Largest Inhibition Zone Research Articles

Antibacterial Activity of Bitter Drugs from Lingga Malay Ethnic in Riau Archipelago Against Bacterial Causing Skin and Diarrhea Diseases

Infection is the major threat to humanity caused by infectious agents. The most common infectious agent of human is the cause of skin and diarrhea diseases. Melayu Lingga people uses alternative medicine called obat pahit potion to treat skin and diarrhea diseases and mixes by Praktisi Obat Tradisional (POT). The purpose of this research was to determine antibacterial activity of the methanol extract from obat pahit potion against bacteria that cause skin diseases (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12600, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145) and diarrhea (Escherichia coli ATCC 11775, Salmonella typhi ATCC 14028, Shigella flexneri ATCC 12022) by using disc diffusion method with variation of extract concentration (0.75 gr/ml, 0.5 gr/ml, and 0.25 gr/ml). Antibacterial activity was determined by measuring the inhibitory zone formed around the disc. Based on the result of antibacterial activity test, the largest inhibitory zone was found in S.aureus ATCC 12600, S.epidermidis ATCC 12228 and P.aeruginosa ATCC 10145 shown in POT Musai at 0.25 mg/ml concentrations with value 6,61 mm; 6,10 mm; and 10,11 mm. Meanwhile, antibacterial activity against E.coli ATCC 11775 shown in TMP Musai at 0.5 gr/ml concentration with value 4,47 mm. Antibacterial activity against S.typhi ATCC 14028 and S.flexneri ATCC 12022 shown in TMP Musai at 0.25 gr/ml concentration with value 8,20 mm and 11,73 mm.

Antibacterial activity extract fraction of black garlic against bacteria propionibacterium acnes with disc diffusion method

Black garlic is the result of processing garlic through a heating process at a temperature of 70oC with a relative humidity of 70-80% for 21 days without additional treatment so that the water content decreases. Black garlic has antibacterial activity due to the presence of bioactive compounds from the phenolic and flavonoid groups. This study aims to determine the secondary metabolite content and antibacterial activity of the black garlic extract fraction against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. Extraction of Black garlic by maceration method used 96% ethanol as solvent and to obtain extract fraction of Black garlic by multilevel fractionation method using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol as solvents. To determine the content of secondary metabolites, phytochemical screening was carried out in each fraction. Antibacterial activity test of Propionibacerium acnes used disc diffusion method with various concentrations of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol fractions 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, positive control (clindamycin 1%), negative control and media control. Data analysis was carried out with qualitative, quantitative, and statistical analysis. The results obtained were the extract fraction of black garlic contains secondary metabolites of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. The results of the antibacterial activity test showed that the garlic extract fraction had antibacterial activity seen from the presence of an inhibition zone. The largest inhibition zone in the n-hexane fraction of 10% concentration of 8.50 ± 0.10 mm was included in the medium category. The positive control was 12.02 ± 1.41 mm and the negative control gave no inhibition zone.

Ethnomedical use of Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. in Kaduna state of Nigeria and biological evaluation

The development of current healthcare system is greatly influenced by plants having therapeutic potential, especially the medicinal plants. The advent of new ailments worldwide has encouraged the researchers to explore the potential of different plant parts as well. The research aims to compile information on Calotropis procera traditional usage and biological activity from a native population in the northern Nigeria, Kaduna state. Random sampling was employed for the collection of traditional medicinal knowledge on C. procera. Radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and disk diffusion assay was employed to evaluate its biological activity of ethanol and aqueous extracts of C. procera. The study revealed that C. procera is traditionally used in the area to treat a variety of ailments like hypertension, migraine, and spiritual problems having the highest fidelity at 0.9%. The leaves exhibited highest radical scavenging, ferric reducing power, and antibacterial activity at 86.01 µg ML-1 and 18.1 mmol g-1. The largest zone of inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found in an ethanol leaf extract of C. procera at 23.5 mm. The study revealed the leaf of C. procera as a good avenue for the development of modern drugs.

The effects of medium nutritional profile on Bacillus sp. Par 3 plant-growth promoting and biocontrol activity against Botrytis cinerea

Substantial agricultural losses resulting from plant diseases caused by different plant pathogens are one of the worldwide challenges today. Among these, Botrytis cinerea, responsible for gray mold disease, stands out for its capacity to devastate significant quantities of diverse valuable crops. Utilization of biocontrol agents for suppressing phytopathogens has become imperative, and bacteria from the genus Bacillus hold an immense potential due to their rapid replication rate, resistance to adverse environmental conditions, enhanced effectiveness in promoting plant growth and broad-spectrum activity. The objective of this study was to determine the best sources of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in cultivation media with the aim of maximizing both antimicrobial activity against B. cinerea and plantgrowth-promoting (PGP) potential during the early stages of cucumber plant development, exhibited by Bacillus sp. isolate Par 3. Antimicrobial activity was tested using the well diffusion method. The influence of Bacillus sp. isolate Par 3 on plant germination was tested on cucumber seeds. The largest inhibition zones were achieved in two cases, with 1) sucrose as carbon source, ammonium nitrate as nitrogen source, and diammonium hydrogen phosphate as phosphorus source and 2) glycerol as carbon source, ammonium nitrate as nitrogen source and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate as phosphorus source. Seeds treated with a culture liquid of Bacillus sp. isolate Par 3 using the optimized medium exhibited the best results in terms of cucumber germination percentage (100%), root length (53.09 mm) and shoot length (13.26 mm). Bacillus sp. Par 3 isolate was identified as Bacillus subtilis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results of this study underscore the significance of media optimization for the production of biocontrol agents, taking into account both antimicrobial efficacy and PGP characteristics.

Controlled-Release of Plant Volatiles: New Composite Materials of Porous Carbon-Citral and Their Fungicidal Activity against Exobasidium vexans

Citral (Eo) exhibits excellent fungicidal activities. However, it is difficult to maintain long-term fungicidal activity due to its strong volatility. Herein, a controlled-release strategy by using biomass-derived porous carbon (BC) was developed to overcome the drawback of Eo. New composite materials were prepared by loading Eo on tea stem porous carbon (BC@Eo), and their controlled-release fungicidal activity against Exobasidium vexans was assessed. BC with a large specific surface area of 1001.6 m2/g and mesoporous structure was fabricated through carbonization temperature of 700°C. The BC@Eo materials were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. The results suggested that chemical and physical interactions occurred in BC@Eo. The Eo release profile suggested a biphasic pattern with an initial fast release on days 1–14 and a subsequent controlled phase on days 14–30. The in vitro cumulative release percentage of Eo from BC@Eo was 51% during one month, and this result was significantly lower than that from free Eo (cumulative release percentage of Eo of 82% in one week). The antifungal activities of Eo and BC@Eo against E. vexans were determined using the inhibition zone method. The results indicated that Eo and BC@Eo formed large inhibition zones of 19.66 ± 0.79 and 21.92 ± 0.77 mm, respectively. The influence on the hyphal structure of E. vexans was observed by scanning electron microscopy on day 30. The hyphal structure of E. vexans treated with BC@Eo was more shrunken than that treated with Eo at 30 days, suggesting that BC@Eo prolongs the fungicidal activity against E. vexans. This study demonstrated that the encapsulation of Eo in BC for developing the BC@Eo materials could be a promising strategy to inhibit volatility and maintain the fungicidal activity of Eo and provide a potential alternative for the reuse of abundant tea biomass waste resources.

Preparation and characterization of edible whey protein nanofibrils and efficacy studies on the quality and shelf‐life of chilled food products

AbstractWhey is the by‐product of cheese making which can be manipulated into edible films and coatings, it relies on its high viscosity, high hydrophobicity, and antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. In the present study, titanium‐based whey protein nanoparticles (WPNFs/TNPs) and whey protein isolates (WPI) were prepared and edible coatings and films were developed and characterized. The antimicrobial activity against common foodborne pathogens (S. aureus, E. coli, S. typhi, A. niger, P. expansum, and P. variotii) were conducted followed by their efficacy on six different chilled products analyzed on beef, chicken meat, mutton and fish meat, cheddar cheese and mozeralla cheese were selected for efficacy studies. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (Socaciu, Fogarasi et al.) revealed long and linear fibrils of WPNFs and with the addition of TNPs, the fibrils became denser. Fibril emulsions were expected to be more stable because of their high viscosity. Both the WPNFs/TNPs and WPI were smooth and homogenous surfaces without cracks or pore. The WPNFs/TNPs showed various degrees of antimicrobial activities against all the microbial strains and with the addition of nanoparticles, their interaction increased which further enhanced the quality of the product. Each film and coating had clear zones against all the desired microbes. The inhibition zones of WPI/TNPs were smaller than those of WPNFs/TNPs films. The addition of TNPs into with the nanofibrils enhanced the activity of nanofibrils and also it showed better and larger inhibition zones. The DPPH Radical‐scavenging activity of WPNFs/TNPs‐based samples was greater than that of the WPI/TNPs based samples. The highest was observed against the fish and mutton samples, followed by chicken and beef. The WPNFs/TNPs edible coatings decreased the microbial growth throughout storage for serval weeks. Our results may provide a basic understanding of the use of whey protein as an alternative for food safety of chilled food products.

Comparison of Two Antimalarial Brands on Plasmodium Culture

Malaria is a major threat to the public health and economic development of many nations. While P. falciparum causes most malaria-induced mortality worldwide, P. vivax is the major cause of malaria morbidity. In this study we have compared two different brands of Arteether (EMAL and MATCH) for treating P. vivax initially. Arteether™ is a useful drug against chloroquine-resistant P. vivax malaria, without an increased incidence of toxicity. It has a longer half-life and has more lipophilic properties than artemether™, which aids its accumulation in brain tissues for the treatment of cerebral malaria. The study revealed that there was a significant difference in the effectiveness of these two formulations even though they were labeled to have similar indications. These indicate the need for prior examination of these kinds of products for their intended activity. The results of this study have provided evidence to support the better effectiveness of EMAL- brand over MATCH- brand. As EMAL has less viscosity, very good redispersibility, larger zone of inhibition. By observing all of these properties we can conclude that EMAL is a better formulation than MATCH, and can show better antimalarial property in patient suffering from Plasmodium malaria.
 Keywords: Antimalarial, Plasmodium species, Zone of inhibition, Indications, Mortality, Half-life

SINTESIS DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI SENYAWA TURUNAN AMOKSISILIN TERHADAP Escherichia coli

Amoxicillin derivate compounds from the reaction of amoxicillin with p-aminophenol are synthesized compounds by reacting amoxicillin and p-aminophenol. . Escherichia coli is a flora normal bacteria that can causing infectious diseases. This research aimed to determine the antibiotic activity of amoxicillin derivat compound (amoxicillin with p-aminophenol) on the growth of E. coli. This research was conducted using the disc diffusion method. amoxicillin derivat compound (amoxicillin with p-aminophenol) were characterized by organoleptic test, melting point determination, pH test determination, Rf value, and maximum wavelength. The results of the organoleptic test showed that amoxicillin derivates from amoxicillin and p-aminophenol reaction is crystal powder, dark brown and bit bitter. Melting point of amoxicillin derivates from amoxicillin and p-aminophenol reaction was 160ºC. pH test of amoxicillin derivates from amoxicillin and p-aminophenol reaction was 6,5. Rf value of amoxicillin derivates from amoxicillin and p-aminophenol reaction was 0,79. The results of UV wavelength scanning showed that amoxicillin derivates from amoxicillin and p-aminophenol reaction at 295 nm. Antibiotic activity showed by the clear zone form around the paper disk. The results showed that E. coli was resistant to pure amoxicillin. Amoxicillin derivat compound (amoxicillin with p-aminophenol) with concentrations of 100% and 12,5% have the largest inhibitory zones (6,33 mm) compared with concentrations of 50% and 25%, 5,33 and 6,00 mm respectively. Based on these results it can be concluded that derivat compound of amoxicillin (amoxicillin with p-aminophenol) has antibiotic activity against the growth of E. coli that has been resistant to pure amoxicillin.

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL 96% KULIT PISANG RAJA (Musa paradisiaca L) TERHADAP Escherichia coli

Banana peel is a material that can be used as a natural antibacterial because of its secondary metabolites content. The present study aimed to evaluate antibacterial activity of ethanol 96% extracted from banana (Musa paradisiaca L) peel against Escherichia coli. Result of phytochemical screening indicated that banana peel extract has alkaloid, flavonoid (tannin), and saponin compound that can act as antibacterial. Banana peel extract showed antibacterial activity that was proved by clear zone formed around disk paper. Sample of 64% extract concentration had the largest inhibition zone (9.6 mm) compared to sample of 16% and 32% concentration, inhibition zone of which was 4.4 mm and 6.26 respectively. One Way Anova analysis showed that sample of 64% concentration was significantly different from negative control, 16%, and 32% concentration. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference between 16% and 32% concentration.

Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Potentials of Some Cold Pressed Oils from Some Medicinal Plants from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Medicinal Plant oils are used as a conventional medication for treatment of several illnesses and ailments since old times. Our aim was to estimate the antimicrobial and wound healing properties of fixed oil of some plants as Moringa sp., Saussurea sp., Nigella sp., Cucurbita sp., and Thymus sp. The composition of fatty acids, tocopherols, phytosterols and other active components were identified by using high performance liquid and gas chromatography. Antimicrobial efficacy was done against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram ve+ bacteria), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans (Gram ve− bacteria). Antimicrobial efficacy was estimated using disc diffusion and MIC methods. Wound healing efficacy was estimated using excision wound model in albino mice and the topical application of the fixed oils. Oleic acid, Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid, Palmitic acid, Stearic acid, α-, β-, γ-tocopherols, β-sitosterol, Stigmasterol and Campesterol are present in the studied oils. The studied oils showed high antimicrobial activities, and black seed oil had largest inhibition zone against K. pneumonia and S. aureus at 100 μl/ml. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) recorded by Nigella sp. oil (40 μl/ml) for K. pneumonia, E. coli, C. albicans, and 60 μl/ml for S. aureus and B. subtilis. All fixed oils speed up the healing process.

Novel dual-ionic ZnO/CuO embedded in porous chitosan biopolymer for wound dressing application: Physicochemical, bactericidal, cytocompatibility and wound healing profiles

Antibacterial wound dressing materials have been used to provide a moisturized environment and protective primary layer to secure the contaminated wounds, absorb excess of exudate, reduce skin bacterial infections and facilitate wound healing. Nanoparticulated polymer wound dressing material grasped attention in tackling the challenges associated with open wound infections. In this study, chitosan (Cs) encapsulated binary nanocomposites (ZnO/CuO) as an antibacterial agent was studied. SEM captured an uneven distribution of porous network of ZnO/CuO-Cs nanocomposites while EDAX successfully traced metal and non-metal derivatives. Moreover, the functional compounds that emerged through interaction between Cs and ZnO/CuO were validated using FT-IR and XRD. AAS has successfully quantified zinc and copper ion release that serves as a killing mechanism. High-concentrated porous ZnO/CuO-Cs nanocomposites produced a large zone of inhibition (6.67-12 mm) towards all tested skin pathogens; however, commercial control (Ag-Alg) was ineffective against gram-negative and antibiotic-resistant skin pathogens. In addition, the swellable-hydrophilic Cs with 1 wt.% ZnO/CuO exhibited an improved mechanical property, highest cell viability (~94%) with some remarkable wound closure and migration rate and a complete reduction in log 10 colony-forming unit (CFU/mL) of S. aureus and MRSA at 24 h and E. coli at 3 h of exposure period. This work shows the potential for the development of novel dual-ionic ZnO/CuO incorporated in Cs with strong antibacterial effect and good biocompatibility for wound dressing applications. • Chitosan film encapsulated with binary nanocomposites antibacterial agent • Dual antibacterial killing potential possibly via nanocomposites ion derivatives • ZnO/CuO-Cs-1wt.% presented with bactericidal properties against skin pathogens • ZnO/CuO-Cs-1wt.% exhibited cytocompatible and remarkable wound closure activities

Estimation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Bio-enzyme Extracts

Background: Bioenzymes are organic products of fermentation of fruits/vegetables waste which have shown promising antimicrobial activity against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. Following fermentation, the antibacterial properties of these Bioenzymes are enhanced multi-fold as organic substances after decomposing,yield bioactive compounds or phytochemicals. Aim: To evaluate the antimicrobial potency of Bioenzymes prepared using Emblica officinalis (Amla) fruit, Cucumis sativus (Cucumber) peel and Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis (Hibiscus) petal and a mixture of all three. Method: 4 Types of Bioenzymes were prepared, 3 of them prepared using Amla, Hibiscus, Cucumber individually while the fourth one having equal parts of all three plant parts. These 4 types of Bioenzymes were prepared in two sets namely Set I (fermented for 12 weeks) and Set II (fermented for 25 days). All of these eight test samples were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, using the Agar well diffusion method against 5 Bacterial strains. Result: It was observed that Bioenzymes from both these sets were capable of successfully producing large zone of inhibition. Bioenzymes from Set I were also analysed to determine their Minimum Inhibitory Concentration against S. aureus and it was observed that Amla Bioenzyme Set I and Mixture Bioenzyme Set I was found to be at 50% concentration. Conclusion: The Bioenzymes have shown the potential to act as promising antimicrobial agents against various pathogenic bacteria.

Anti-Candida Activity of Extracts Containing Ellagitannins, Triterpenes and Flavonoids of Terminalia brownii, a Medicinal Plant Growing in Semi-Arid and Savannah Woodland in Sudan.

Various parts of Terminalia brownii (Fresen) are used in Sudanese traditional medicine against fungal infections. The present study aimed to verify these uses by investigating the anti-Candida activity and phytochemistry of T. brownii extracts. Established agar diffusion and microplate dilution methods were used for the antifungal screenings. HPLC-DAD and UHPLC/QTOF-MS were used for the chemical fingerprinting of extracts and for determination of molecular masses. Large inhibition zones and MIC values of 312 µg/mL were obtained with acetone, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the leaves and acetone and methanol extracts of the roots. In addition, decoctions and macerations of the leaves and stem bark showed good activity. Sixty compounds were identified from a leaf ethyl acetate extract, showing good antifungal activity. Di-, tri- and tetra-gallotannins, chebulinic acid (eutannin) and ellagitannins, including an isomer of methyl-(S)-flavogallonate, terflavin B and corilagin, were detected in T. brownii leaves for the first time. In addition, genipin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin, kaempferol-4'-sulfate, myricetin-3-rhamnoside and sericic acid were also characterized. Amongst the pure compounds present in T. brownii leaves, apigenin and β-sitosterol gave the strongest growth inhibitory effects. From this study, it was evident that the leaf extracts of T. brownii have considerable anti-Candida activity with MIC values ranging from 312 to 2500 µg/mL.

The synergistic effect of capsicum aqueous extract (Capsicum annuum) and chitosan against multidrug-resistant bacteria

ObjectivesThis study investigated the effects of chitosan, capsicum and chitosan and capsicum combined (Capsicum annuum) on Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, and Gram-negative bacteria, such as Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MethodsThe obtained extracts were categorised as chitosan, capsicum and chitosan and capsicum combined. The antimicrobial action of the extracts was determined by the inhibition zone compared to the control. Antimicrobial bioassays using S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were performed on the extracts. ResultsThe antimicrobial profiles showed that the chitosan and capsicum combined possessed antimicrobial effects. This is mostly attributed to the high concentration of components that possess antibacterial action. The growth of bacterial pathogens was inhibited by all samples of capsicum with chitosan, but the largest inhibition zone was against S. typhimurium (18 mm) with a capsicum and chitosan concentration of 10 mg/ml. ConclusionThe combination of chitosan and capsicum can be effective against pathogenic bacteria. This is an innovative approach to enhancing these extracts’ antibacterial activity. Further investigation is required to explore further aspects of these extracts’ antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria. The observed results showed that chitosan and capsicum were more active against S. aureus.

Microbiological Assessment of Titanium Plates Coated with PLGA, Chitosan, and/or Meropenem: An In Vitro Study.

This investigation was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of coated titanium plates against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) using various methods. The Colony-forming unit "CFU" was higher in chitosan (CH) in relation to PA than in poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) in relation to SA, followed by meropenem-chitosan "MC" coated plates in relation to PA and SA. A significant difference in the zone of inhibition (ZOI) of SA was determined in MP, MC, and meropenem (MEM). PA was significantly inhibited by MP, MEM, then MC, and the largest ZOI among SA and PA groups were MP coating. Using an MTT assay, MP had the lowest bacterial viability in the SA group, followed by MC and MEM, with no statistically significant difference between the PLGA or CH alone nor the polymers augmented with MEM. Using confocal microscopy, MP-coated plates were seen to have the highest bacterial inhibition, followed by MC, MEM, PLGA, and CH. In the PA group, MP had the highest bacterial inhibition, followed by MEM, MC, CH, and PLGA. The uncoated group presented the lowest inhibition in relation to both SA and PA. Conclusively, coating titanium plates with PLGA or CH with MEM appeared to enhance the antibacterial efficacy as opposed to MEM without polymers through bacterial adhesion inhibition, hindering biofilm formation and preventing bacterial proliferation.

Antifungal and antibacterial activity of marine sponges from Ratnagiri coast of India.

Marine sponges have proved to be a rich source of bioactive metabolites with multiple pharmacological properties. In this study, we have investigated the antifungal and antibacterial activities of methanol extracts of Cliona, Haliclona cratera, Hyrtios cavernosus, Spongia obscura, Sarcotragus foetidus, and Xestospongia carbonaria and fractions from X. carbonaria S. obscura and H. cratera. The antibacterial activity was determined by agar disc diffusion method against clinical gram-positive- Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and gram negative- Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. The antifungal activity of the extracts and fractions was determined against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. S. obscura, X. carbonaria, H. cavernosus, and H. cratera exhibited good antibacterial activity against the tested gram-positive bacteria with larger zones of inhibition at 19±6 mm, 19.5±5.5mm, 20±0 mm and 23±0 mm. S. foetidus gave good inhibition of gram-negative bacteria at 19±0 mm. They showed moderate antifungal activities against C. albicans and A. niger. Cliona, H. cratera and H. cavernosus gave inhibition with 20±5 mm, 15.5±0.5 mm and 25.5±14.5 mm for A. niger. The MIC for Xc_PE_2, Sob_n but_1 and Hc_n but_3 was determined. H. cavernosus, S. foetidus, S. obscura and X. carbonaria showed presence of fatty acids and sterol type of compounds. The mass of molecular ions in purified fractions helped in characterization of known compounds in H. cratera, X. carbonaria and S. obscura which exhibited good antimicrobial activity.

Cytoprotective, antimutagenic/antirecombinogenic and antibacterial properties of Lallemantia iberica extracts.

Plants have important chemical compounds to protect organisms from many mutagens but they may also have dangerous toxic substances that must be tested before use. Lallemantia iberica has been used by local people for treatment of some diseases but it was never tested for its cell protective and antimutagenic/antirecombinogenic properties. In this study, it was aimed to determine the cytoprotective, antimutagenic/antirecombinogenic, antibacterial, antioxidant and phenolic profile of L. iberica by MTS assay, micronucleus test/somatic mutation recombination test (SMART), disc diffusion method, ABTS/DPPH tests and liquid chromatography (LC), respectively. MTS assay results showed that both of the extracts supported the normal growth of healthy human lymphocytes and there was no significant difference between extracts. Although there was no significant increase in micronucleus concentration (‰) of the cultures treated with ethanol or methanol extracts, methanol extract caused slightly lower micronucleus concentration (12.64 ± 3.65‰) than the ethanol extract (24.46 ± 4.50‰). SMART results showed that ethanol and methanol extracts prevented harmful mitotic recombination. Lallemantia iberica also showed antibacterial activity against all of the strains tested, and the largest inhibition zones were observed with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17.9 mm) and Enterobacter aerogenes (13.8 mm). Methanol extracts showed better antioxidant activities (ABTS IC50 : 104.07 μg mL-1 , DPPH IC50 : 58.8μg mL-1 ) than ethanol extracts (ABTS IC50 : 344.03 μg mL-1 , DPPH IC50 : 233.7μg mL-1 ). According to the LC results, the most abundant phenolic compounds were rutin hydrate (1796.4 ± 62.9mg kg-1 ) and p-coumaric acid (228.1 ± 7.60 mg kg-1 ). Lallemantia iberica extracts had cell-protective, antimutagenic/antirecombinogenic, antibacterial and strong antioxidant characteristics in relation to their rich phenolic content. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Potential of Poly(o-anisidine)/BaSO4 Nanocomposites with Enhanced Electrical Conductivity

The poly(o-anisidine)/BaSO4 nanocomposites were prepared by oxidative polymerization of o-anisidine monomer with BaSO4 filler for the potential antibacterial properties of the composite materials. To achieve the optimal and tunable properties of the nanocomposites, the ratio of BaSO4 filler was changed at the rates of 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 10% with respect to matrix. Different analytical techniques, i.e., FTIR and UV-visible spectroscopy, were employed for functional identification and optical absorption of the poly(o-anisidine)/BaSO4 nanocomposites. The FTIR data revealed the significant interaction between POA and BaSO4, as well as the good absorption behavior of the UV-visible spectra. The conducting properties were controllable by varying the load percentage of the BaSO4 filler. Furthermore, different bacterial strains, i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the POA/BaSO4 nanocomposites. The largest zones of inhibition 0.8 and 0.9 mm were reached using 7% and 10% for Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively.

Synthesis and Characterization of Antibacterial ZnO - Functionalized Polysulfone Membrane

Membrane technology is an emerging alternative in water treatment. This study aims to synthesize a filtration membrane made of polysulfone polymer with the addition of ZnO in order to enhanced the membrane antibacterial/antibiofouling property. The membrane was manufactured via Non-Induced Phase Separation (NIPS) phase inversion of the polymer casting solution. The composition of ZnO was varied into 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3%. The results of the membrane synthesis were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), pure water permeability test, and selectivity test with a turbid meter. The hydrophilic properties of the membrane were analysed by measuring the contact angle, and the antibacterial characteristics were analyzed by the disc diffusion test. Analysis by FTIR showed the presence of a sulfone functional group (S=O) derived from polysulfone polymer and a methyl functional group (C-H) derived from PEG. SEM analysis showed that each variation of the polysulfone membrane had an upper surface structure that was close to the honeycomb structure. The pure air permeability test shows that the membrane is porous and able to pass through pure air. Selectivity test with a turbid meter showed that the membrane is selective to the feed stream that passes through it. Analysis of contact angle measurements showed that the polysulfone membrane surface was hydrophilic. Antibacterial activity analysis showed that polysulfone membrane had antibacterial ability with the largest zone of inhibition with a value 1.8 mm on the membrane with the largest concentration of ZnO.

Characterization of Quercus acatissima extract conjugated with gold-nanourchin and its enhanced bacterial growth inhibition

In this study, the antimicrobial potential was confirmed from the plant extract of Quercus acatissima conjugated with gold-nanourchin (Qa-AuNu) against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The plant extract has the ability to inhibit Escherichia coli (9 ± 0.4 mm) and Bacillus subtilis (8 ± 0.4 mm), however, the activity was considerably increased when the plant extract was conjugated with AuNu as 16 ± 0.4 mm and 13.5 ± 0.5 mm, respectively. Further, the Qa-AuNu was characterized by morphological and structural analyses. The size and shape of the Qa-AuNu were confirmed by FE-SEM, FE-TEM, and AFM as 60 nm in diameter and star-shaped with spike-like structure. EDX analysis clearly displayed the presence of Au elements in the sample. The XRD pattern confirmed the crystalline nature of the Qa-AuNu with three different peaks located at 38.2°, 44.3°, and 65.1° corresponding to the (111), (200), and (220) diffraction planes, respectively. In addition, FTIR results confirmed the functional group in Q. acatissima that is involved in the conjugation of AuNu. This result clearly confirmed that the bonding of AuNu with plant extract via chemical bond enhanced the antibacterial potential as indicated by the large zone of inhibition.