Large Window Research Articles

Incremental accumulation of linguistic context in artificial and biological neural networks

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown success in predicting neural signals associated with narrative processing, but their approach to integrating context over large timescales differs fundamentally from that of the human brain. In this study, we show how the brain, unlike LLMs that process large text windows in parallel, integrates short-term and long-term contextual information through an incremental mechanism. Using fMRI data from 219 participants listening to spoken narratives, we first demonstrate that LLMs predict brain activity effectively only when using short contextual windows of up to a few dozen words. Next, we introduce an alternative LLM-based incremental-context model that combines incoming short-term context with an aggregated, dynamically updated summary of prior context. This model significantly enhances the prediction of neural activity in higher-order regions involved in long-timescale processing. Our findings reveal how the brain’s hierarchical temporal processing mechanisms enable the flexible integration of information over time, providing valuable insights for both cognitive neuroscience and AI development.

Low interface state density and large capacitive memory window using RF sputtered NiO nanoparticles decorated MgZnO thin film

NiO nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized using glancing angle deposition (GLAD) technique over MgZnO thin film was used to design a novel memory device. The NiO NPs with average diameter ~ 9.5 nm was uniformly distributed over the MgZnO thin film surface. The MgZnO thin film/NiO NPs memory device when measured for the C-V hysteresis characteristics at varying sweep voltage demonstrated a charge trapping and de-trapping mechanism. Moreover, the device exhibited low interface states density (Dit) (1.45 × 1010 eV− 1 cm− 2) at 1 MHz and large capacitive memory of ~ 6 V at ± 7 V. The large memory window was attributed to the better interface quality between MgZnO thin film and NiO NPs. Additionally, the device also exhibited good endurance over 1000 programme/erase cycles and longer time charge retention up to 2 × 104 s. The improved performance of device and more charge accumulation capacity was primarily due to the large effective area and quantum confinement effect owing to NiO NPs. Further, on performing a resistive switching analysis, the device could show a good on-off ratio (RHRS/RLRS) of 1.24 × 102. Therefore, the proposed device structure can be a good option for future memory applications.

The degree of parallel/serial processing affects stimulus-driven and memory-driven attentional capture: Evidence for the attentional window account.

The issue of whether a salient stimulus in the visual field captures attention in a stimulus-driven manner has been debated for several decades. The attentional window account proposed to resolve this issue by claiming that a salient stimulus captures attention and interferes with target processing only when an attentional window is set wide enough to encompass both the target and the salient distractor. By contrast, when a small attentional window is serially shifted among individual stimuli to find a target, no capture is found. Research findings both support and challenge this attentional window account. However, in these studies, the attentional window size was improperly estimated, necessitating a re-evaluation of the account. Here, using a recently developed visual search paradigm, we investigated whether visual stimuli were processed in a parallel or a serial manner. We found significant attentional capture when multiple stimuli were processed in parallel within a large attentional window. By contrast, when a small window had to be serially shifted, no capture was found. We conclude that the attentional window account can be a useful framework to resolve the widespread debate regarding stimulus-driven attentional capture.

Retinal Sensitivity in KCNV2-Associated Retinopathy.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the retinal sensitivity under photopic, mesopic, and scotopic conditions in a cohort of patients affected with KCNV2-associated retinopathy. Cross-sectional evaluation of molecularly confirmed individuals was conducted. Data were obtained prospectively. The main microperimetry parameters analyzed were mean sensitivity (MS) and number of floor effects (noF) in the central macular zone (CMZ; central 6degrees) and peripheral macular zone (PMZ; 6 to 10degrees). Interocular symmetry was also assessed. The MS under photopic, mesopic, and scotopic conditions were, respectively, 20.2 (6.3-29.5, ±6.5), 16.2 (3.7-23.1, ±5.3), and 1.3 (0-13.3, ±3.8) in the right eyes, and 21.1 (9.8-28.9, ±6.1), 16.8 (9.6-23.5, ±4.0), and 1.1 (0-12.4, ±3.5) in the left eyes. MS was highly symmetric between eyes (Pearson correlation coefficient) in photopic (r = 0.96, P < 0.0001), mesopic (r = 0.9, P < 0.0001), and scotopic (r = 0.98, P < 0.0001) testing conditions. MS was also highly symmetric (Pearson coefficient) in the photopic CMZ (r = 0.97, P = 0.0001) and PMZ (r = 0.95, P = 0.0002), mesopic CMZ (r = 0.94, P = 0.0003), and PMZ (r = 0.92, P = 0.0009), and scotopic CMZ (r = 0.99, P < 0.0001) and PMZ (r = 0.99, P < 0.0001).The mean noF (± standard deviation [SD]; range) was 4.6 (SD = ±5.3, range = 0-16) in photopic, 5.0 (SD = ±5.4, range = 0-15) in mesopic, and 23.2 (SD = ±8.6, range = 0-28) in scotopic conditions. Subject 01-041 was the only affected individual in which no floor effect was found. Simple linear regression revealed a significant inverse relationship between age and MS, and a direct relationship between age and noF. KCNV2-associated retinopathy is a largely symmetric disease from a functional perspective. Despite the early decrease in scotopic retinal sensitivity, our data suggests a large window for photoreceptor rescue with novel treatments, such as gene therapy.

Write Endurance Enhanced and Large Memory Window of GeSe-Based Selector-Only Memory With Indium Doping Scheme

Write Endurance Enhanced and Large Memory Window of GeSe-Based Selector-Only Memory With Indium Doping Scheme

Endoscopic Contralateral Transaxillary Discectomy for Recurrent Disc Herniation.

This video aims to describe an endoscopic surgical approach for accessing difficult to reach pathology such as disc herniations after previous surgery. The relatively small size of endoscopic instruments facilitates significant freedom of movement inside the spinal canal. The authors have experience with interlaminar approaches for contralateral pathology such as disc herniations, recurrent disc herniations, spinal stenosis, and facet cysts. The advantages of starting from the opposite side of the canal in a revision situation include the ability to establish a clear plane between the dura and the borders of the canal and visualize the disc from a different angle than the index operation. Contralateral approaches to residual or recurrent herniations can be performed with an "over the top" technique, navigating dorsal to the thecal sac to reach the far side of the canal. In the associated video we demonstrate a novel technique, a contralateral transaxillary endoscopic approach to a recurrent disc herniation at the L5-S1 level in a young male collegiate wrestler. In our experience, we have found this particular approach to be useful in patients with an early take off of the S1 nerve root which creates a large axillary window. In several instances this technique has allowed us to inspect the area of the reherniation from both the axilla and over the top of the thecal sac. This particular patient has a large recurrence 2 years after an open microscopic hemilaminotomy and discectomy. In this instance, an approach was chosen that navigates dorsal to the S1 nerve root and ventral to the thecal sac, starting on the opposite side of the spinal canal from the herniation. This approach is described as a contralateral interlaminar transaxillary discectomy.

Bicontinuous Block Copolymer Microparticles through Hydrogen-Bonding-Mediated Dual Phase Separation between Polymer Segments and Fluorinated Additives.

Bicontinuous microparticles have advanced transport, mechanical, and electrochemical properties and show promising applications in energy storage, catalysis, and other fields. However, it remains a great challenge to fabricate bicontinuous microparticles of block copolymers (BCPs) by controlling the microphase separation due to the extremely narrow region of a bicontinuous structure in the phase diagram. Here, we demonstrate a strategy to balance the phase separation of BCPs and fluorinated additives at different length scales in emulsion droplets, providing a large window to access bicontinuous microparticles. The key point is to simultaneously introduce contradictory attractive-repulsive interactions between poly(4-vinylpyridine)-containing BCPs and carboxylated perfluorinated additives. Hydrogen bonding between poly(4-vinylpyridine) and carboxyl groups, as an attractive interaction, directs the microphase separation between BCPs and additives. Meanwhile, the repulsive interaction due to the high immiscibility between perfluoroalkyl residues and BCPs induces macrophase separation. The compromise of attractive-repulsive interactions triggers the formation of bicontinuous microparticles in a large phase space. In addition, the vulnerable nature of hydrogen bonding provides a flexible route for reversibly shaping BCP assemblies. This work establishes a platform for fabricating structured BCP microparticles of which the structures are hardly accessible through traditional solution self-assembly.

Facile Synthesis of Functional Polytrithiocarbonates from Multicomponent Tandem Polymerizations of CS2, Thiols, and Alkyl Halides.

Polytrithiocarbonates have attracted significant attention recently because of their good thermal stability, light refractivity, crystallinity, and mechanical properties; however, the exploration of their structures and functionalities has been limited by their synthetic approaches. Multicomponent polymerization featuring simple monomers, mild conditions, diversified product structures, and high efficiency could provide a powerful and versatile tool to synthesize various polytrithiocarbonates from commercially available monomers. Herein, a robust and efficient multicomponent tandem polymerization (MCTP) of CS2, dithiols, and alkyl halides was developed in DMF with K2CO3 at room temperature in air to synthesize 12 polytrithiocarbonates with diversified and systematically tuned structures, high molecular weights (Mns up to 37900 g/mol), and high yields (up to 93%). Depending on the different polymer backbone structures, amorphous polytrithiocarbonates showed excellent breaking elongations, and crystallinic polytrithiocarbonates possessed a large process temperature window (about 200 °C) and good mechanical performance (σB of 23.6 MPa and εB of 858%), whose tensile strength could be dramatically enhanced to 87.5 MPa after uniaxial extension deformation. The upper critical solution temperature (UCST) in organic solvents, together with nonconventional luminescence, were observed for the crystallinic polytrithiocarbonates, even without any aromatic ring. This efficient, robust, mild, and economic MCTP of CS2 thus opened up an avenue for the facile construction of polytrithiocarbonates with structural diversity, bringing modulable mechanical, thermal, luminescent, and thermal-responsive properties, which would greatly broaden the scope of structures and applications of sulfur-containing polymers.

Development and Deployment of Large Solar Viewing Window Structures for Safe Public Solar Eclipse Observation

Development and Deployment of Large Solar Viewing Window Structures for Safe Public Solar Eclipse Observation

An Integrated Framework for Real-Time Sea-State Estimation of Stationary Marine Units Using Wave Buoy Analogy

Understanding the impact of environmental factors, particularly seaway, on marine units is critical for developing efficient control and decision support systems. To this end, the concept of wave buoy analogy (WBA), which utilizes ships as sailing buoys, has captured practitioners’ attention due to its cost-effectiveness and extensive coverage. Despite extensive research, real-time sea-state estimation (SSE) has remained challenging due to the large observation window needed for statistical inferences. The current study builds on previous work, aiming to propose an AI framework to reduce the estimation time lag between exciting waves and respective estimation by transforming temporal/spectral features into a manipulated scalogram. For that, an adaptive ship response predictor and deep learning model were incorporated to classify seaway while minimizing network complexity through feature engineering. The system’s performance was evaluated using data obtained from an experimental test on a semi-submersible platform, and the results demonstrate the promising functionality of the approach for a fully automated SSE system. For further comparison of features of low- and high-fidelity modeling, the deficits with the feature transformation of the existing SSE models are discussed. This study provides a foundation for improving online SSE and promoting the seaway acquisition for stationary marine units.

Improved spectral projection estimates

We obtain new improved spectral projection estimates on manifolds of non-positive curvature, including sharp ones for relatively large spectral windows for general tori. Our results are stronger than those in an earlier work of the first and third authors (2019), and the arguments have been greatly simplified. We more directly make use of pointwise estimates that are implicit in the work of Bérard (1977) and avoid the use of weak-type spaces that were used in the previous works by the first and third authors (2017, 2019). We also simplify and strengthen the bilinear arguments by exploiting the use of microlocal Kakeya–Nikodym L^{2}\to L^{q_c} -estimates and avoiding the use of L^{2}\to L^{2} ones as in earlier results. This allows us to prove new results for manifolds of negative curvature and some new sharp estimates for tori. We also have new and improved techniques in two dimensions for general manifolds of non-positive curvature.

A Coplanar Crystalline InGaO Thin Film Transistor with SiO2 Gate Insulator on ZrO2 Ferroelectric Layer: A New Ferroelectric TFT Structure

AbstractFerroelectric transistors with a large memory window (MW) and operational stability have been of increasing interest recently. In this study, a ferroelectric thin‐film transistor (FE‐TFT) with a novel metal‐insulator‐semiconductor‐ferroelectric (MISF) structure is proposed. With the ferroelectric layer located under the semiconductor, the TFT process can be similar to a conventional coplanar structure with a SiO2 gate insulator (GI). In this work, both FE and active semiconductors are deposited by spray pyrolysis which is beneficial for large‐area and low‐cost manufacturing. The FE ZrO2 by spray pyrolysis has a nanocrystalline phase, and the semiconductor InGaO shows a polycrystalline structure. The TFT exhibits a MW of 5.6 V with an operating voltage range of −10–10 V. The device shows a low leakage current of 10−12 A, and thus the on/off ratio is &gt;107 at VDS = 1.0 V. The device shows stable performance with increasing temperatures up to 80 °C. The endurance of the device is 5000 cycles at 0.1 Hz pulse with a negligible variation of MW less than 0.1 V, indicating excellent operational stability.

Electrostatic Aspect of the Proton Reactivity in Concentrated Electrolyte Solutions.

Water-in-salt electrolytes with a surprisingly large electrochemical stability window of ≤3 V have revived interest in aqueous electrolytes for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. However, recent reports of acidic pH measured in concentrated electrolyte solutions appear to be in contradiction with the suppressed activity of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Therefore, the fundamental thermodynamics of proton reactivity in concentrated electrolyte solutions remains elusive. In this work, we have used density functional theory-based molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and the proton insertion method to investigate how the HER potential shifts in concentrated LiCl solutions under both acidic and alkaline conditions. Our results show that the intrinsic HER activity increases significantly with the salt concentration under acidic conditions but remains relatively constant under alkaline conditions. Moreover, by leverage over finite-field MD simulations, it is found that a determining factor for the HER activity is the Poisson potential of the liquid phase, which increases in concentrated electrolyte solutions with comparable values from both density functional theory and point-charge models.

Stacking selected polarization switching and phase transition in vdW ferroelectric α-In2Se3 junction devices

The structure and dynamics of ferroelectric domain walls are essential for polarization switching in ferroelectrics, which remains relatively unexplored in two-dimensional ferroelectric α-In2Se3. Interlayer interactions engineering via selecting the stacking order in two-dimensional materials allows modulation of ferroelectric properties. Here, we report stacking-dependent ferroelectric domain walls in 2H and 3R stacked α-In2Se3, elucidating the resistance switching mechanism in ferroelectric semiconductor-metal junction devices. In 3R α-In2Se3, the in-plane movement of out-of-plane ferroelectric domain walls yield a large hysteresis window. Conversely, 2H α-In2Se3 devices favor in-plane domain walls and out-of-plane domain wall motion, producing a small hysteresis window. High electric fields induce a ferro-paraelectric phase transition of In2Se3, where 3R In2Se3 reaches the transition through intralayer atomic gliding, while 2H In2Se3 undergoes a complex process comprising intralayer bond dissociation and interlayer bond reconstruction. Our findings demonstrate tunable ferroelectric properties via stacking configurations, offering an expanded dimension for material engineering in ferroelectric devices.

Early-day psychosocial predictors of later-day simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use among college-attending young adults.

Simultaneous use of alcohol and cannabis is prevalent among young adults and associated with heightened risk for harms. Individuals who engage in simultaneous use report a variety of types of use occasions and risk factors driving use occasions are unique and dynamic in nature. Intervention content may thus need to adapt to address differences across occasions. As a first step toward developing momentary interventions, it is critical to identify whether and when psychosocial factors are associated with simultaneous use. The present study aimed to identify the most critical morning and afternoon risk factors for later-day simultaneous use. Participants were 119 young adult college students (63% female; 73% non-Hispanic/Latinx White) who reported weekly simultaneous use at baseline. Participants completed an online baseline survey and an ecological momentary assessment protocol (eight prompts/day) across four consecutive weekends. Multilevel models revealed that morning willingness to engage in simultaneous use and social motives were associated with higher odds of later-day simultaneous use. Afternoon willingness and cross-fading motives were significantly associated with higher odds of later-day use. Morning and afternoon conformity motives were associated with lower odds of use. Early-day willingness to use, morning social motives, and afternoon cross-fading motives were the most salient predictors of later-day simultaneous use and may serve as viable tailoring variables to incorporate in momentary interventions. As simultaneous use episodes commonly start after 9 p.m., there is a large time window in between early-day predictors and use behavior during which timely intervention content could be delivered. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

In-Series Phase-Change Memory Pair for Enhanced Data Retention and Large Window in Automotive Application

In-Series Phase-Change Memory Pair for Enhanced Data Retention and Large Window in Automotive Application

Disturb and its Mitigation in Ferroelectric Field-Effect Transistors With Large Memory Window for NAND Flash Applications

Disturb and its Mitigation in Ferroelectric Field-Effect Transistors With Large Memory Window for NAND Flash Applications

The Making of the Historic Heraldic Window for St. Paul’s Cathedral, London (Ontario): Christopher Wallis, Stained Glass, and the Heraldic Arts

This paper explores the stained glass art of Christopher Wallis (1930–2021) through the Historic Heraldic Window he created for St. Paul’s Cathedral in London, Ontario. The window, created in 1990, celebrates the cathedral being granted heraldic arms on 28 May 1989, by the newly created Canadian Heraldic Authority (1988); the arms were the first granted to a religious institution in Canada by the fledgling government agency. By this time, Wallis had established himself as a leading heraldic glass artist, both domestically and internationally. For St. Paul’s, he designed and created a large heraldic window for the cathedral’s west transom entrance window. This paper analyzes original contracts to explore the window’s creation, imagery, and overall appearance in St. Paul’s west transom.

A Large Window Nonvolatile Transistor Memory for High-Density and Low-Power Vertical NAND Storage Enabled by Ferroelectric Charge Pumping

A Large Window Nonvolatile Transistor Memory for High-Density and Low-Power Vertical NAND Storage Enabled by Ferroelectric Charge Pumping

An adaptive prediction method based on VMD-GRU for future driving condition of vehicle

Driving conditions prediction plays an important role in energy-saving control strategy for electric vehicle. However, the complexity of the changes in road conditions poses a great challenge to the accurate prediction of driving condition. To address this problem, this paper proposes an adaptive Sliding Window (SW) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) algorithm to predict the driving conditions in a short period, and the algorithm enables to adjust the size of the SW promptly when the driving conditions change frequently. A smaller window is adopted in the case of drastically changing speeds, and a larger window is adopted in the case of smooth speeds. Firstly, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and k-means clustering are used to construct sample driving conditions with the same characteristics. Then the instantaneous frequency of the sample driving conditions is calculated by Hilbert transform and Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD), and the optimal window size applicable to the conditions with different frequencies is quantitatively calculated. The model provides precise predictions with root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 0.8799, 0.5443 and 0.8362%, respective. The ablation experiments show that the improved SW enables the GRU prediction model to capture the trends of different driving conditions more accurately, and improves the accuracy and robustness of the prediction model.