Large Surge Research Articles

Circulating pediatric respiratory pathogens in Taiwan during 2020: Dynamic change under low COVID-19 incidence.

In Taiwan, there were only 799 confirmed COVID-19 cases in 2020. The unique backdrop amidst a pandemic and promotion of nonpharmaceutical interventions generated some distinct changes in the epidemiology of common respiratory pathogens. In this study, we aimed to investigate the dynamic changes in respiratory pathogens in children during 2020. We performed a retrospective cohort study at a tertiary hospital in southern Taiwan during 2020. Patients aged 0-18 years who visited the pediatric emergency department were enrolled. Children who presented with clinical symptoms (fever or respiratory illness) and received nasopharyngeal swabs for multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were included in our analysis. We also compared respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) trends from previous years by PCR and lateral flow immunochromatographic assays from 2017 to 2020. A total of 120 children were tested. The overall detection rate was 55%. With strengthened restrictions, the detection rate dropped from 70% to 30%. However, non-enveloped viruses (rhinovirus/enterovirus and adenovirus) were in constant circulation. Upon easing prevention measures, the detection rate remained above 60%, and an outbreak of an enveloped virus (RSV and parainfluenza virus) was noted. Compared with 2017-2019, the cyclical RSV epidemic was delayed, with a large surge in late 2020. We observed a constant circulation of non-enveloped viruses when strict nonpharmaceutical interventions were employed and a delayed surge of enveloped viruses during the easing of restrictions. Continuous surveillance and monitoring of the evolutionary dynamics of respiratory viruses is important, while easing restrictions requires balanced judgment.

The SARS-CoV-2 spike S375F mutation characterizes the Omicron BA.1 variant.

Recent studies have revealed the unique virological characteristics of Omicron, particularly those of its spike protein, such as less cleavage efficacy in cells, reduced ACE2 binding affinity, and poor fusogenicity. However, it remains unclear which mutation(s) determine these three virological characteristics of Omicron spike. Here, we show that these characteristics of the Omicron spike protein are determined by its receptor-binding domain. Of interest, molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that acquisition of the spike S375F mutation was closely associated with the explosive spread of Omicron in the human population. We further elucidated that the F375 residue forms an interprotomer pi-pi interaction with the H505 residue of another protomer in the spike trimer, conferring the attenuated cleavage efficiency and fusogenicity of Omicron spike. Our data shed light on the evolutionary events underlying the emergence of Omicron at the molecular level.

Mathematical Modeling of COVID-19 Transmission in the Form of System of Integro-Differential Equations

The model of the spread of the coronavirus pandemic in the form of a system of integro-differential equations is studied. We focus our consideration on the number of hospitalized patients, i.e., on the needs of the system regarding hospital beds that can be provided for hospitalization and the corresponding medical personnel. Traditionally, in such models, the number of places needed was defined as a certain percentage of the number of infected at the moment. This is not quite adequate, since it takes a certain period of time for the development of the disease to the stage at which hospitalization is required. This will be especially evident at the start of new waves of the epidemic, when there is a large surge in the number of infected people, but the need for hospitalization places and additional medical personnel will appear later. Taking this circumstance into account using integral terms in the model allows us to conclude in corresponding additional to existing cases that the wave of disease will attenuate after some time. In others, it will relieve unnecessary panic, because the healthcare system has a certain period to create additional hospitalization places, order medicines and mobilize the necessary medical personnel. We obtain estimates of reproduction number in the case of the model described by a system of integro-differential equations. Results on the exponential stability of this integro-differential system are obtained. It is demonstrated that the condition of the exponential stability coincides with the fact that the reproduction number of the spread of the pandemic is less than one.

Dynamical Hadron Formation in Long-Range Interacting Quantum Spin Chains

The study of confinement in quantum spin chains has seen a large surge of interest in recent years. It is not only important for understanding a range of effective one-dimensional condensed matter realizations, but also shares some of the non-perturbative physics with quantum chromodynamics (QCD) which makes it a prime target for current quantum simulation efforts. In analogy with QCD, the confinement-induced two-particle boundstates that appear in these models are dubbed mesons. Here, we study scattering events due to meson collisions in a quantum spin chain with long-range interactions such that two mesons have an extended interaction. We show how novel hadronic boundstates, e.g. with four constituent particles akin to tetraquarks, may form dynamically in fusion events. In a natural collision their signal is weak as elastic meson scattering dominates. However, we propose two controllable protocols which allow for a clear observation of dynamical hadron formation. We discuss how this physics can be simulated in trapped ion or Rydberg atom set-ups.

Future changes in extreme storm surge based on a maximum potential storm surge model for East Asia

ABSTRACT We analyzed tropical cyclones (TC) based on the theory of Maximum Potential Intensity (MPI) and Maximum Potential Surge (MPS) for a long-term assessment of extreme TC intensity and storm surge heights. We investigated future changes in the MPI fields and MPS for different global warming levels based on 150-year continuous scenario projections (HighResMIP) and large ensemble climate projections (d4PDF/d2PDF). Focusing on the Western North Pacific Ocean (WNP), we analyzed future changes in the MPI and found that it reached a maximum in the latitudinal range of 30–40°N in September. We also analyzed future changes in the MPS in major bays of East Asia and along the Pacific coast of Japan. Future changes in the MPS were projected, and it was confirmed that changes in the MPS are larger in bays where large storm surge events have occurred in the past.

Experiment-based coupled dynamic analysis of submerged production platform-mooring system in internal solitary waves

As a competitive alternative to the conventional dry tree and wet tree concepts, the next generation subsea production system, with a focus on the critical issues of well access and riser design, is designed to utilize shallow-water rated subsea production systems for the development of large oil and gas fields in deep and ultra-deep water. This study focuses on the crucial component of the next generation subsea production system, referred to as the submerged production platform-mooring system, and investigates its nonlinear coupled dynamic responses to internal solitary waves. A time-domain coupled dynamic analysis method is developed. Specifically, based on the load experiment in a large gravitationally stratified fluid flume, the applicability conditions of internal solitary wave theories and the determination method of hydrodynamic coefficients are quantitatively characterized, and the internal solitary wave load model for the submerged production platform is developed and validated. The fully coupled dynamic analysis model for the submerged production platform-mooring system is established and solved by the Generalized-α integration algorithm in combination with the Newton iterative method. The coupling effects, dynamic response characteristics, and security weaknesses of the submerged production platform-mooring system are analyzed. The effects of various key factors on the dynamic responses of the submerged production platform-mooring system are systematically analyzed. The results demonstrate that the dynamic responses of the submerged production platform-mooring system to internal solitary waves are characterized by the large amplitude surge and heave motions, and the significant fluctuation in the mooring tension, particularly when the submerged production platform is located at the density pycnocline. The developed method also has its applicability to the dynamic analysis of the deepwater free standing hybrid riser system in internal solitary waves.

Effectiveness of 2, 3, and 4 COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Doses Among Immunocompetent Adults During Periods when SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2/BA.2.12.1 Sublineages Predominated - VISION Network, 10 States, December 2021-June 2022.

The Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, was first identified in the United States in November 2021, with the BA.1 sublineage (including BA.1.1) causing the largest surge in COVID-19 cases to date. Omicron sublineages BA.2 and BA.2.12.1 emerged later and by late April 2022, accounted for most cases.* Estimates of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) can be reduced by newly emerging variants or sublineages that evade vaccine-induced immunity (1), protection from previous SARS-CoV-2 infection in unvaccinated persons (2), or increasing time since vaccination (3). Real-world data comparing VE during the periods when the BA.1 and BA.2/BA.2.12.1 predominated (BA.1 period and BA.2/BA.2.12.1 period, respectively) are limited. The VISION network† examined 214,487 emergency department/urgent care (ED/UC) visits and 58,782 hospitalizations with a COVID-19-like illness§ diagnosis among 10 states during December 18, 2021-June 10, 2022, to evaluate VE of 2, 3, and 4 doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines (BNT162b2 [Pfizer-BioNTech] or mRNA-1273 [Moderna]) compared with no vaccination among adults without immunocompromising conditions. VE against COVID-19-associated hospitalization 7-119 days and ≥120 days after receipt of dose 3 was 92% (95% CI=91%-93%) and 85% (95% CI=81%-89%), respectively, during the BA.1 period, compared with 69% (95% CI=58%-76%) and 52% (95% CI=44%-59%), respectively, during the BA.2/BA.2.12.1 period. Patterns were similar for ED/UC encounters. Among adults aged ≥50 years, VE against COVID-19-associated hospitalization ≥120 days after receipt of dose 3 was 55% (95% CI=46%-62%) and ≥7 days (median=27 days) after a fourth dose was 80% (95% CI=71%-85%) during BA.2/BA.2.12.1 predominance. Immunocompetent persons should receive recommended COVID-19 booster doses to prevent moderate to severe COVID-19, including a first booster dose for all eligible persons and second booster dose for adults aged ≥50 years at least 4 months after an initial booster dose. Booster doses should be obtained immediately when persons become eligible.¶.

Implementation of the Acute Care Clinic Easy Scheduling System at the Brooke Army Medical Center.

ABSTRACTIntroductionEmergency departments (EDs) have continued to struggle with overcrowding, causing delays in patient care and increasing stress on the medical staff and resources. This was further illustrated during the recent coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, where we saw large unpredictable surges to the ED as hospitals tried to meet the medical needs of patients while trying to minimize the spread of coronavirus disease. A previous study from the Department of Emergency at the Brooke Army Medical Center (BAMC) found that nearly half of the patients presenting to the ED could have been managed in a primary care setting. We sought to pilot an alternate appointment scheduling system, Acute Care Clinic Easy Scheduling System, to allow patients to see and book available appointments while waiting in the ED waiting room.Materials and MethodsOur appointment display system was created through collaboration with the BAMC Information Management Division. A Tableau data interface connects to the Composite Health Care System to view available primary appointments across the San Antonio Military Health Care System. These are displayed in real-time on multiple TV screens outside the ED and in the ED waiting room. Patients were provided signage that provides a way to call or use a World Wide Web–based interface to immediately schedule the open appointments within the next 48 hours. Patients voluntarily opted to use this system and may opt to leave the ED if another appointment became available within an acceptable time frame to them.ResultsThis section is not applicable to this article.ConclusionsExpansion of the Acute Care Clinic Easy Scheduling System within the Military Health Care System may (1) help reduce ED crowding, (2) improve access to care through a live-tracking system that patients can review and select from, and (3) reduce the number of unfilled primary care appointments. The system in place in the BAMC ED serves as a template for other MTFs to use.

Predicting the Risk Factors Associated With Severe Outcomes Among COVID-19 Patients-Decision Tree Modeling Approach.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has seen a large surge in case numbers over several waves, and has critically strained the health care system, with a significant number of cases requiring hospitalization and ICU admission. This study used a decision tree modeling approach to identify the most important predictors of severe outcomes among COVID-19 patients.MethodsWe identified a retrospective population-based cohort (n = 140,182) of adults who tested positive for COVID-19 between 5th March 2020 and 31st May 2021. Demographic information, symptoms and co-morbidities were extracted from a communicable disease and outbreak management information system and electronic medical records. Decision tree modeling involving conditional inference tree and random forest models were used to analyze and identify the key factors(s) associated with severe outcomes (hospitalization, ICU admission and death) following COVID-19 infection.ResultsIn the study cohort, nearly 6.37% were hospitalized, 1.39% were admitted to ICU and 1.57% died due to COVID-19. Older age (>71Y) and breathing difficulties were the top two factors associated with a poor prognosis, predicting about 50% of severe outcomes in both models. Neurological conditions, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and renal disease were the top five pre-existing conditions that altogether predicted 29% of outcomes. 79% of the cases with poor prognosis were predicted based on the combination of variables. Age stratified models revealed that among younger adults (18–40 Y), obesity was among the top risk factors associated with adverse outcomes.ConclusionDecision tree modeling has identified key factors associated with a significant proportion of severe outcomes in COVID-19. Knowledge about these variables will aid in identifying high-risk groups and allocating health care resources.

An Efficient Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Energy Sharing Framework

The proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs), owing to their advantages over internal combustion engine vehicles, has introduced many challenges, due to the lack of charging infrastructure that can handle such a large surge of EVs. Therefore, alternative feasible charging solutions, such as EV-to-Grid (V2G) and EV-to-EV (V2V) charging have gained prominence thanks to the bidirectional charger. However, there are several challenges hindering the adoption of V2V energy sharing solutions. The existing frameworks that detail the main aspects in energy management protocols emphasize solely on the EV integration with the grid, with the assumption of the grid availability and capability of supporting V2V energy sharing. In this article, a novel holistic energy management framework for an efficient V2V energy sharing is proposed. The proposed framework offers a complete overview of the different stages in the V2V charging problem and introduces possible solutions for each stage and its integration with other stages to form a comprehensive V2V solution, that is not only cost-effective but also maximizes user satisfaction and social welfare, while simultaneously fulfills the highest number of energy demands.

Comparison of Extreme Coastal Flooding Events between Tropical and Midlatitude Weather Systems in the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays for 1980–2019

Abstract Coastal flooding is one of the most costly and deadly natural hazards facing the U.S. mid-Atlantic region today. Impacts in this heavily populated and economically significant region are caused by a combination of the location’s exposure and natural forcing from storms and sea level rise. Tropical cyclones (TCs) and midlatitude (ML) weather systems each have caused extreme coastal flooding in the region. Skew surge was computed over each tidal cycle for the past 40 years (1980–2019) at several tide gauges in the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays to compare the meteorological component of surge for each weather type. Although TCs cause higher mean surges, ML weather systems can produce surges just as severe and occur much more frequently, peaking in the cold season (November–March). Of the top 10 largest surge events, TCs account for 30%–45% in the Delaware and upper Chesapeake Bays and 40%–45% in the lower Chesapeake Bay. This percentage drops to 10%–15% for larger numbers of events in all regions. Mean sea level pressure and 500-hPa geopotential height (GPH) fields of the top 10 surge events from ML weather systems show a low pressure center west-southwest of “Delmarva” and a semistationary high pressure center to the northeast prior to maximum surge, producing strong easterly winds. Low pressure centers intensify under upper-level divergence as they travel eastward, and the high pressure centers are near the GPH ridges. During lower-bay events, the low pressure centers develop farther south, intensifying over warmer coastal waters, with a south-shifted GPH pattern relative to upper-bay events. Significance Statement Severe coastal flooding is a year-round threat in the U.S. mid-Atlantic region, and impacts are projected to increase in magnitude and frequency. Research into the meteorological contribution to storm surge, separate from mean sea level and tidal phase, will increase the scientific understanding and monitoring of changing atmospheric conditions. Tropical cyclones and midlatitude weather systems both significantly impact the mid-Atlantic region during different times of year. However, climate change may alter the future behavior of these systems differently. Understanding the synoptic environment and quantifying the surge response and subbay geographic variability of each weather system in this region will aid in public awareness, near-term emergency preparation, and long-term planning for coastal storms.

Sleep apnea and atrial fibrillation: the spell of Groundhog Day.

Sleep apnea and atrial fibrillation: the spell of Groundhog Day.

Development of 2.45 GHz Semiconductor Microwave System for Combustion Ignition Enhancement and Failure Analysis.

We developed a semiconductor microwave system to improve the ignition process in a combustion system. Under atmospheric pressure conditions, large plasma was successfully ignited by a 2.45 GHz microwave, and it is characterized in comparison with standard spark plug ignition and laser ignition. The size of the microwave power source was also effectively reduced with the minimal size (100 × 60 mm2) that could fit in the palm of a hand. We then prototyped a microwave plug with a diameter of 4 mm, which is smaller than the standard spark plugs for passenger cars. The design and electric field strength are discussed in detail. Combustion experiments were conducted using a motorcycle engine and an actual light vehicle, and significant fuel efficiency improvement was experimentally obtained. We investigated the wear of the plug caused by continuous operation, and efficiently improved the endurance by swinging the resonance frequency between 2.4 and 2.5 GHz. In a passenger car engine experiment using a flat panel igniter, significant fuel efficiency improvement was confirmed. Further failure analysis revealed that the ceramic was severely damaged by a large current surge.

Dynamic inflow model for a floating horizontal axis wind turbine in surge motion

Abstract. Floating offshore wind turbines may experience large surge motions, which can cause blade–vortex interaction if they are similar to or faster than the local wind speed. Previous research hypothesized that this blade–vortex interaction phenomenon represented a turbulent wake state or even a vortex ring state, rendering the actuator disc momentum theory and the blade element momentum theory invalid. This hypothesis is challenged, and we show that the actuator disc momentum theory is valid and accurate in predicting the induction at the actuator in surge, even for large and fast motions. To accomplish this, we develop a dynamic inflow model that simulates the vorticity–velocity system and the effect of motion. The model's predictions are compared to other authors' results, a semi-free-wake vortex ring model, other dynamic inflow models, and CFD simulations of an actuator disc in surge. The results show that surge motion and rotor–wake interaction do not result in a turbulent wake or vortex ring state and that the application of actuator disc momentum theory and blade element momentum theory is valid and accurate when applied correctly in an inertial reference frame. In all cases, the results show excellent agreement with the higher-fidelity simulations. The proposed dynamic inflow model includes a modified Glauert correction for highly loaded streamtubes and is accurate and simple enough to be easily implemented in most blade element momentum models.

Factors Controlling Storm-Induced Morphology Changes at an Erosional Hot Spot on a Nourished Beach, Sand Key Barrier Island, West-Central Florida

Cheng, J. and Wang, P., 2022. Factors controlling storm-induced morphology changes at an erosional hot spot on a nourished beach, Sand Key barrier island, west-central Florida. Journal of Coastal Research, 38(4), 750–765. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Beach nourishment has become the dominant sandy shore protection method over the past 40 years. The performance of nourished beaches and therefore the design of renourishment projects are significantly controlled by the presence of erosional hot spots and storm impacts. Based on 5.5-year bimonthly beach profile surveys, along a nourished beach spanning an erosional hot spot, this study examines the hydrodynamic conditions of extratropical (winter) and tropical (summer) storms that cause significant morphology changes. The sand volume loss above the short-term closure depth averaged along the 1.8-km stretch erosional hot spot was 178 m3/m over the 5.5 years after the nourishment. A large portion of this volume loss was caused by several extratropical storms and Hurricane Irma in 2017, when the high, northerly approaching waves were associated with a depressed water level. The northerly approaching waves induced a large longshore sediment transport gradient along the generally north-south trending coast due to wave refraction over a nearby ebb tidal delta. The energetic Hurricane Irma induced a large negative surge and also transported sediment seaward beyond the short-term closure depth. On the other hand, during the passages of typical tropical storms, the southerly approaching waves superimposed on elevated water levels caused substantial beach volume loss above the mean sea level. The eroded sediment deposited on the nearshore sandbar, resulting in conserved sand volume above the short-term closure depth. Understanding the different beach response to extratropical and tropical storms would benefit beach management, especially under the circumstance of increasing storm activities due to climate change.

Severe COVID-19 pneumonia in an intensive care setting and comparisons with historic severe viral pneumonia due to other viruses.

PurposeSevere viral pneumonia is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Recent COVID‐19 pandemic continues to impose significant health burden worldwide, and individual pandemic waves often lead to a large surge in the intensive care unit (ICU) admissions for respiratory support. Comparisons of severe SARS‐CoV‐2 pneumonia with other seasonal and nonseasonal severe viral infections are rarely studied in an intensive care setting.MethodsA retrospective cohort study comparing patients admitted to ICU with COVID‐19 between March and June 2020 and those with viral pneumonias between January and December 2019. We compared patient specific demographic variables, duration of illness, ICU organ supportive measures and outcomes between both groups.ResultsAnalysis of 93 COVID‐19 (Group 1) and 52 other viral pneumonia patients (Group 2) showed an increased proportion of obesity (42% vs. 23%, p = 0.02), non‐White ethnicities (41% vs. 6%, p < 0.001) and diabetes mellitus (30% vs. 13%, p = 0.03) in Group 1, with lower prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/asthma (16% vs. 34%, p = 0.02). In Group 1, the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was much lower (6.7 vs. 10, p = 0.006), and invasive mechanical ventilation (58% vs. 26%, p < 0.001) was more common. Length of ICU (8 vs. 4, p < 0.001) and hospital stay (22 vs. 11, p < 0.001) was prolonged in Group 1, with no significant difference in mortality. Influenza A and rhinovirus were the most common pathogens in Group 2 (26% each).ConclusionsKey differences were identified within demographics (obesity, ethnicity, age, ICU scores, comorbidities) and organ support. Despite these variations, there were no significant differences in mortality between both groups. Further studies with larger sample sizes would allow for further assessment of clinical parameters in these patients.

Deformation and failure mechanism analyses for the surrounding rock mass in a large cylindrical tailrace surge chamber

Deformation and failure mechanism analyses for the surrounding rock mass in a large cylindrical tailrace surge chamber

Investigation on a Large-Scale Braceless-TLP Floating Offshore Wind Turbine at Intermediate Water Depth

Tension leg platform (TLP) is a cost-effective and high-performance support structure for floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) because of its small responses in heave, pitch, and roll with the constraint of the tendons. China, as the largest market of offshore wind energy, has shown a demand for developing reliable, viable floating platform support structures, especially aiming at the intermediate water depth. The present paper described a newly proposed 10-MW Braceless-TLP FOWT designed for a moderate water depth of 60 m. The numerical simulations of the FOWT are carried out using the coupled aero-hydro-servo-elastic-mooring calculation tool FAST. The measured wind and wave data of the target site close to the Fujian Province of China were used to evaluate the performance of the FOWT under the 100-, 50-, 5-, and 2-year-return stochastic weather conditions. The natural periods of the platform in surge, sway, heave, pitch, roll, and yaw were found to be within the range recommended by the design standard DNV-RP-0286 Coupled Analysis of Floating Wind Turbines. The largest surge of the water depth ratio among all the load cases was 15%, which was smaller than the admissible ratio of 23%. The tower top displacements remained between −1 m and 1 m, which were at a similar order to those of a 10-MW monopile-supported offshore wind turbine. The six tendons remained tensioned during the simulation, even under the operational and extreme (parked) environmental conditions. The Braceless-TLP FOWT showed an overall satisfying performance in terms of the structural stability and illustrates the feasibility of this type of FOWT at such a moderate water depth.

Experimental investigation of a point-absorber wave energy converter response in different wave-type representations of extreme sea states

The experimental results of a 1:30 scaled wave tank experiment of a point-absorber in extreme sea states and intermediate water depth are studied. The effect of the PTO damping parameter and different non-linear phenomena in extreme wave conditions such as wave breaking and overtopping are investigated with the focus on the maximum line (mooring) force in the presence of an upper end-stop. In the comparison of different wave-type representations, i.e. irregular, regular, and focused waves, of the same sea state, not all the wave types necessarily yield to the same peak line force. Moreover, there exists an optimum damping value for each sea state in which the smallest peak force is achieved. Both end-stop spring compression and wave breaking slamming result in peak line forces which may be compensated by overtopping water pressure. Large surge motion is obtained for waves with a long wavelength which can contribute to higher and more damaging line forces.

Integrated approach to assess resonance between basin eigenmodes and moored ship motions with wavelet transform analysis and proposal of operational thresholds

Waves with periods between 25 s and some minutes can amplify the motions of moored ships, which may result in terminal downtimes and compromise safety. The purpose of this work is twofold: (i) studying infragravity waves and their influence on moored ship motions, including the definition of operational thresholds and (ii) developing a novel and integrated approach to identify and assess resonance situations using wavelet transform analysis. The resonant modes of the harbor basin were identified using a numerical model validated with full-scale data. The motions of five similar LPG vessels moored at two adjacent jetties were analyzed, both in the frequency and frequency–time domains. It was concluded that surge is the most important motion at the berth that has greater operational problems. Moreover, the infragravity motion periods vary with the mooring line pretension and are proportional to the ratio of water depth to vessel draft. Three episodes of mooring line breaking were attributed to large infragravity surge oscillations. In addition, operational thresholds for basin-vessel resonance situations were defined based on the port tide gauge data. A significant wave height of 0.075 and 0.010 m for the 30–65 s period band was established for LPGs and oil tankers, respectively.