Largest Budget Research Articles

Analysis of Drug Inventory Control Using ABC Method (Always Better Control), EOQ (Economic Order Quantity), And ROP (Reorder Point) At Untada General Hospital, Palu

The procurement of pharmaceutical supplies, including drugs, is the part that uses the largest budget in the hospital. The use of this large budget requires the hospitals to control drug stocks to prevent the possibility of emptiness or over stocks that can cause losses. The uncertainty in planning of drug necessity, encourages the application of a method in controlling drug inventory. The aim of this study was to determine the amount and investment value of drugs included in groups A, B, C and to determine the EOQ and ROP values of the drugs. This study was a quantitative study with a retrospective approach using secondary data in the form of drug procurement during January-December 2022 owned by Undata Hospital Palu. The results of the analysis using the ABC method obtained that group A had 64 items (11%) with investment value IDR 11,048,130,440 (75%), group B had 142 items (25%) with investment value IDR 2,976,402,576 (20%), and group C had 364 items (64%) with investment value IDR 737,979,346 (5%). The optimum amount of medicine ordered based on the EOQ method was around 1-100 items at most. The minimum amount of medicine stock to be reordered based on the ROP method is around 1-100 items at most

Catalysts of Change: Technological Innovations Shaping Spanish Public Proximity Media

Technological innovation is transforming local public media. New tools, applications, and platforms are allowing it to improve its reach, the quality of the content it broadcasts, and its interaction with audiences. We set out to determine the main lines of action in the technological innovations adopted by Spanish regional public service media. We conducted a qualitative study based on corporate documentary analysis and in-depth interviews with the heads of the innovation and technological support areas of the four regional corporations with the largest budgets: Corporación de Radio y Televisión de Galicia (CRTVG), Euskal Irrati Telebista-Radio (EiTB), Corporació Catalana de Mitjans Audiovisuals (CCMA), and Radio y Televisión de Andalucía (RTVA). The results showed that, without neglecting their social commitment, technological innovation was one of the main axes in the strategic plans of the organisations studied. The use of new technologies in their adaptation to the current audiovisual ecosystem represents changes in creation, distribution, and management.

Penentuan Prioritas Penanganan Jaringan Jalan Provinsi Metode Analytical Hierarchy Process (Ahp) Berdasarkan Provincial/Kabupaten Roads Management System (Pkrms)

This PKRMS method combined with the Analytical Hierarrchy Process (AHP) method is expected to get optimal road maintenance results, get the required cost budget and prioritize road handling on strategic roads in West Sumatra province. Road maintenance is carried out to provide road services in accordance with the optimal road service life. West Sumatra Province has 58 provincial roads spread throughout the West Sumatra region, the condition of the road is lightly damaged and heavily damaged. Of the 58 provincial roads, there are 5 strategic sections in the object of research, namely: 2 sections which are transportation access, namely Teluk Bayur Nipah-Purus section (P.098) and Simpang Duku-Ketaping section (P.075) and 3 sections which are agricultural and plantation areas, namely Surantih-Kayo Aro Langgai section (P.086), Panti-Simpang Empat section (P.031) and Abai Sangir-Sungai Dareh section (P.056). The study was conducted by Survey and distributed questionnaires. The survey was conducted by recording inventory data, road condition data, road traffic data which was then processed with PKRMS. The types of handling obtained for the five sections are routine maintenance, periodic maintenance and rehabilitation, the largest budget in the following order: P.056 (Rp. 40,970.5 million), P.086 (Rp. 36,252.5 million), P.031 (Rp. 11,480.5 million), P.075 (Rp. 6,633.8 million), and P.098 (Rp. 5,853.1 million), priority road handling sections are in the following order: P.031, P.056, P.086, P.098, and P.075.

Government or Donor: The Budget for HIV/AIDS Control and Financial Commitment in Bandung City, Indonesia

The number of HIV/AIDS cases in Indonesia has steadily increased since 1987. West Java Province, especially Bandung City, had the highest HIV/AIDS cases among other districts/cities in 2016. Some stakeholders' interventions overlap with others, leading to inefficient use of the limited government budget and flattening international donor funding. This study aimed to estimate the HIV/AIDS budget in Bandung City and then segregate the share of the budget by funding source and objectives. This study was a part of the Priority Setting Involving Stakeholder Using Multiple Criteria (PRISMA) project in 2017 to prioritize HIV/AIDS interventions knowing that Bandung City had the highest HIV/AIDS cases. Data from several institutions and relevant budget allocations were obtained before (2016) and after (2018-2019) the PRISMA project. HIV/AIDS control programs in Bandung City largely depend on international funding: 49% in 2016 (~USD208,898), 85% in 2018 (~USD386,132), and 71% in 2019 (~USD389,943) for a total of ~USD1,433,216. The largest budget was allocated to core interventions, with prevention dominating the budget since 2018. The budget allocated for prevention increased significantly from 2016-2019, most likely under the influence of the PRISMA project.

The role of government spending on energy efficiency R&D budgets in the green transformation process: insight from the top-five countries.

The transition to a low carbon economy has become more realistic with sustainable development goals (SDGs). Economies are on their way to 2030 and 2050 targets by increasing their environmental awareness. However, the most important issue that complicates this process is the dependence on fossil fuels and the need for sufficient time for renewable resources to mature. Previous literature has neglected this and focuses directly on renewable and fossil energy research and development (R&D) budgets. This paper fills the gap in the literature by showing whether the budgets allocated by countries for energy efficiency R&D are important in the maturation process of renewable energy sources. This paper offers policy recommendations to the countries (the USA, Canada, Germany, France, and Japan) that allocate the highest share of the budget to energy efficiency. It also presents the current situation of countries investing in energy efficiency as examples for other countries looking to transition into green energy. This study tackles the effects of energy efficiency R&D budgets, economic growth, trade openness, and natural resources on CO2 emissions over the period 1985-2019 using Augmented Means Group and Common Correlated Effects Mean Group methods. Empirical findings show that the energy efficiency R&D budgets are not at a level to enhance environmental quality. Moreover, economic growth and trade openness also contribute to environmental damage. On the contrary, natural resources increase environmental quality. In the light of the empirical findings, the considered countries with the largest budgets (top five) should expand their energy efficiency budgets until the transition to renewable energy gains momentum to achieve SDG-13, i.e., climate action, and SDG-7, i.e., affordable and clean energy.

Analisis Perencanaan Dan Pelaksanaan Anggaran, Sumber Daya Manusia, Pengadaan Barang Jasa Dan Lingkungan Birokrasi Terhadap Penyerapan Anggaran Di Kabupaten Kediri

Absorption of local government budgets is the accumulation of budget absorption carried out by each Institution, and can be one of the indicators in assessing the financial management performance of a region, because through the level of budget absorption it can be seen the description or performance and capabilities of a region. The region implements and is responsible for every planned activity. Budget absorption in Kediri Regency during the 2016 - 2020 period reached the range of 81.68% - 88.79%. 
 This study aims to identify and analyze the factors that are considered dominant in influencing budget absorption in Kediri Regency, namely budget planning and implementation, human resources, procurement of goods and services, and the bureaucratic environment. Sources of data in the form of primary data and secondary data. Primary data in the form of questionnaires were distributed based on purposive random sampling to 15 institutions with the largest budget in Kediri Regency. The research method used is quantitative using Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. This study uses 5 (five) independent variables, namely budget planning (X1), budget execution (X2), human resources (X3), procurement of goods and services (X4), bureaucratic environment (X5), and 1 (one) dependent variable. . variable. namely budget absorption (Y). 
 The results showed that the five independent variables simultaneously had a positive effect on budget absorption. Partially, the variables of budget planning, budget execution, human resources and procurement of goods and services have a positive effect on budget absorption, while the bureaucratic environment variable has a negative effect on budget absorption. Partially, the variable that has the most dominant influence on budget absorption is the Procurement of Goods and Services. Overall, the magnitude of the influence of budget planning, budget execution, human resources, procurement of goods and services and the bureaucratic environment on budget absorption is explained by the determination value of 41%, while 59% is influenced by other factors outside the study

The political economy of differentiated integration: The case of common agricultural policy

The past and arguably the future of the European Union (EU) are characterized by Differentiated Integration (DI). Whereas a number of studies examine country variance in the realization of DI due to state-level characteristics, scholars have rarely addressed sector-specific differentiation. We select Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) for such an analysis – the policy domain with the largest budget, most contestation in the Council of Ministers, most redistribution, and most differentiated legal acts. Building on liberal intergovernmentalism, we develop a demand and supply model to explain the number of opt-outs a country realizes in CAP legislation. We hypothesize that the member states’ demand for differentiation is driven by agricultural lobbyism and by the political receptiveness of governments; the supply-side is driven by member states’ voting or bargaining power; and the realized differentiations are a consequence of the interaction of demand and supply. Using all differentiations in new CAP legal acts from 1993 to 2012, we test these hypotheses in a time-series cross-section design. We find that the domestic level of agricultural protectionism, conservative parties in government and voting power are robust predictors of the realization of differentiation in CAP. Our results support the general claim of liberal intergovernmentalism, that domestic societal and economic interests and political bargaining power shape the course of (differentiated) integration.

Non-CO2 forcing changes will likely decrease the remaining carbon budget for 1.5\u2009\xb0C

One key contribution to the wide range of 1.5 °C carbon budgets among recent studies is the non-CO2 climate forcing scenario uncertainty. Based on a partitioning of historical non-CO2 forcing, we show that currently there is a net negative non-CO2 forcing from fossil fuel combustion (FFC), and a net positive non-CO2 climate forcing from land-use change (LUC) and agricultural activities. We perform a set of future simulations in which we prescribed a 1.5 °C temperature stabilisation trajectory, and diagnosed the resulting 1.5 °C carbon budgets. Using the historical partitioning, we then prescribed adjusted non-CO2 forcing scenarios consistent with our model’s simulated decrease in FFC CO2 emissions. We compared the diagnosed carbon budgets from these adjusted scenarios to those resulting from the default RCP scenario’s non-CO2 forcing, and to a scenario in which proportionality between future CO2 and non-CO2 forcing is assumed. We find a wide range of carbon budget estimates across scenarios, with the largest budget emerging from the scenario with assumed proportionality of CO2 and non-CO2 forcing. Furthermore, our adjusted-RCP scenarios produce carbon budgets that are smaller than the corresponding default RCP scenarios. Our results suggest that ambitious mitigation scenarios will likely be characterised by an increasing contribution of non-CO2 forcing, and that an assumption of continued proportionality between CO2 and non-CO2 forcing would lead to an overestimate of the remaining carbon budget. Maintaining such proportionality under ambitious fossil fuel mitigation would require mitigation of non-CO2 emissions at a rate that is substantially faster than found in the standard RCP scenarios.

Bridging the gap between city and water: A review of urban-river regeneration projects in France and Spain

The urban regeneration of European river spaces since the 1990s has allowed their transformation into new axes of centrality and socialization and has seen the concentration of green areas along the banks of Europe’s cities. This process has been promoted by the implementation of various projects, conducted at different scales and with varying budgets, in a range of urban-river habitats; yet, all of them seek a common goal: the exploitation of river spaces as new areas for social uses. In Western Europe, both France and Spain have implemented major projects that serve as good examples of urban regeneration. This paper identifies, classifies and analyses the main French and Spanish urban-river regeneration projects described in studies published since 1990 through a literature review and a statistical treatment of data. We identified 47 publications, referring to 12 projects in France and 14 projects in Spain, that allow us to conduct an analysis of the characteristics of this urban regeneration process. Overall, the projects are highly varied, above all in terms of their scale, the way in which they use processes of public participation to reach citizen consensus, and their implementation of environmental measures as a complement to urban regeneration. The projects with the largest budgets, as well as those targeting the largest areas for regeneration, have been made possible thanks to EU funding. In contrast, smaller budgets and interventions of shorter length and area tend to characterize the projects without EU funds. Additionally, processes of public participation have also been a key element, above all in France, and most projects with environmental rehabilitation have been carried out in Spain.

Telecommunications technologies for energy efficiency supported by future networks

In previous articles in this column we have described European public co-funded research programs, funded by the European Commission (EC) and/or national governments [1-4]. We explained that Framework Programme 7 Information and Communication Technologies (EC FP7-ICT) is the most relevant program with the largest budget. Currently the 2011-2012 European Union (EU) ICT Work Programme is running, and in this article we provide an overview of the differences with respect to the previous Work programme, highlighting its focus on a greener economy and the improvement of the enterprises' technological conditions. We also note the more applied and nearer-term aspect that is included in this Work Programme.

Investing in Bulgarian Agriculture Investir dans l’agriculture bulgare Investitionen in die bulgarische Landwirtschaft

summaryInvesting in Bulgarian AgricultureThe Programme for European Development of Bulgaria has set agricultural development as a basis for economic growth. The first strategic objective of the Programme is to make agriculture an attractive industry and to guarantee a high standard of living for people working in the sector by stabilising and increasing their incomes. The priorities of the Bulgarian government regarding agriculture follow the priorities of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and we strictly adhere to the two pillars of the CAP. A Food Safety Agency is being established to guarantee the safety and increase the quality of food and a legislative base is being created to allow producers to supply directly to consumers thus enhancing market opportunities. Bulgaria is in the middle of the first programming period of the Rural Development Programme (2007–2013) and expectations of the programme are high. It has the largest budget in Bulgaria and the fund absorption rate of about 20 per cent is the highest in the country. Bulgarian government priorities are consistently focused on the goal of increasing the competitiveness of Bulgarian agriculture through technical and technological modernization of the sector and on the sustainable development and stabilization of rural areas under the conditions of EU membership.

Budget Deficits in the States: Connecticut

Like many states, the State of Connecticut has recently faced substantial budget problems. This article is one of several that explore budget deficits in the states. We explore the reasons, extent, and current solutions to the budget deficits in Connecticut. Connecticut's fiscal circumstances include very poor accounting practices; dueling revenue estimates; large amounts of debt (both bonded and for post-employment benefits); a structurally strong legislature and governor; a governor and legislative majority of different political parties and fiscal philosophies; and a legislature with the ability to override gubernatorial vetoes. The combination of these ingredients has led to a highly partisan and contentious approach to budget discussions amid some of the largest budget deficits the state has ever experienced.

Future information and communication technologies [Very Large Projects

In past issues of this column there have been articles about European public co-funded research programs, funded by the European Commission (EC) and/or national governments. Of all these programs, the one with the most relevance and impact, and the largest budget is EC Framework Programme 7 - Information and Communication Technologies (FP7-ICT). In this article we provide an overview of the main research trends in this program for the coming years.

Budget Implementation, A Problem: Bangladesh Perspective

The national budget for fiscal 2009-10 has been placed by the finance minister for its approval. The proposals in the largest budget, so far, will get its approval by parliament on June 30, 2009, following its scrutiny. Hopefully, with some additions or deductions, the budget will be approved for implementation from July 01, 2009. The finance minister stated in his budget speech that he set the targets, following the vision 2020 of the government, for the macro-economy to secure a sustained gross domestic product (GDP) growth of 10 per cent from 2017 and to raise the contribution of industry to GDP from 28 per cent to 40 per cent. Other goals include raising life expectancy to 70 years, reducing maternal mortality to 1.5 per cent and to scale down child mortality to 15 per thousand births. Reducing the rate of unemployment by 15 per cent and bringing down the population living below the poverty line to 15 per cent are also among the long term objectives.

The four pillars: Developing a ‘bonded’ business-to-business customer experience

This paper is an investigation into the business-to-business experience (B2BE), how it differs from the business-to-consumer experience (B2CE) and the core elements of a bonded B2BE. Much of the current ‘wisdom’ about customer experience relates to the B2C domain. This is because the largest budgets are within the B2CE sector. Throughout B2BE, there is limited genuine hard evidence-based research and correlation to academic theory. This raises questions over the validity/value of much that is written or spoken on the subject in relation to the B2B sector. Within the B2B sector, the absolute number of customer relationships may be fewer, but they are far more complex. They often include multiple contacts at differing levels across a large number of touchpoints. Customers themselves are becoming more vocal, sophisticated and demanding around what they expect. Consolidation brings with it leverage and an ability to become more demanding of the supplier base. Before embarking upon the pursuit of a bonded experience with every customer, it is important to understand the importance of the overall B2B relationship: the investment value input into the experience needs to match the level of value gained. In essence, segment your customers first, and be clear where and with whom to develop experience at the appropriate level. This paper uncovers a layered approach to the B2BE. The involvement of professionals, with a rational and detached nature to expectation management and experience, also comes through in terms of the key factors at each level. At base, the key drivers revolve around the buyer(s) and the expectations of procurement teams that it is possible to do business: their experience tells them whether or not a business partner can fulfil the base level. It is about reliability, consistency, dependability, problem resolution, appropriate contact, choice and flexibility. Once an organisation has achieved the delivery of a consistent experience that meets base expectations, this paper identifies key areas that enhance the B2BE. These coalesce around co-creation of value, strategic understanding and contact at all levels across the organisation, working within strategic business units, flexibility and pro-activity. Finally, the relationship moves into what is described as a ‘bonded experience’. Nearly all the research points to trust as being at the centre of the bonded experience. Supplementary areas that support trust at this level to develop a bonded experience are also identified. These are communication, interdependence and integrity. It is not so much the relationship or the way customers are managed that differentiates as this has become broadly similar. It is the experience developed through the relationship that makes the difference.

Do Trained Nurses … Work for Love, or Do They Work for Money? Nursing and Altruism in the Twenty-First Century

A dear friend of mine was hospitalized in the summer of 2007 with renal artery narrowing, for which she received a stent. She is 81 years old, and had several postdischarge setbacks that required a second hospitalization in one of New York's most prestigious hospitals. (Please note: as has been shown in multiple nursing research studies regarding transitional care, had she had proper nursing care and appropriate discharge planning during the first event, the second hospitalization would not have been needed at all. 1 ) I visited her several times and was overwhelmed by the absence of any sign of nursing care. Endless streams of individuals entered her room, each doing some tiny little job-filling a water pitcher, taking a temp, delivering a tray, mopping a floor, emptying a wastebasket, and so on. None of these individuals could answer any question from her; none would agree to do anything for her other than their assigned task. They barely looked at my friend. Had she been in extremis they would not have noticed. My esteemed colleagues, this is 21st-century sick care without nursing. And why has our nation systematically eliminated nursing care from our hospitals? Because of money. Nursing care is the largest budget item in hospital care. So the health care profiteers systematically strip nursing budgets, insisting that hordes of less costly, untrained individuals can perform all the nursing tasks. 2 This short-sighted behavior on the part of unschooled business people would not be possible if society fought it. For my whole nursing career I have been consumed (obsessed?) by society's inability to understand what nursing is; to recognize the expertise that good nursing entails and its critical importance to health care outcomes. 3 Why do people insist on seeing nurses as nice people mopping fevered brows instead of highly skilled experts giving life-saving, highly technical care? I think the answer lies in society's and nursing's history. The story of nursing is, of course, a story of gender. But I also think it is a story of ideological debate. Is it science or art, a profession or vocation, independent or dependent, possessed of its own expertise or handmaid to medicine, or, is it in fact degrees of each of these? Those questions lead to others: how to prepare to do nursing, where to do it, who is in charge of it, how much to pay for it, what are proper nurse/patient ratios, and how important it is to patient morbidity and mortality. These are the debates that reflect what I call ideological conflict. I and others have researched many of these issues. 4 I have examined the concepts themselves-science, autonomy, professionalism-to see whether nursing can be defined by those concepts. 5 All this research was helpful, but it actually increased my frustration, because we have shown that nursing does make a difference and can be defined by those concepts. The fact that it can be highlights the question as to why it is not, except with reservations. That discovery led me to social history, which examines issues in the context of society's customs and mores in various time frames. I chose to focus on the 1890s, the close of nursing's first generation in the modern era. That research proved more fruitful, although it provided no simple answers. The most general conclusion that emerged from my research is that from the outset of modern nursing there was no consensus among the nurses themselves, or their sponsors, as to their ideological convictions. 6 Nursing was, and is, a house divided, with strong leaders and convincing arguments existing on all sides of each issue. Because of the competing definitions, philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn might say that nursing lacks a paradigm or unifying principle. But I disagree. Among nurses there is a basic consensus that patients are at the center of nursing's work and that patients' needs drive its practice, education, and research. It is that consensus that holds nursing together and provides the central paradigm. …

State Medicaid Home Care Policies: Inside the Black Box

ABSTRACT With Medicaid now the largest budget item for many states and the biggest payer of home and community-based services (HCBS), there is increasing interest in the policies used by states on their three main Medicaid HCBS programs: 1915(c) waivers, state plan personal care, and home health. This article presents an analysis of annual national surveys (2002–2004) of Medicaid HCBS programs that investigate the four main features over which states have discretion: (1) eligibility criteria, (2) services offered (including consumer direction), (3) discretionary cost controls (financial caps, service limits, and wait lists), and (4) workforce issues including the use of independent providers. The findings advance knowledge of state policy trends within each of the three programs and variations between them.

AIDS research chief bows out.

William Paul, who oversees one of the largest budgets at the National Institutes of Health as head of its Office of AIDS Research (OAR), announced last week that he is stepping aside. Paul says he feels he has accomplished much since being appointed to head the OAR in February 1994, and now wants to return to the lab.

The Construction of Technologically - Mediated Families

INTRODUCTION The professed purpose of most of the New Reproductive and Genetic Technologies (NRGTs) is to provide help for the infertile, that is, to facilitate family formation for a segment of the population that is depicted as otherwise incapable of doing so. One would suppose, then, that a family perspective would be one of those well represented in the various debates surrounding the NRGTs. The fact that 1994 was the International Year of the Family, and that the NRGTs are arguably the most important thing that has affected families in the recent past, would seem to push this connection even more into the foreground. This is not so in a double sense; those interested in the NRGTs usually fail to adopt a family perspective, while students of the family customarily (with a few exceptions) fail to consider the NRGTs.' The NRGTs are considered from a wide range of perspectives: besides the medical literature, there are legal perspectives (Law Reform Commission of Canada, 1989 and 1992; Martin, 1993; Ontario Law Reform Commission, 1985), woman-centered approaches (e.g. Arditti, Klein afld Minden, 1984; Basen, Eichler and Lippman, 1993; Corea, 1985; Klein, 1993; Quebec, 1988; Raymond, 1993; Rowland, 1992; Spallone and Steinberg, 1987; Stanworth, 1987), human rights oriented approaches (Eichler, 1993), ethical perspectives (Council for Science and Society,1984; Walters and Singer,1982), philosophical approaches (Overall,1987, 1989; Sherwin, 1994) and others, yet very rarely is a family perspective applied. This leads to some curious blind spots in the various evaluations of the technologies and their associated consequences. By the same token, very few students of the family have integrated the NRGTs into their concerns, thus failing to grapple with the single most startling and revolutionary set of challenges confronting families today. Many countries have, in the past few years, established various types of Commissions to examine the impact of these technologies. This is not the space to review the totality of these efforts, except to mention that the Royal Commission on New Reproductive Technologies set up by Canada in 1989 was the Commission with the most encompassing mandate,2 and the largest budget. It therefore provides an appropriate case study for examining how the relationship between the NRGTs and family issues is formulated. The Commission, which tabled its report in late 1993, had a scandal-ridden life.3 This paper, however, is not about the history of the Commission. This has been dealt with elsewhere (Anonymous 1-6. 1993; Eichler, 1993; Massey, 1993; Statement of Claim, 1993; Vandelac, 1993). Here, the report is simply taken as a public policy document and analyzed from one particular perspective. Method In order to conduct this analysis, the following method was employed: First, I summarized all the recommendations of the Commission. Second, I drew out all those recommendations which had a close bearing on family formation. Third, I drew out all the rationales that were provided for the various recommendations. Fourth, I then addressed the following questions to the materials: In what instances are family reasons invoked in their rationales, in what instances are other principles invoked? What is the Commission's general stance on family issues? What types of family formation are prohibited, what types are permitted? How do these issues relate to each other? Lastly, fifth, I asked what types of family formation would be permitted or prohibited if we were to adopt a family perspective towards the NRGTs? This paper reports on the last two steps of the analysis, working backwards from step 5 to step 4. It must be noted that the entry point into the Report was through the recommendations, not through the text. There are considerable differences between the issues that are raised in the text and those which find expression in the recommendations. For instance, there is an entire chapter on adoption, but only one weak recommendation suggesting that the matter be studied further. …

Long-run equilibrium between budget deficits and long-term interest rates

Recently, there has been much concern about the size of federal budget deficit and its impact on interest rates. The peace time recovery after the 1981–1982 recession was the longest in U.S. history, accompanied by the largest budget deficit to GDP ratios. The present study investigates the effects of cyclically-adjusted federal deficits on long-term interest rates for 1970:1–1991:2. Using Johansen-Juselius procedures, we find evidence of a long-run relationship between federal budget deficits and long-term interest rates.