiret aut hiatus timeret, rursus ne in lubrico atque instabili fondamenta tantae molis locarentur, calcatis ea substravere carbonibus, dein velleribus lanae”. With these words, Gaius Plinius Secundus, better known as Pliny the Elder, in his Naturalis Historia (XXXVI, §95), described the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, one of the largest temples built by Greeks and one of the seven wonders in the ancient world. Recent historic studies allowed pointing out that the foundations were composed by a continuous stone plate separated from a thin layer of marshland by means of a layer of clay mixed with charcoal and ashes [Carpani, 2017]. Nowadays those layers are interpreted as a pioneering base isolation system.

Strategi Pengembangan Candi Muaro Jambi Sebagai Wisata Religi


 
 
 Muaro Jambi temple a largest temple site in Sumatra island, with area of 3981 hectares wide. This temple is a legacy from Srivijaya and Melayu Empires, and a center of Buddhist teaching in 9th to 11th century. Considering history and significances of temple for Buddhists, effective development of religious tourism is required.
 This research investigate the development strategy in Muaro Jambi Temple as religious tourism. Using descriptive qualitative method, this research will describe the development of temple from various aspects of tourism development. The result of research analysis done by using descriptive qualitative analysis provide result through documentation supported narration. The research result show that tourism development is still in early stage and so problems in various aspects of development are found, with most of them caused by low synergy among the stakeholders. Thus, every stakeholder are expected to increase their synergy and cooperation for the sake of religious tourism growth in Muaro Jambi temple.
 Key Words : Religious Tourism, Tourism development, Buddhist Temple
 
 

Panca Wali Krama 2019; through fire of Mount Agung Eruption to Overloaded Morgue crisis

Balinese people hold Yadnya ceremony Panca Wali Krama every ten years. Panca means Five, represents five elements that compose the universe Panca Maha Bhuta, while Bali or Wali means offering or ceremony. In this year, the ritual was considered exceptional due to it took place twice, the first in Lempuyang Luhur Temple and the second in the largest temple in Bali, Besakih Temple. Hindu communities from all regions in Bali came to participate in the event, as their symbol of faith toward the God Almighty. This ten-year event took place for more than twenty days in Lempuyang Luhur and thirty-seven days in Besakih temple. While Panca Wali Krama was taking place at Besakih, Mount Agung has been reported experiencing several hiccups on 9, 15 and 21 March 2019. Despite the eruption, the communities kept doing their prayer and service at the temple located on the slope of the volcano. Meanwhile, another crisis was faced by hospitals on the island, due to an announcement from the official to ban Ngaben ceremony until the Yadnya is over. As a result, Mortuary in several hospitals was reported overloaded. The official and Government hastily response to the overloaded problem, since according to Balinese Hindu believe, keeping the dead body stranded was considered defiling the area.

Pemanfaatan Google Maps API dalam Pemetaan dan Pemberdayaan Pariwisata Desa Di Indonesia Berbasis Web-Mobile

Recent tourist villages in Indonesia have received more attention from the government and also the management, this is due to the increasing development of tourism in Indonesia. Muaro Jambi Village is one of the tourist villages owned by Jambi Province which has many decent tourism objects to be empowered more fully. One of the most famous tours is Muaro Jambi Temple, which is the largest temple in Southeast Asia. The classic problem that always arises in data integration creates a mismatch that is still more maximal in the process of mapping and empowering rural tourism. The researcher develops a product in the form of an application that can later be used to connect between the village tourism manager and potential visitors. This application can also be used as a medium for centralizing tourism village data throughout Indonesia. The combination of using the Codeigniter Framework and the Google Maps API is able to provide a strong and integrated impression on the application, making it easily accepted among users. The results of this study are the formation of a media that can be used by village tourism managers in managing existing destinations, can be used by visitors to find recommendations for popular destinations or can also be used by the government in mapping tourism villages

Unique Features of Dravidian Architecture in India: A Retrospect

Indian architecture progressed time to time with the assimilation of many influences that occurs as a result of India's global discourse with other regions of the world throughout its millennia-old past. The architecture of India is rooted back in its ancient civilization, culture and religion. Architectural methods practiced in India are a result of examination and implementation of its established building traditions and outside cultural interactions. The traditional Vastu Shastra remains influential in throughout India's architectural styles during the contemporary era. Dravidian architecture is an architectural idiom in Hindu temple architecture that emerged in the southern part of the Indian subcontinent or South India, reaching its final form by the sixteenth century. It consists predominantly of Hindu temples where the feature is the high gopura or gatehouse and large temples. All the majority of structures are located in the Southern Indian states of Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Various kingdoms and empires which ruled south India such as the Cholas, the Chera, the Kakatiyas, the Pandyas, the Pallavas, the Gangas, the Rashtrakutas, the Chalukyas, the Hoysalas, and Vijayanagara Empire among others have made substantial contribution to the evolution of Dravidian architecture. This style of architecture can also be found in parts of North India of Teli ka Mandir Gwalior, Bhitargaon Baitala Deula, Bhubaneshwar, Northeastern and central Sri Lanka also, having unique features of architectural styles in India.