Large Stimuli Research Articles

Revisiting novel word semantic priming: The role of strategic priming mechanisms.

Although it has been proposed that new words are encoded in a qualitatively different way from established words-in episodic rather than semantic memory-such accounts are challenged by the finding that newly learnt words influence the processing of well-known words in semantic priming tasks. In this article, we explore whether this apparent contradiction is due to differences in task design. Specifically, we hypothesised that a large stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) would allow the participant to engage strategic retrieval and priming mechanisms to facilitate the recognition of a semantically related word, compared with a shorter SOA, which promotes more automatic processing. In Experiment 1, 60 participants learned 34 novel words and their meanings that later served as primes for related/unrelated existing word targets in a primed lexical decision task, with a 450 ms SOA. There was no significant priming effect. In Experiment 2, we increased the SOA to 1,000 ms, and found a significant priming effect with novel words. Finally, there was no significant priming effect with novel words in Experiment 3 that used a 200 ms SOA. A semantic priming effect with familiar words was found in Experiments 1 and 3, but not Experiment 2 (the longest SOA). We interpret these results as providing evidence for the idea that new and existing words are represented differently, with the former encoded outside of conventional language networks as they appear to rely predominantly on slow (strategic) mechanisms to prime related, existing words.

Where does the processing of size meet the processing of space?

Previous studies revealed an S-R compatibility effect between physical stimulus size and response location, with faster left (right) responses to small (large) stimuli, respectively, as compared to the reverse assignments. Here, we investigated the locus of interactions between the processing of size and spatial locations. In Experiment 1, we explored whether stimulus size and stimulus location interact at a perceptual level of processing when responses lack spatiality. The stimuli varied on three feature dimensions (color, size, location), and participants responded vocally to each feature in a separate task. Most importantly, we failed to observe a size-location congruency effect in the color-naming task where S-R compatibility effects were excluded. In Experiment 2, responses to color were spatial, that is, key-presses with the left and right hand. With these responses there was a congruency effect. In addition, we tested the interaction of the size-location compatibility effect with the Simon effect, which is known to originate at the stage of response selection. We observed an interaction between the two effects only with a subsample of participants with slower reaction times (RTs) and a larger size-location compatibility effect in a control condition. Together, the results suggest that the size-location compatibility effect arises at the response selection stage. An extended leaky, competing accumulator model with independent staggered impacts of stimulus size and stimulus location on response selection fits the data of Experiment 2 and specifies how the size-location compatibility effect and the Simon effect can arise during response selection.

Verbal stimuli allow for symmetrical S-R priming effects between size and space.

The spatial-size association of response codes (SSARC) effect refers to the observation that left responses are faster and more accurate to small stimuli whereas right responses are faster and more accurate to large stimuli, as compared to the reverse assignment. The underlying spatial-size associations are strongly asymmetrical with physical size/location stimuli and vocal location/size responses and allow for regular but not reciprocal SSARC effects. Recent evidence, however, points towards an important role of stimulus mode in the emergence of reciprocal compatibility effects. We investigated the reciprocity of the SSARC effect with a different stimulus mode, namely with verbal size/location stimuli and vocal responses. In a size-location task, participants vocally responded to the words "small" or "large" by saying "left" or "right" according to a compatible ("small"-"left"/"large"-"right") or an incompatible mapping ("small"-"right"/"large"-"left"). In a location-size task, participants vocally responded to the words "left" or "right" by saying "small" or "large" according to a compatible ("left"-"small"/"right"-"large") or an incompatible ("left"-"large"/"right"-"small") mapping. We observed a regular and a reciprocal SSARC effect of similar size indicating symmetrical spatial-size associations. While regular SSARC effects thus emerge with verbal and physical size stimuli, reciprocal SSARC effects only emerge with verbal but not with physical location stimuli and vocal responses. Theoretical accounts of the SSARC effect differ in whether they predict reciprocal effects and whether they can account for the effect of stimulus mode on the reciprocal SSARC effect.

Giant magnetocaloric effect of Ni-Co-Mn-Ti all-d Heusler alloys in high magnetic fields

Ni-Co-Mn-Ti all-d Heusler alloys are attracting considerable attention for solid-state caloric cooling applications due to their promising combination of excellent caloric and mechanical properties. Here, we report on the maximum attainable magnetocaloric effect in Ni37Co13Mn34.5Ti15.5, which shows a first-order magnetostructural martensitic transformation around room temperature. Heat capacity measurements reveal a giant transition entropy change of 43.5J(kgK)−1 and are utilized to estimate the magnetocaloric effect as well as the magnetic fields required to saturate it in isothermal and adiabatic conditions. Confirming the results based on this approach, we achieve maximum isothermal entropy changes and directly measured adiabatic temperature changes of 37.8J(kgK)−1 and −20.2K, respectively. Thus, the herein reported maximum attainable magnetocaloric effect outperforms classical Ni-Mn-based Heusler alloys, such as Ni(-Co)-Mn-In. Especially the saturated adiabatic temperature change surpasses all previously published values of magnetic field-induced first-order phase transitions measured around room temperature in pulsed magnetic fields in recent years. Thereby, we demonstrate that Ni(-Co)-Mn-Ti Heusler alloys are particularly suitable for the application of sufficiently large external stimuli to fully induce the phase transition and exploit their intrinsically large caloric effect.

Different grasping experiences affect mapping effects but not correspondence effects between stimulus size and response location.

The so-called spatial-size association of response codes (SSARC) effect denotes that humans respond faster and more accurately with a left response to physically small stimuli and a right response to physically large stimuli, as compared to the opposite mapping. According to an application of the CORE principle to the SSARC effect, the habit to grasp larger/heavier objects with one's dominant hand and smaller/lighter objects with one's non-dominant hand creates spatial-size associations. We investigated if grasping habits play a causal role in the formation of spatial-size associations by testing if the mapping of a preceding object-grasping task affects the size of the SSARC effect in subsequent choice-response tasks with keypress responses. In the object-grasping task, participants were instructed to grasp wooden cubes of variable size either according to a compatible (small-left; large-right) or according to an incompatible (small-right; large-left) mapping. In the choice-response tasks, participants responded with left or right keypresses to the size or color of a small or large stimulus. The results showed that participants with the compatible mapping in the object-grasping task showed a larger SSARC effect in the size discrimination task, but not in the color discrimination task, than participants with the incompatible mapping in the object-grasping task. Results suggest that a short period of practice with different size-location mappings can modulate size-location links used for controlled S-R translation, but not links underlying automatic S-R translation. In general, the results support the hypothesis that grasping habits play a causal role in the formation of spatial-size associations.

Early perceptual locus of suppression during the attentional blink.

The attentional blink (AB) demonstrates that recognizing the second of two targets (T1 and T2) is difficult when they appear in close succession in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream. The AB has been widely accepted as a suppression of T2 processing at the postperceptual stage. The current event-related potential study updates this view by demonstrating the existence of an early perceptual locus of suppression during the AB. Using line drawings of real-life objects as RSVP items, we required participants in Experiment 1 to either discriminate the exact identities or simply classify the object categories of T1 and T2, and in Experiment 2, we instructed participants to discriminate either T1 and T2 identities (dual-target task) or only T2 identity (single-target task) to invalidate the temporal expectation as an alternative account. The results of Experiments 1 and 2 showed that the T2-elicited first positive peak (P1) component was consistently decreased at Lag 3 whenever a dual-target, but not single-target, task was required, and the magnitude of this P1 suppression was significantly predictive of the behavioral AB magnitude in each dual-target task. When the RSVP items were substituted by classic but size-matched alphanumeric characters in Experiment 3, no P1 suppression was evident as expected, ruling out the large stimulus size as an alternative interpretation. These findings provide the strongest evidence to date that the AB can begin to suppress T2 processing at a very early perceptual stage, at least when observers encounter RSVP items of real-life objects, which calls for more flexible cognitive models for the AB. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Salinity limits mosquitofish invasiveness by altering female activity during mate choice

Biological invasions of freshwater habitats are of increasing biological and economical concern, and both, salinity and parasites are considered to be key contributors to invasion success. Salinity, for example, influences the distribution of invasive mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) and native killifish (Aphanius fasciatus) in Europe, with the latter now predominantly confined to high-salinity habitats. Here, we examined how salinity might affect female activity and preference for large and non-parasitized males in multiple populations of mosquitofish and killifish in Sardinia, Italy. We predicted that (1) females of both species would associate preferentially with larger and uninfected males, and that (2) female behavior in both species would be significantly influenced by salinity. We used dichotomous choice tests, in which we presented focal females with video animations of photos of the same male but differing in body size and presence/absence of an ectoparasite (Lernaea cyprinacea). We calculated female preference based on association time and quantified female inactivity as time spent in the central neutral zone during trials. Contrary to prediction 1, females did not prefer the large or uninfected male stimuli over their counterparts in any of the populations. However, while salinity did not significantly affect female preferences, it did significantly affect their activity, with mosquitofish becoming more inactive at higher salinities and killifish exhibiting the opposite pattern, matching prediction 2. These results suggest that salinity limits mosquitofish invasiveness by reducing their activity and thus provides a refuge for the Mediterranean killifish.

Skin‐Inspired High‐Performance E‐Skin With Interlocked Microridges for Intelligent Perception

AbstractElectronic skin is increasingly receiving tremendous attention for its potential applications in medical rehabilitation and human‐machine interaction. However, the trade‐off between detection range and sensitivity of e‐skin has not been well addressed, although various strategies have been proposed. Interlocked microridges between the epidermis and dermis can effectively transfer stress to mechanoreceptors, allowing human skin to exhibit excellent sensitivity even upon both subtle and large external stimuli. Herein, inspired by human skin, a novel bionic e‐skin is developed in which interlocked microridges are introduced between the sensitive layer and interdigitated electrode. Thanks to the interlocked microridges, excellent compression capability and remarkable change of contact area between sensitive layer and interdigitated electrode can be achieved and the e‐skin exhibits an ultrahigh sensitivity (≈1502.5 kPa−1), excellent durability (10 000 cycles), a short response time (10 ms) as well as a wide detection range (≈160 kPa). Moreover, due to the effective transmission of external stress from a sensitive layer to an interdigitated electrode, such bionic e‐skin has ability to detect a wide range of human vital signs and vibrations caused by sound waves. Such facile preparation of bionic interlocked microridges opens a new pathway to achieve high‐performance e‐skins and extend their application prospects in future wearable intelligent systems.

Impact of blur on clinical and occupational colour vision test results.

To evaluate whether colour vision normal (CVN) adults pass two Fletcher-Evans (CAM) lantern tests and to investigate the impact of imposed blur on Ishihara, CAM lantern and computerised colour discrimination test (colour assessment and diagnosis test [CAD] and Cambridge colour test [CCT]) results. In a pilot experiment, 20 (16 CVN and 4 colour vision deficient [CVD]) participants with normal VA were tested with the CAM lantern. In the main experiment, the impact of imposed dioptric blur (up to +8.00 D) on visual acuity and the Ishihara test, CAM lantern, CAD and CCT was assessed for 15 CVN participants. CVN participants can fail the CAM lantern, with specificity of 81.25% (aviation mode) and 75% (clinical mode), despite following the test requirements of participants having at least 0.18 logMAR (6/9) in the better eye. With blur, test accuracy was affected. As expected, significant detrimental effects of blur on test results were found for logMAR VA and CAM lantern (aviation) with +1.00 D or higher. Ishihara, CAD and CCT results were not detrimentally affected until +8.00 D. Yellow-blue discrimination was more affected by blur for the CAD than the CCT, which was not explained by the different colour spaces used or vectors tested. False-positive findings on lantern colour vision tests with small apertures are likely to be increased in patients with blur due to uncorrected refractive error or ocular and visual pathway disease. Other colour vision tests with larger stimuli are more robust to blur.

Influencing Factors and Stimulus-Sensitivity of Chitosan/Polymethacrylic Acid (CS/PMAA) Nanogels as Nanocarriers

ABSTRACT Nanogel, nanosized hydrogel, can contribute to biomedical and pharmaceutical, especially in drug delivery, due to its enthralling properties. Small size, large surface area, hydrophilicity, and stimulus responsiveness of nanogel ameliorate tissue penetration, drug loading capacity, and targeted drug delivery. The current study prepared nanosized, pH-sensitive, biocompatible, and stable chitosan/polymethacrylic acid (CS/PMAA) based nanogels using MBA as a crosslinker and APS as an initiator. FTIR confirmed the reaction between functional groups to synthesize nanogels sufficiently in a spherical shape, as affirmed by a FESEM. DLS data revealed nanosized particles with a size range of 70–170 nm and a range of 6–13 for polydispersity index (PDI). A study showed that 2% of MBA crosslinker is sufficient to achieve the desired crosslinking in 60 minutes reaction time (RT) with nanogel size ~ 92 nm. Increasing RT from 30 to 80 minutes during nanogel synthesis demonstrated a decrease in nanogel sizes from 186–73 nm. Synthesized nanogels have shown pH sensitivity (stimuli responsiveness) in acidic and alkaline mediums with an increase in particle size in pH-2 (~144 nm) and pH-8 (~280 nm) compared to intermediate pHs. The pH sensitivity of nanogels by changing the size per the suspended medium’s pH is crucial for prolonged systemic circulation and targeted drug delivery. Moreover, nanogels have shown good colloidal stability with zeta potential (ZP) +28 mv in acidic and −38 mv alkaline mediums. DSC and XRD results demonstrated thermal stability and amorphous morphology of nanogels, respectively. BET surface analysis revealed the surface area of nanogels in the range of 65–68 cm2/g with an average pore size of 28–32 nm. In-vitro cytotoxicity in the L-929 cell line by MTT assay established the cell viability (>70%) after 24 hours of incubation, substantiating the non-toxicity and biocompatibility of nanogels as nanocarriers for drug delivery.

Assessing preferences for adult versus juvenile features in young animals: Newly hatched chicks spontaneously approach red and large stimuli.

Young precocial birds benefit from staying close to both their mother and their siblings, while prioritising adults, which provide better care. Which features of the stimuli are used by young birds to prioritise approach and eventually attachment to adults over siblings is unknown. We started to address this question in newly hatched domestic chicks (Gallus gallus), focusing on their spontaneous preferences for visual features that systematically vary between adult and juvenile chickens, and that had previously been identified as attractive: size (larger in adults than in juveniles) and colour (darker and redder in adults than in juveniles). Overall, chicks at their first visual experience, that had never seen a conspecific beforehand, were most attracted to the red and large stimuli (two adult features) and spent more time in close proximity with red stimuli than with yellow stimuli. When tested with red large versus small objects (Exp. 1), chicks preferred the large shape. When tested with yellow large and small objects (Exp. 2), chicks did not show a preference. Chicks had a stronger preference for large red stimuli (vs. small yellow objects) than for small red stimuli (vs. a large yellow object) (Exp. 3). These results suggest that the combination of size and colour form the predisposition that helps chicks to spontaneously discriminate between adult and juvenile features from the first stages of life, in the absence of previous experience, exhibiting a preference to approach stimuli with features associated with the presence of adult conspecifics.

Orientation selectivity mapping in the visual cortex

The orientation map is one of the most well-studied functional maps of the visual cortex. However, results from the literature are of different qualities. Clear boundaries among different orientation domains and blurred uncertain distinctions were shown in different studies. These unclear imaging results will lead to an inaccuracy in depicting cortical structures, and the lack of consideration in experimental design will also lead to biased depictions of the cortical features. How we accurately define orientation domains will impact the entire field of research. In this study, we test how spatial frequency (SF), stimulus size, location, chromatic, and data processing methods affect the orientation functional maps (including a large area of dorsal V4, and parts of dorsal V1) acquired by intrinsic signal optical imaging. Our results indicate that, for large imaging fields, large grating stimuli with mixed SF components should be considered to acquire the orientation map. A diffusion model image enhancement based on the difference map could further improve the map quality. In addition, the similar outcomes of achromatic and chromatic gratings indicate two alternative types of afferents from LGN, pooling in V1 to generate cue-invariant orientation selectivity.

Acetylcholine Engages Distinct Amygdala Microcircuits to Gate Internal Theta Rhythm.

Acetylcholine (ACh) is released from basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in response to salient stimuli and engages brain states supporting attention and memory. These high ACh states are associated with theta oscillations, which synchronize neuronal ensembles. Theta oscillations in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in both humans and rodents have been shown to underlie emotional memory, yet their mechanism remains unclear. Here, using brain slice electrophysiology in male and female mice, we show large ACh stimuli evoke prolonged theta oscillations in BLA local field potentials that depend upon M3 muscarinic receptor activation of cholecystokinin (CCK) interneurons (INs) without the need for external glutamate signaling. Somatostatin (SOM) INs inhibit CCK INs and are themselves inhibited by ACh, providing a functional SOM→CCK IN circuit connection gating BLA theta. Parvalbumin (PV) INs, which can drive BLA oscillations in baseline states, are not involved in the generation of ACh-induced theta, highlighting that ACh induces a cellular switch in the control of BLA oscillatory activity and establishes an internally BLA-driven theta oscillation through CCK INs. Theta activity is more readily evoked in BLA over the cortex or hippocampus, suggesting preferential activation of the BLA during high ACh states. These data reveal a SOM→CCK IN circuit in the BLA that gates internal theta oscillations and suggest a mechanism by which salient stimuli acting through ACh switch the BLA into a network state enabling emotional memory.

Lateral ionic-gated graphene synaptic transistor with transition from paired-pulse facilitation to depression for filtering and image recognition

The transition from paired-pulse facilitation to paired-pulse depression is of significant importance for regulating biologic neural network. Here, we fabricate and investigate a lateral ionic-gated graphene synaptic transistor (GST) with short gate length. We control the channel current via e-field-dependent movement and diffusion of ions for realizing the transition from paired-pulse facilitation to depression. This phenomenon comes from the over-diffusion and trapping of a finite number of ions and the short ion-diffusion length under large negative gate pulse stimuli. This device successfully emulates facilitation and depression synaptic functions, for leveraging the accumulation, migration and diffusion of ions. Moreover, enhanced high-pass filtering and conversion from long-term depression to long-term potentiation are achieved by changing pulses time interval. Our results indicate that our device possesses excellent frequency-dependent synaptic plasticity, making it highly suitable for information filtering up to 33 Hz in neuromorphic systems, and image edge enhancement for neural image processing. In additional, a simulated artificial neural network built on lateral ionic-gated GSTs for handwritten digit recognition can achieve a learning accuracy of 82.4 %.

ISCEV standard for clinical pattern electroretinography (2024 update)

The pattern electroretinogram (PERG) is a localized retinal response evoked by a contrast-reversing pattern, usually a black and white checkerboard, which provides information about macular and retinal ganglion cell function. This document, from the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV; www.iscev.org) presents an updated and revised Standard for clinical PERG testing. This replaces the 2013 and all earlier versions. Minimum protocols for basic PERG stimuli, recording methods and reporting are specified, to promote consistency of methods for diagnosis and monitoring purposes, while responding to evolving clinical practices and technology. The main changes in the updated ISCEV Standard for clinical PERG include expanded guidance about large stimulus fields, stimulus parameters for simultaneous PERG and pattern visual evoked potential recording, baseline drift correction, and use of consistent ambient room lighting. These changes aim to provide a clinically relevant document about current practice which will facilitate good quality recordings and inter-laboratory comparisons.

Handedness and effector strength modulate a compatibility effect between stimulus size and response position with manual and vocal responses.

Humans respond more quickly with the left hand to a small stimulus, and with the right hand to a large stimulus, as compared to the reverse mapping (spatial-size association of response codes [SSARC] effect). We investigated the hypothesis that strength differences between the hands contribute to the origin of this effect. Therefore, 80 left-handers and 80 right-handers participated in two experiments. In Experiment 1, participants performed a manual choice-response task in which we manipulated the mapping between physical stimulus size and responding hand. In addition, we measured the strengths of participants' left and right effectors (i.e., finger, hand, and arm). In Experiment 2, we measured the SSARC effect in vocal responses of the same sample. There were four main results. First, participants' dominant effectors were stronger than their nondominant effectors. Second, the SSARC effect occurred in manual and vocal responses with similar size. Third, in both modalities, the SSARC effect was larger in right-handers than in left-handers. Finally, strength differences between effectors (fingers and hands) correlated with the size of the SSARC effect. In sum, results support the hypothesis that functional differences between the hands contribute to the origin of the SSARC effect. In addition, the results suggest that size-space associations have generalized across motor systems, and formed a modality-independent association. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Set size and the orthographic/phonological neighbourhood size effect in serial recognition: The importance of randomization.

The neighbourhood size effect refers to the finding of better memory for words with more orthographic/phonological neighbours than otherwise comparable words with fewer neighbours. Although many studies have replicated this result with serial recall, only one has used serial recognition. Greeno et al. (2022) found no neighbourhood size effect when a large stimulus pool was used and a reverse effect-better performance for small neighbourhood words-when a small stimulus pool was used. We reexamined these results but made two methodological changes. First, for the large pool, we randomly generated lists for each subject rather than creating one set of lists that all subjects experienced. Second, for the small pool, we randomly generated a small pool for each subject rather than using one small pool for all subjects. In both cases, we observed a neighbourhood size effect consistent with results from the serial recall literature. Implications for methodology and theoretical accounts of both the neighbourhood size effect and serial recognition are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Foveal crowding for large and small Landolt Cs: Similarity and Attention

We compare the recognition of foveal crowded Landolt Cs of two sizes: brief (40 ms), large, low-contrast Cs and high-contrast (1 sec) tests at the resolution limit of the visual system. In different series, the test Landolt C was surrounded by two identical distractors located symmetrically along the horizontal or by a single distractor. The distractors were Landolt Cs or rings. At the resolution limit, the critical spacing was similar in the two series and did not depend on the type of distractor. The result supports the hypothesis that crowding at the resolution limit occurs when both the test and the distractors fall into the same smallest receptive field responsible for the target recognition. For large stimuli, at almost all separations distractors of the same shape caused greater impairment than did rings, and recognition errors were non-random. The critical spacing was equal to 0.5 test diameters only in the presence of one distracting Landolt C. This result suggests that attention is involved: When one distractor is added, involuntary attention, which is directed to the centre of gravity of the stimulus, can lead to confusion of features that are present in both tests and distractors and thus to non-random errors.

May the force be with you: exploring force discrimination in chimpanzees using the force-feedback device.

While force-feedback devices have been developed in areas such as virtual reality, there have been very few comparative cognitive studies in nonhuman animals using these devices. In addition, although cross-modal perception between vision and touch has been actively studied in nonhuman primates for several decades, there have been no studies of their active haptic perception. In this study, we attempted to train force discrimination in chimpanzees using a force-feedback device modified from a trackball. Chimpanzees were given different levels of force feedback (8.0 vs. 0.5N) when moving the on-screen cursor to the target area by manipulating the trackball and were required to select one of two choice stimuli based on the force cue. The experiment was conducted using a trial-block procedure in which the same force stimulus was presented for a fixed number of trials, and the force stimulus was changed between blocks. The block size was progressively reduced from ten trials. Four chimpanzees were trained, but none reached the learning criterion (80% or more correct responses under the condition that the force stimuli were presented randomly). However, a detailed analysis of the chimpanzees' performance before and after the trial-block switching revealed that their choice behavior could not be explained by a simple win-stay/lose-shift strategy, suggesting that the switching of the force stimuli affected the chimpanzees' choice behavior. It was also found that the chimpanzees performed better when switching from small to large force stimuli than when switching from large to small force stimuli. Although none of the chimpanzees in this study acquired force discrimination, future studies using such force-feedback devices will provide new insights for understanding haptic cognition in nonhuman primates from a comparative cognitive perspective.

Ameliorated 3 × 3 coupler-based demodulation algorithm using iteratively reweighted ellipse specific fitting.

Passive demodulation scheme using 3 × 3 coupler has been widely used in phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (φ-OTDR), interrogation of fiber Bragg gratings or fiber optic interferometric sensors, and sensor multiplexing. However, the asymmetry of the 3 × 3 coupler in real applications affects the demodulation performance seriously. We proposed an ameliorated 3 × 3 coupler-based demodulation algorithm using iteratively reweighted ellipse specific fitting (IRESF) to overcome the drawback. IRESF combines iterative reweight technology with ellipse specific fitting, which decreases the weights of high noise points and always outputs ellipse solutions. Any two output signals from the 3 × 3 coupler-based interferometer are fitted by the IRESF and then corrected as a pair of quadrature signals. The stability of the fitting parameters is utilized to resolve the failures of IRESF under small signals. A real-time 1/4 ellipse arc judging module is designed, if the Lissajous figure is larger than 1/4 ellipse arc, IRESF is executed to offer ellipse correction parameters. Otherwise, the fixed parameters preset in the algorithm are used. The fixed parameters are mean values of the fitting parameters of IRESF under a large stimulus. The desired phase signal is finally extracted from the corrected quadrature signals. Experimental results show that the ameliorated algorithm does not require strict symmetry of the 3 × 3 coupler and can work under small signals. The noise floor of the proposed algorithm is -112 dB re rad/√Hz and the demodulated amplitude is 23.15 dB (14.37 rad) at 1 kHz when THD is 0.0488%. Moreover, the response linearity is as high as 99.999%. Compared to the algorithm using direct least squares, the proposed demodulation algorithm is more robust and precise, which has broad application prospects.