Large-scale Liquefied Natural Gas Research Articles

Cluster Liquefied Natural Gas: A New Paradigm for Small- and Medium-Scale LNG Business

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 171510, “Cluster Liquefied Natural Gas: New Paradigm for Small and Medium Liquefied-Natural-Gas Business,” by JungHan Lee, LNG Solutions, prepared for the 2014 SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, Adelaide, Australia, 14–16 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Small- and medium-scale liquefied natural gas (LNG) is different from conventional LNG in trading distances, target markets, and application areas. Small- and medium-scale LNG may better coordinate needs between regional gas producers and consumers. Cluster LNG is a new concept of LNG technology suitable for emerging market environments. High performance of cluster LNG originates from higher liquefaction temperature and the adoption of efficient refrigerants for the temperature ranges. The inherent high performance of cluster LNG enables low capital expenditure (CAPEX) and low operational expenditure (OPEX). Background Small-scale LNG has so far constituted only a minor portion of global LNG production. However, there are many necessities of regional energy infrastructures and technologies that are different from those of traditional LNG. In Southeast Asian countries, natural gas and LNG sometimes compete with diesel oil rather than large-scale pipeline gas or large-scale LNG. At the same time, there are many small scattered gas sources remaining to be monetized for domestic markets in the region. Nevertheless, these domestic gas fields have not been developed properly so far because of small units of production and, as a result, high cost per unit. In this regard, new technologies suitable for small- and medium-scale LNG development may be necessary. LNG for global exports and LNG intended for regional demands may need different approaches. Typical large-scale LNG aims to export at a radius up to 10 000 km; on the other hand, small- and medium-scale LNG may need only a 500- to 2 000-km radius.

Public Safety Appraisal for Siting Marine Liquefied Natural Gas Terminals in California

AbstractMultifarious proposals for siting, design, construction, and operation of onshore and offshore liquefied natural gas (LNG) import terminals in California have recently undergone a rigorous federal and state regulatory appraisal. The regulations call for compliance with various environmental, public safety, and security mandates encoded in legal statutes. Public safety from the hazards of a large-scale LNG spill over water, during LNG tanker transit or marine terminal operation, emerged as the dominant concern for the affected local communities. To address their apprehension, extensive modeling of potentially perilous beyond design basis spill scenarios, ensuing from natural, accidental, and malevolent intentional events was conducted. It entailed finite element modeling for vessel collision with diverse LNG tanker types and applying computational fluid dynamics to predict the extent of LNG spread over water, atmospheric dispersion of vapor cloud, and the consequences of ignition. The objective was...

Evaluation of consequence assessment methods for pool fires on water involving large spills from liquefied natural gas carriers

This article concerns thermal radiation hazards associated with unconfined liquefied natural gas (LNG) spills on water. Consequence assessment methods were compared to clarify their model characteristics in large-scale LNG spills from an LNG carrier (LNGC). The consequences of LNG release, pool spread, and pool fire hazards were estimated using the following practical methods: the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s (FERC) method, the Sandia National Laboratories’ method, and the Fay method. The sensitivity of consequence analysis results to the breach size of a tank was examined under the assumption that LNG is released from a common type LNGC of 125000 m3 cargo capacity. Consequently, it was found that the FERC method is useful from the practical viewpoint of being applicable to any breach size. Finally, thermal radiation hazards from pool fires involving spills from one of the latest and largest LNGCs (250 000 m3 cargo capacity), which are currently considered for construction, were investigated using the recommended FERC method, and the results are discussed in comparison with those for common type LNGCs. As a result, it was found that the maximum thermal hazard distance is longer by only about 24% compared with the common type LNGC, whereas the spill volume is twice as much.

Technology Focus: Natural Gas Technology/Monetization (April 2008)

Technology Focus The natural-gas industry continues to grow on a global scale as the world's demand for energy increases, cleaner-burning fuels are sought after, and nations seek to maximize the value of their hydrocarbon resources. For the engineer, the production of gas involves multiple challenges such as a large but geographically dispersed resource base, complex reservoirs, difficult drilling conditions, and the selection of optimal completion and stimulation methods. For the commercially minded, getting gas to end-user markets involves developing strong project economics, complex commercial negotiations, crossborder transportation agreements, geopolitics, and long-term management strategies for pipelines and liquefied-natural-gas (LNG) facilities. Gas projects continue to be a mix of existing-field revitalizations, regional developments, and international megaprojects. One of the most important aspects of all successful natural-gas projects is deliverability. The economics behind producing, transporting, and distributing natural gas to end-user markets hinges on the size of producible reserves and selecting drilling and completion methods that promote high-rate and sustained production. The need for robust gas deliverability is emphasized when viewed within the context of the major gas-development projects being proposed or in progress around the world involving long-distance intercountry gas pipelines or large-scale LNG facilities. The articles selected for this month's feature focus on drilling and completion technologies that address improving and sustaining deliverability. Well completions and alteration of near-wellbore flow characteristics resulting from formation damage most often are the limiting factors in the gas-production and -transportation systems. Ultimate recovery and achieving maximum reservoir contact have been enhanced greatly in recent years by implementing and optimizing horizontal-well and multilateral-completion technologies. The formation-damage remediation technologies, both traditional and emerging, in use today offer several solutions to address various types of reservoir damage in varying reservoir conditions. Incorporating geomechanical data to optimize reservoir contact, improve wellbore stability, and minimize formation damage affords engineers additional tools to achieve robust deliverability solutions. I encourage readers not only to read the featured articles but also to look at the papers on the additional-reading list because they present many ideas and solutions on achieving greater deliverability from both existing and new fields. Together, they illustrate the great amount of effort placed on improving one of the keys to successful natural-gas development. Natural Gas Technology/Monetization additional reading available at the SPE eLibrary: www.spe.org SPE 105509 • "Design, Construction, and Optimization of Big-Bore Gas Wells in a Giant Offshore Field" by B.M. Clancey, SPE, RasGas Company, et al. (See JPT, May 2007, page 72.) SPE 111195 • "A Simple and Reliable Method for Gas-Well Deliverability Determination" by K. Aminian, West Virginia University, et al.

129 最近の大型LNGプラントにおける騒音制御手法の紹介(振動・騒音の制御技術,騒音・振動改善技術)

In recent years, LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) plants have enlarged with the development of the technology, since the demand for LNG is increasing remarkably as a representative of clean energy. On the other hands, requirements concerning the noise are severe from the rise of the concern to HSE (Health, Safety and Environment). In this connection, this paper introduces as follows: (1) The production capacity of the LNG plant (2) Noise control requirement (3) HSE requirement (4) Our approach of the noise control for large-scale LNG plant including the measurement data.

Qatar LNG plant to serve US market

Qatar Petroleum and ConocoPhillips are to develop Qatargas 3, a large-scale liquefied natural gas (LNG) project in Qatar servicing the US natural gas market. This is a short news story only. Visit www.filtsep.com for the latest filtration industry news

Qatar LNG plant to serve US market

Qatar Petroleum and ConocoPhillips are to develop Qatargas 3, a large-scale liquefied natural gas (LNG) project in Qatar servicing the US natural gas market. This is a short news story only. Visit www.worldpumps.com for the latest pump industry news