Largest Ethnic Community Research Articles

Blue Sunglasses and New Habits: Female Correspondence Networks and the Irish Religious Diaspora

Abstract During the nineteenth century female Irish religious orders established missions across the Irish diaspora which were designed with flexibility and adaptation in mind. The Sisters of Mercy's personal letter networks allowed these women, who were often very young, to continue their religious and technical “apprenticeship” while abroad. These letters enabled women in the diaspora to maintain a sense of consistency and belonging across the oceans: with their sisters in Ireland and elsewhere in the world on an ethnic and institutional level. Engaging with these letters as both intimate conversations and professional reflections presents opportunities for investigating how long-distance institutional memory was developed and a continuing connection to Ireland and Irishness maintained. This article moves the focus of ethnic culture brokers from the priest and bishop to the formal and informal networks of women religious who worked within a system designed for men. In doing so, it demonstrates that these letters provided an important extra layer to public global Irish networks, a layer which acted as both a whisper network and an opportunity for reflection on efficient methods for varied work in large, fluctuating, and cross-class ethnic communities.

Этническая идентичность как фактор этнокультурной толерантности молодежи:научно-прикладной аспект

In the article the scientific and applied aspects of ethnic identity as a factor of ethnocultural tolerance of youthwere examined. Ethnic identity determines the peculiarities of human behavior in a multinational society, forms patterns of behavior, values and attitudes. Ethnic identity plays an important role in the formation of various social ties in society, the formation of groups on an ethnic basis. Defining oneself as a part of a large ethnic community becomes the basis of behavior and social actions. Thus, the study of the processes of ethnic identification and the factors of formation and manifestation of tolerance is actualized not only as a local event.The authorspresent the result of studying the issues of formation and development of ethnic identity and ethno-cultural tolerance through the study and discussion of scientific and theoretical studies of these processes in foreign and domestic sources. Against the background of the growth of globalization processes, increasing mobility, the relevance of the theoretical analysis of the processes of identity and ethno-cultural tolerance, the construction of analytical structures and the need forapplied research is growing. Trends in the modern development of scientific knowledge require confirmation of theoretical developments by practical research.Practical research on this topic allows us to identify the level of ethnocultural tolerance of young people. The study was conducted among the youth of the Karaganda region. As a result of the study, the pro-cesses that actually occuredin the youth environment werediagnosed, the peculiarities of ethnic identity, the influence of ethnic identity of youth on the practice of interethnic communication were revealed.

A study on Santali rhymes: collection and discussion

The ancestors of the Santals are the largest ethnic community in India. Santali is their mother tongue, is origin from an Austro-Asiatic language family. Santali is the rich heritage of folk rhymes. In Santali folk literature, however, rhyme holds a place of equal importance to these other forms. The aims of the study mainly focused on Santali rhymes that were intimately related to the social and cultural life of the Santal community. In this view, to obtain a profile of the culture-related folklore, the study was done on the qualitative linguistic approach. The result showed that the theoretical perspective of cultural materialism, the argument of Santali folk rhyme is created in the Santali language based on orality laid the conservation of the Santal-socio-cultural system. Santali folk rhymes are set in the context of Santal tradition, culture, behavior, social status, and identity construction within the community.

Ethnicity-specific BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, and ATM pathogenic alleles in breast and ovarian cancer patients from the North Caucasus.

Mountain areas of the North Caucasus host several large ethnic communities that have preserved their national identity over the centuries. This study involved high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) and breast cancer (BC) patients from Dagestan (HGSOC: 37; BC: 198), Kabardino-Balkaria (HGSOC: 68; BC: 155), North Ossetia (HGSOC: 51; BC: 104), Chechnya (HGSOC: 68; BC: 79), Ingushetia (HGSOC: 19; BC: 103), Karachay-Cherkessia (HGSOC: 13; BC: 47), and several Armenian settlements (HGSOC: 16; BC: 101). The group of BC patients was enriched by young-onset and/or family history-positive and/or bilateral and/or receptor triple-negative cases. The entire coding region of BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, and ATM genes was analyzed by next-generation sequencing. A significant contribution of BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants (PVs) to HGSOC and BC development was observed across all North Caucasus regions (HGSOC: 19-39%; BC: 6-13%). Founder alleles were identified in all ethnic groups studied, e.g., BRCA1 c.3629_3630delAG in Chechens, BRCA2 c.6341delC in North Ossetians, BRCA2 c.5351dupA in Ingush, and BRCA1 c.2907_2910delTAAA in Karachays. Some BRCA1/2 alleles, particularly BRCA2 c.9895C > T, were shared by several nationalities. ATM PVs were detected in 14 patients, with c.1673delG and c.8876_8879delACTG alleles occurring twice each. PALB2 heterozygosity was observed in 5 subjects, with one variant seen in 2 unrelated women. This study adds to the evidence for the global-wide contribution of BRCA1/2 genes to HGSOC and BC morbidity, although the spectrum of their PVs is a subject of ethnicity-specific variations. The data on founder BRCA1/2 alleles may be considered when adjusting the BRCA1/2 testing procedure to the ethnic origin of patients.

Misunderstanding Myanmar

executive summary: This article examines how, in retrospect, the military coup in Myanmar in February 2021 was a foreseeable consequence of domestic political dynamics in the country and the misperceptions of the international community about the hybrid civilian-military government. main argumentOn February 1, 2021, the military in Myanmar deposed the civilian side of the hybrid civilian-military government to reassert direct military rule. The coup ignited a nationwide resistance against the new military junta, the State Administrative Council, involving many of the nation's decades-old ethnic armed organizations (EAOs), newly created People's Defense Forces (PDFs), and an opposition National Unity Government. Looking back, Myanmar's military saw the 2008 constitution and its hybrid government as the end point for political reform, not as the beginning of a transition. The military's actions during this decade reflect this. Attempts by Aung San Suu Kyi, the National League for Democracy, and the international community to foster further political changes may have been contributing factors to the military's decision to stage a coup. Myanmar is now embroiled in a multifront civil war involving most of the country's largest ethnic communities, including the Bamar majority, with no end in sight. policy implications • Peaceful resolution of the conflict in Myanmar is not likely at this time. The U.S. and other nations should consider providing limited and targeted military assistance to the EAOs and PDFs. • The Biden administration should expedite implementation of the authorities provided in the BURMA Act, including the provision of nonlethal assistance to the EAOs and PDFs. The U.S. State Department should rekindle its ties to the EAOs to facilitate nonlethal assistance and efforts to form local governments in areas "liberated" by the EAOs and PDFs. • The U.S. Agency for International Development should shift the delivery of humanitarian assistance to local organizations operating in India and Thailand to more effectively provide aid to refugees and internally displaced persons from the civil war. • The U.S. and other nations should provide financial assistance for efforts to document possible war crimes and crimes against humanity allegedly committed by the junta's military forces and coordinate this effort with the Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar, the International Criminal Court, and the International Court of Justice.

«A Man Passionately Devoted to the Ukrainian Idea»: on the Question Regarding Biography of the Head of the Black Sea Ukrainian Community in Sevastopol, Viacheslav Laschenko (1875—1953)

The Ukrainian national movement of the beginning of the 20th century in Crimea is poorly researched, although at that time Ukrainians constituted the third largest ethnic community among the Crimean population. The article reconstructs main milestones in the biography of one of the leading figures of the Ukrainian national movement in Sevastopol and the Black Sea Fleet in 1917–1920, public and political activist, writer and poet Viacheslav Lashchenko (1875–1953). He was born in Yelysavethrad (the modern name of the city is Kropyvnytskyi) in the family of Ukrainian intellectuals. Already during his studies at higher educational institutions, V. Lashchenko took an active part in the Ukrainian national movement, in particular, he organized and headed the Ukrainian Student Community in Warsaw. After receiving a historical and philological education, he taught at schools of the Dnieper Ukraine, where the authorities considered him untrustworthy due to his pro-Ukrainian views and transferred him to new jobs several times. In Sevastopol, during the revolution of 1905–1907, V. Lashchenko combined teaching at the gymnasium with participation in the illegal Ukrainian patriotic circle «Kobzar», which soon he headed. During the revolution of 1917, this organization initiated the creation of the Black Sea Ukrainian Community in the city of Sevastopol, which united several thousand Sevastopol civilians, sailors, officers and soldiers. The community played an important role in the development of the movement for the Ukrainianization of the Black Sea Fleet, most of whose sailors were Ukrainians. V. Lashchenko was elected the first head of the Black Sea Ukrainian Community in Sevastopol. In the summer of 1917, he became a member of the Sevastopol City Council on the list of the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, and in the autumn, he probably headed the Ukrainian Council of Soldiers’ and Workers’ Deputies in Sevastopol. During the frequent changes of power in Crimea in 1918–1919, little is known about his activities, and in 1920, during the Wrangel’s regime, V. Lashchenko joined the leadership of the Ukrainian National Democratic Bloc, which proclaimed loyalty to P. Wrangel, the idea of statehood of Ukraine as part of federal Russia and the creation of the Ukrainian army. After Crimea was seizured by the Bolsheviks, he emigrated to Czechoslovakia, where he engaged in public, creative and, probably, teaching activities. During the Second World War, he emigrated to the USA, but, according to the researcher, he returned to Czechoslovakia, where he died.

On the Question of the Establishment and Functioning of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church Structures in Crimea in 1991—2022

The study is devoted to the analysis of the processes of formation and development, as well as the current state of the structures of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) on the territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol in the period from 1991 (restoration of Ukraine's independence) to 2022. The UGCC is currently one of the three largest Christian religious organizations in Ukraine. Despite the relatively small number on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula, its parishes in the region play a unique role in the preservation of Ukrainian identity, starting from the end of the 20th century; therefore, the development of religious structures is an important aspect of the consolidation of the community of ethnic Ukrainians in Crimea, which is the second largest ethnic community in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol. The first congregation of the UGCC on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula was registered in August 1991 as part of the Kyiv-Vyshgorod Exarchate. The formation and development of the structures of the UGCC in Crimea, even under the conditions of Ukraine's independence, took place in circumstances due to organizational difficulties from authorities and public associations opposed to the activities of the UGCC. Accordingly, the main problems of the parishes were the failure to provide land plots for the construction of churches, the lack of religious buildings, and artificial obstacles to their structure. After the events of the so-called "Crimean Spring" in 2014, Ukrainians in Crimea became a discriminated ethnic community under threat of assimilation. Accordingly, the situation of the Crimean Exarchate of the UGCC changed for the worse: almost all priests and part of the parishioners were forced to leave Crimea due to pressure on the Ukrainian community of the peninsula. The parishes of the region underwent forced "re-registration" as an ‘exarchate of the Catholic Church of the Byzantine rite’, which is directly subject to the Holy See. Still, these structures continue to be under pressure in the absence of their own information resources. In addition, the religious communities of the UGCC in Crimea have the problem of a catastrophic lack of clergy and the subsequent outflow of young and middle-aged parishioners, which can cause their stagnation and a slow decline to the point of disappearance. Analytical intelligence and scientific articles devoted to the situation of the Greek-Catholic communities of Crimea are practically absent.

Early Bilingual Vocabulary Development Among Low-SES Ethnic Minority Learners in China: The Case of Uyghur and Kazak Children

Abstract Vocabulary knowledge is one of the most important aspects of language development. For bilingual students, early vocabulary development often predicts their future bilingual success. This paper examines early bilingual receptive vocabulary knowledge of ethnic minority children (N=135) from two large ethnic language communities (Uyghur and Kazak) in three national-level poverty-stricken counties in Xinjiang, China. The children’s bilingual vocabulary knowledge was assessed using translated versions of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-IV (PPTV-IV) in Putonghua (PTH) and their mother tongue (MT) Uyghur or Kazak. Data were analyzed through four General Linear Models (GLM). The analyses showed that both groups scored higher in MT vocabulary knowledge than that in their PTH, although the Kazak students’ MT vocabulary scores were lower than those of the Uyghurs. While gender, age, L1, or residence location were not significant factors in differences across the two groups in PTH, among the Kazak children, the main effect of age was significant in MT; and among Uyghur children, residence location had a significant effect. The two groups also differed in patterns of acquisition in different parts of speech (nouns, verbs, and attributes) with Uyghur children performing strongest in MT and PTH verbs. The findings have important implications for ensuring the quality of early bilingual education among impoverished Chinese minority communities.

The Picky Eating Questionnaire and Child-reported Food Preference Questionnaire: Pilot validation in Australian-Indian mothers and children 7-12 years old

Limited literature has examined parents’ perceptions of children’s pickiness in relation to all the five core food groups (vegetables, legumes/beans; fruits; dairy and alternatives; meat and alternatives; cereals), which is representative of a nutritionally balanced diet and critical for optimal growth and development in children. This study aimed to develop and validate two questionnaires in Australian-Indian mothers and children 7–12 years (N = 482). The core food Picky Eating Questionnaire (PEQ), completed by mothers, identified maternal perceptions of their child’s pickiness. The Child-reported Food Preference Questionnaire (C-FPQ) studied children’s self-reported food preferences. The questionnaires comprised specific food items commonly available in Australia across the five core food groups (PEQ, N = 32; C-FPQ, N = 33) and discretionary foods (C-FPQ, N = 11). Exploratory Factor Analysis identified the initial factor structure, and Confirmatory Factor Analysis provided construct validity. The PEQ observed five constructs, and C-FPQ observed three constructs for food items perceived as picky/non-preferred-green leafy vegetables; other vegetables, pulses/legumes; fruits; wholegrain/wholemeal cereals (PEQ only) and dairy (PEQ only). The PEQ and C-FPQ observed four constructs for food items perceived as not picky/preferred-green vegetables; other vegetables; fruits and nuts, and dairy. C-FPQ also observed savoury and sweet discretionary food constructs. All constructs observed acceptable reliability (test–retest, internal consistency) and validity (convergent, relative, predictive) testing. Mean scores indicated that mothers’ perceptions of pickiness were positively correlated with their children’s report of non-preference. In conclusion, this study pilot validated two questionnaires to examine maternal perceptions of pickiness and children’s self-reported food preferences among Australian-Indians, Australia’s largest ethnic community.

Smoke, Dust, and Blood

Smoke, Dust, and Blood

Этнодемографическая динамика поселенческой сети Ростовской области: тенденции начала XXI века

The article analyzes the rates and scale of the ethno-demographic dynamics of the settlement network in Rostov region. The study shows a significant slowdown of the process of replacement of the Russian core population with representatives of large ethnic communities in the early 21st century. However, in the early 2010s, about 500 localities (a quarter of the total number) were already involved in this process. This process was the most intensive in localities with up to 100 inhabitants. In 2010, more than 11% of such settlements have already gone through a radical ethno-demographic transformation of their population or were close to its completion. Among the settlements with the population of 101– 300 people the number of such settlements was 3.9%; among the settlements with 301–1000 people this share was 1.2%. There were no large settlements (more than 1 thousand inhabitants) that went through a radical replacement of their core population by new one in the region. The bulk of the settlements which were involved in this transformation process were located in the southern and eastern areas of the region, where large communities of the Meskhetian Turks, Chechens and the peoples of Dagestan settled. The conclusion is made that the process of ethno-demographic transformation of the settlement network of the region for the nearest future will remain limited to the level of small settlements, and geographically to the south and east of the region. However, by 2030–2035, large groups of settlements that have almost completely lost their core Russian population and have a high level of social economic and cultural specificity may appear in the region. Local authorities will face a difficult task of a complex optimization of interaction of such territorial and ethnic areas with regional society.

К проблеме развития государственных образований этнических дагестанцев Закавказья в периоды Средневековья и Нового Времени

The article deals with the development of state formations of ethnic Dagestanis as part of the indigenous population of Transcaucasia. Among scientists, it is generally believed that they are divided: a) for Lezgins and small ethnic groups closely related to them (within Azerbaijan, these are Khinalug, Shahdag-Kryz and Budukhs, Udins, Tsakhurs and Rutuls); b) for Avars. In this article, for the first time, the third relatively large ethnic community of the region is reasonably recorded — the Transcaucasian Dargins (Kaitagans). It is noted that the Dagestani-speaking population of Transcaucasia owned fertile lands, formed a kind of military class and was widely represented in the military-political elite of society. It was state-organized, had its own sources of law. Scientists usually derive the roots of the state and legal development of ethnic dagestanis of Transcaucasia from Caucasian Albania. In this article, the idea is carried out that this provision can be attributed only to a part of the native speakers of the Dagestan languages of the region. As for the Dagestani-speaking population of the left bank of the Alazani, known to Kavkaz scholars as the Zakatala district, along with some adjacent lands, the authors derive the deepest roots of its development in these areas — the state and law — from Lpinia, a strong state of the Transcaucasia of the Sassanid era. The authors conclude that by the end of the Mongolian era, the ethnic Dagestanis of Transcaucasia — despite centuries of being under the rule of Georgian feudal lords and assimilation processes taking place in the region — managed to preserve their ethno-territorial identity, unity and continuity in the development of the institutions of statehood and law. This was facilitated by geographical and religious factors, as well as the continuing organic ties with historical Dagestan. Special attention is paid to the political centers of the revival and development of the statehood of ethnic Dagestanis on the western slopes of the Main Caucasian Ridge during the Middle Ages and modern times

Dynamics of Inter-cultural Communication at Multicultural Societies in Transmigrant Territory

This study aims to examine the dynamics of intercultural communication in multicultural societies in transmigrant territory, namely East Tomoni Sub-district, East Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The design of this study was descriptive qualitative. Based on the results of the study, it was found that intercultural communication experienced a tendency to cause changes in social relations which led to conflict and violence. Two relatively large ethnic communities in the location, namely communities of Toraja ethnic and Bali ethnic as migrants through the transmigration program at the beginning of the meeting showed relatively good communication, despite having different cultural backgrounds. The influx of external influences leads to social changes that pose a change in inter-cultural communication systems and social relations between ethnic communities that trigger conflicts and communal violence. In order to reconcile interethnic cracks, reconciliation was carried out through the revitalization of intercultural communication by involving strategies for the reconstruction of interethnic social relations, the construction of economic relations, the optimization of inter-village cooperation relations, building multicultural awareness, and construction of interpersonal communication as a medium for cross-ethnic cultural studies.

SOLVING OF MIGRANTS’ EDUCATUONAL PROBLEMS IN THE USA IN THE CONTEXT OF MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION

The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of solving the educational problems of migrant children in the USA, which envisages the following tasks: to describe the educational problems of migrant children; to analyze the activities of state and non-state structures in solving educational problems; To substantiate the role of multicultural education in the teaching of migrant children. Methods of research: analysis of scientific literature, normative acts on the research problem to substantiate the essence of the main concepts, identify the current state of the problem research, formulation of the initial positions and conclusions; analysis of curricula for identifying the features of teacher training for work with migrant children. Nowadays the problem of migration is one of the most urgent problems in the whole world including Ukraine. In Ukraine we have mostly the internal migration as a result of war in the east of the country though the cases of external migration are not very rare now. As a rule migration causes many problems. So, it’s useful to learn the experience of other countries in this field. The neglecting of national and ethnic peculiarities of the population enables tension and conflict situations in relationships, which may be observed nowadays. Hence, it is very important to consolidate efforts to find constructive mechanisms of tolerant unity of human communities, their mutual understanding and cooperation in order to preserve cultural diversity as an essential tendency in the human development. In this context the experience of the USA is very interesting. The USA, being a multicultural society, has the unique experience of cultural interaction. The necessity of tolerant coexistence of large and small ethnic and national communities evokes the need of a new system of education, which will enable to take into consideration national (ethnic) and social divergences and will include various types, models and valuable pedagogical orientations, adequate to the world outlook as well as inquiries of various ethno-cultural population groups. The necessity of an adequate reflection of these ideas in education is an objective need of multinational states. So, multicultural education is very important today. Multicultural education provides the formation of intercultural competence and ability to intercultural communication. Multicultural education is usually interpreted as that one, which facilitates the formation in a person of the readiness for activities in a modern socio-cultural environment, preservation of personal identity, aspiration for respect and understanding of other cultural communities, the ability to live in peace and harmony with representatives of various racial, ethnic, cultural, religious groups. Three Centres of coordination of migrants’ educational programs are working in USA during last years. Scientific investigations in the field of migrants’ educational problems are developed by J.Banks, S.Nieto, C.Sleeter, W.Parker and many other American scientists. It is recognized that multicultural policy is the way of effective solving of many migrants’ problems.

Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova – Unused Potential

The article is dedicated to relations between Ukraine and Moldova, taking pride of place in the foreign policy of Ukraine. This is due to a shared border, large ethnic community of Ukrainians in Moldova, similarity of foreign policy priorities, and development of mutually beneficial economic cooperation. Ukraine is an active stakeholder in the negotiations on the Transnistrian conflict and has the status of a mediator. Ukraine seeks to develop mutually beneficial relations with the Republic of Moldova based upon respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of both states. The bilateral cooperation of the two countries can be found in the spheres of environment, transport, energy, infrastructure, implementation of domestic reforms, and efficient struggle against corruption. An opening of a border bridge crossing for vehicles and prospective construction of a bridge are the steps enabling Ukraine and Moldova to enter the European transport network. An important upshot of the diplomatic activities is the consistent support of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine by the Republic of Moldova. The external aggression notwithstanding, Ukraine continues to take proactive measures in the negotiations on the Transnistrian conflict. The common origins of the latter and of the Russian-Ukrainian confrontation bring about the necessity to combine forces and form common approaches for their settlement as well as jointly counter regional threats and challenges. The protection of rights of national minorities is yet another important aspect of bilateral relations. Ukraine has an interest in a socially and politically stable Moldova with a prosperous economy able to follow its policy of integration to the EU. Keywords: The Republic of Moldova, policy on integration to the EU, territorial integrity, domestic reforms, corruption.

Y-STR Haplogroup Diversity in the Jat Population Reveals Several Different Ancient Origins

The Jats represent a large ethnic community that has inhabited the northwest region of India and Pakistan for several thousand years. It is estimated the community has a population of over 123 million people. Many historians and academics have asserted that the Jats are descendants of Aryans, Scythians, or other ancient people that arrived and lived in northern India at one time. Essentially, the specific origin of these people has remained a matter of contention for a long time. This study demonstrated that the origins of Jats can be clarified by identifying their Y-chromosome haplogroups and tracing their genetic markers on the Y-DNA haplogroup tree. A sample of 302 Y-chromosome haplotypes of Jats in India and Pakistan was analyzed. The results showed that the sample population had several different lines of ancestry and emerged from at least nine different geographical regions of the world. It also became evident that the Jats did not have a unique set of genes, but shared an underlying genetic unity with several other ethnic communities in the Indian subcontinent. A startling new assessment of the genetic ancient origins of these people was revealed with DNA science.

Implications of the Urban Landscape: Aspects of the Isan Cultural Maintenance and Revitalization Program

This article describes the multilingual landscape aspect of the Isan Culture Maintenance and Revitalization Programme (ICMRP), a 500,000-euro, four-year European Union co-sponsored cultural maintenance and revival project focusing on the Thai Lao, Thailand’s largest ethnic minority community, in four municipalities in Northeast Thailand. The article begins by situating the multilingual landscape of the ICMRP within a holistic project, including manufacturing ‘ethnic’ student and municipal uniforms, teaching Isan as a mother tongue, recording a multimedia cultural archive, and designing and installing multilingual signage. It then argues the ICMRP’s multilingual landscape should be understood within a framework involving geosemiotics, the linguistic landscape, and language policy and planning. The ICMRP’s multilingual landscape contributes to the standardisation of a Thai Lao alphabet and spelling. It also seeks to officialise Thai Lao, through official signage, and thereby promote Thai Lao’s revival, as part of meeting Thailand’s human rights obligations as well as ASEAN community building.

Imperial diversity in the village: petitions for and against the division of Galicia in 1848

In Galicia in 1848, petitions as to whether the province should be divided in two with a Polish and a Ruthenian region moved thousands of people to action. Although the petitions were among the largest in the history of the Habsburg monarchy, the petition lists have never been researched in detail. Whereas the initiators of the petitionforthe partition were anxious to present a narrative of national and confessional unity for a “Ruthenian” Eastern Galicia suppressed by “Poles,” thecounter-petitionistsdisputed the very existence of a Ruthenian nationality and chose a narrative of peaceful, conflict-free living together. A close reading of the petition lists reveals both conflict and co-existence. The lists with a checkered contrast of Cyrillic, Latin, and Hebrew scripts bear witness to what was a multi-ethnic and multi-confessional society. More than that, these sources prove impressively that the three large religious and ethnic communities – Poles, Ruthenians, and Jews – were in continuous day-to-day contact with each other. While the history of emerging nationalism has so far been in the foreground in historiography of the revolutionary events in Galicia in 1848, the petitions' sources tell another story of everyday social interaction and of practices of socialambiguityin the Galician village and market communities.

Abstract 11712: A First Look at Potential Linguistic or Cultural Factors Regarding Bystander CPR Education and Performance in Arab-Americans in Southeastern Michigan

Introduction: Cultural and community specific barriers were identified as reasons for low bystander CPR/AED rates in minorities. No literature exists that explores this issue in the Arab American population, a large ethnic community in the state. Methods: We performed a cross sectional survey of clients receiving services from ACCESS (Arab Community Center for Economic & Social Services), the largest Arabic nonprofit organization in Michigan, during a 3 month period. The survey was presented verbally or in writing in English/Arabic. The questions were regarding demographics, CPR/AED knowledge, barriers to CPR training, and how best to inform and train respondents. A 5 point Likert scale was used and descriptive statistics are presented. Results: Of 434 potential respondents, 192(44.3%) completed the survey. Respondents were majority female (58%), adult (mean age 37) and first generation immigrant (73.9%). They were low income (66% < $30K/year) and well educated (65% > H.S. education). They were predominantly Muslims (81%), 23.8% lacked English proficiency, and 42% completed the survey in Arabic. About a third (30.4%) had prior CPR training. The vast majority (83.8%) support public CPR education and performance, with 63.1% believing they are currently capable of understanding and implementing CPR instructions given over the phone. Perceived barriers to CPR performance are listed in Table 1. The most common barrier to learning CPR was availability of nearby CPR courses (17.4%). Respondents identified the Internet as their preferred source of information and community centers as their preferred site for CPR training. Conclusions: Members of the Arabic community are aware of the importance of bystander CPR/AED and are willing to learn and perform CPR. Language and female chest exposure are two specific issues to address when designing community specific CPR/AED program. Internet and community center based initiative were preferred sites for educational programs.

Deceased Organ Donation Registration and Familial Consent among Chinese and South Asians in Ontario, Canada

ObjectiveFor various reasons, people of Chinese (China, Hong Kong or Taiwan) and South Asian (Indian subcontinent) ancestry (the two largest ethnic minority groups in Ontario, Canada) may be less likely to register for deceased organ donation than the general public, and their families may be less likely to consent for deceased organ donation at the time of death.MethodsWe conducted two population-based studies: (1) a cross-sectional study of deceased organ donor registration as of May 2013, and (2) a cohort study of the steps in proceeding with deceased organ donation for patients who died in hospital from October 2008 to December 2012.ResultsA total of 49 938 of 559 714 Chinese individuals (8.9%) and 47 774 of 374 291 South Asians (12.8%) were registered for deceased organ donation, proportions lower than the general public (2 676 260 of 10 548 249 (25.4%). Among the 168 703 Ontarians who died in a hospital, the families of 33 of 81 Chinese (40.1%; 95% CI: 30.7%-51.6%) and 39 of 72 South Asian individuals (54.2%; 95% CI: 42.7-65.2%) consented for deceased organ donation, proportions lower than the general public (68.3%; 95% CI: 66.4%-70.0%).ConclusionsIn Ontario, Canada Chinese and South Asian individuals are less likely to register and their families are less likely to consent to deceased organ donation compared to the remaining general public. There is an opportunity to build support for organ and tissue donation in these two large ethnic communities in Canada.