Large Processing Research Articles

Debating Sharī‘a in Contemporary Indonesia

The transformation of Sharia into a legal code in different Muslim countries is not an easy process. Let alone in Indonesia, this transformation has included dialogues, conflicts and tensions between multiple groups. In the last two decades, along with the growing up of democratic life, this tension has given rise to the emergence of so-called ‘progressive’ and ‘conservative’ movements. Debates among them continue to rage even more intensely. On the other hand, as this article has argued, the development of Islamic family law in Indonesia has demonstrated the increase in the use of modern approaches to Islamic jurisprudence. Nevertheless, the State authority seems to have a decisive power to intervene the content and to determine the result of the debate. Accordingly, I would like to value all these political and legal processes as an inseparable part of the larger process of a public sphere in the Indonesian reformasi era.

Distributed Algorithms for Multiple Path Backbone Discovery in Thick Linear Sensor Networks

Continued advancements in microprocessors, electronics, and communication technology have led to the design and development of sensing devices with increased functionalities, smaller sizes, larger processing, storage, and communication capabilities, and decreased cost. A large number of these sensor nodes are used in many environmental, infrastructure, commercial, and military monitoring applications. Due to the linearity of a good number of the monitored structures such as oil, gas, and water pipelines, borders, rivers, and roads, the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that are used to monitor them have a linear topology. This type of WSN is called a linear sensor network (LSN). In this paper, two distributed algorithms for topology discovery in thick LSNs are presented: the linear backbone discovery algorithm (LBD) and the linear backbone discovery algorithm with x backbone paths (LBDx). Both of them try to construct a linear backbone for efficient routing in LSNs. However, the LBD algorithm has the objective of minimizing the number of messages used during the backbone discovery process. On the other hand, the LBDx algorithm focuses on reducing the number of hops of the data messages transmitted from the nodes to the sink. LBD and LBDx exhibit good properties and efficient performance, which are confirmed by extensive simulations.

Fiqh Reconsidered: Indigenization and Universalization of Islamic Law in Indonesia

Abstract Developments in the Islamic world outside of the MENA region traditionally receive little scientific attention. Contrary to this trend, this article focuses on current debates on and developments in the methodology of Islamic Law in Indonesia that are intertwined with the larger process referred to as ‘indigenization of Islam’ in the Southeast Asian country. The pluralistic nature of law in Indonesia leaves room for a rather theoretical and non-juridical discussion of fiqh and enables a renewed exploration of Islamic Law. While easily perceived as a purely religious endeavor, this process comprises important political, social, and religious components and aims at balancing out religious and legal demands and Indonesian culture. By taking various documents and multiple perspectives on Islamic Law into account, this article illustrates the emergence of a genuinely Indonesian Islam and proves how elements of indigenization, globalization, and universalization characterize the process.

Dressed and Blessed: The Abraham Family, Brit Milah and Dress in Colonial Ballarat, 1850–1900

ABSTRACT This article investigates how Jewish women negotiated their familial, social and religious identifications in the more private realm of the home and domestic sphere in colonial Australia. The life of Rebecca Abraham (nee Crawcour), a Jewish woman, and the three white baby dresses she lovingly made for her children give a fascinating glimpse into the hidden world of the colonial Jewish mother and the important life rituals (brit milah) of her children. As Rebecca demonstrates, faith, family and motherhood continued to define one another on the Central Victorian Goldfields, though in altered ways as Jewish families responded to the colonial environment and surrounding society. Through a material culture and micro-historical approach, this article argues that Jewish women were important mediators of a middle-class identity, contributing to the larger process of acculturation for the Jewish community in subtle yet significant ways. This article provides the first study addressing the connection between infant dress, brit milah (circumcision ceremony) and the identities of colonial Jewish families, touching upon several significant research gaps to uncover the familial and maternal lives of colonial Jewish women.

Calling the police from the ‘ghetto’: legal consciousness amongst ethnic minority parents

ABSTRACT Ethnic minority communities in Nordic countries are increasingly subject to stereotypical and proactive policing practices. These developments have inspired new research on police-community relations. This article presents findings on police cooperativeness amongst ethnic minority parents residing in a disadvantaged neighbourhood in Denmark, based on qualitative data from a ten-month field study. Taking a ‘critical legal consciousness’ approach, the analysis describes how the parents conceptualize the need to call the police based on their combined evaluation of ‘problematic situations’, expected outcome of involving the police and alternative actions they might take instead of calling the police. Although experiences of negative police encounters were found to be a key factor causing parents to be hesitant to call the police, certain situational factors were found to overrule such experiences and inspired cooperativeness. These are particularly those which parents described as dangerous or as threatening to the wider community. The article discusses whether ethnic minority parents’ willingness to call the police reflects a larger process of internal social distancing between law-abiding residents and a minority of undesirable deviants. The findings have implications for improving police-community relations and provide nuanced insights into the social life of a marginalized community.

Ein guter Hirte und Bürokrat oder: Was macht einen kompetenten Bischof aus?

A Good Shepherd and Bureaucrat or: What Makes a Good Bishop? Elite Recruitment as the Purpose of Roman Administrative Reform in the Late 17th Century Religious reforms characterized the Italian episcopacy during the 18th century. This article aims to show that these reforms were not so much driven by ideational issues but were the result of a lasting administrative reform. In 1676, Innocent XI had started a comprehensive process of bureaucratisation in the Roman Curia with the help of his auditor Giovanni Battista de Luca. Within this larger process, the pope appointed de Luca secretary of a new congregation that was supposed to select the most suitable candidates for Italian episcopal sees. Although this congregation was entitled to make decisions only in a few minor cases (since, in most Italian territories, the pope did not choose the new bishops) and although it worked only for about four years, it achieved long-term success. On the one hand, de Luca developed procedures that provided a permanent boost to the bureaucratisation process; on the other hand, he presented this new policy to a broad readership through his books. However, he did not describe his reforms as innovations but as a reconfiguration of the bureaucratic status quo in the Curia.

Non-resumable scheduling on a single bounded parallel-batch machine with periodic maintenance

We consider the problem of scheduling a set of jobs with different processing times and sizes on a single bounded parallel-batch machine with periodic maintenance. Because the machine is in batch-processing model and the capacity is fixed, several jobs can be processed simultaneously in a batch provided that the total size of the jobs in the batch doesn’t exceed the machine capacity. And the processing time of a batch is the largest processing time of the jobs contained in the batch. Meanwhile, the production of each batch is non-resumable, that is, if a batch cannot be completed processing before some maintenance, that batch needs to be processed anew once the machine returns available. Our goal is to minimize the makespan. We first consider two special cases where the jobs have the same sizes or the same processing times, both of which are strongly NP-hard. We present two different approximation algorithms for them and show that these two algorithms have the same tight worst-case ratio of 2. We then consider the general case where the jobs have the arbitrary processing times and arbitrary sizes, for which we propose a 17/5-approximation algorithm.

The resources, exergetic and environmental footprint of the silicon photovoltaic circular economy: Assessment and opportunities

The photovoltaic industry has shown vigorous growth over the last decade and will continue on its trajectory to reach terawatt-level deployment by 2022–2023 and an estimated 4.5 TW by 2050. Presently, its elaboration is driven primarily by cost reduction. Growth will, however, be fuelled by the consumption of various resources, bringing with it unavoidable losses and environmental, economic, and societal impacts. Additionally, strong deployment growth will be trailed by waste growth, which needs to be managed, to support Sustainable Development and Circular Economy (CE). A rigorous approach to quantifying the resource efficiency, circularity and sustainability of complex PV life cycles, and exploring opportunities for partially sustaining industry growth through the recovery of high-quality secondary resources is needed.We create a high-detail digital twin of a Silicon PV life cycle using process simulation. The scalable, predictive simulation model accounts for the system's non-linearities by incorporating the physical and thermochemical principles that govern processes down to the unit operation level. Neural network-based surrogate functions are subsequently used to analyse the system's response to variations in end-of-life and kerf recycling in terms of primary resource and power consumption, PV power generation capacity, and CO2 emission. Applying the second law of thermodynamics, opportunities for improving the sustainability of unit operations, the larger processes they are the building blocks of, and the system as a whole are pinpointed, and the technical limits of circularity highlighted. We show the significant effects changes in technology can have on the conclusions drawn from such analyses.

Abstract processes and conflicts in place/transition systems

For one-safe Petri nets or condition/event-systems, a process as defined by Carl Adam Petri provides a notion of a run of a system where causal dependencies are reflected in terms of a partial order. Goltz and Reisig have generalised this concept for nets where places carry multiple tokens, by distinguishing tokens according to their causal history. However, this so-called individual token interpretation is often considered too detailed. Here we identify a subclass of Petri nets, called structural conflict nets, where no interplay between conflict and concurrency due to token multiplicity occurs. For this subclass, we define abstract processes as equivalence classes of Goltz-Reisig processes. We justify this approach by showing that there is a largest abstract process if and only if the underlying net is conflict-free with respect to a canonical notion of conflict.

El futuro se repite: priming effects in Spanish future expressions

Spanish shows variation between two future expressions. The synthetic future (SF) is marked morphologically while the periphrastic future (PF) is constructed with the verb ir ‘to go’ and an infinitive. Previous studies have described the semantic factors that determine the use of these expressions. The effects of priming in the selection of these expressions have yet to be addressed. Our results showed that a combination of factors contributes to the occurrence of the SF: priming effect; certainty; and verb frequency. We demonstrated that cognitive factors in combination with semantic ones should be taken into consideration when talking about the variation between the SF and the PF in Spanish. Our study also provides evidence for the fact that the obsolescing construction, the SF, will have a stronger priming effect in the larger process of language variation and change. Our work offers an important addition to the literature about the effects of persistence and entrenchment in language since we demonstrated that speakers are sensitive to contextual activation and language use factors.

A Two-Stage X-Band 20.7-dBm Power Amplifier in 40-nm CMOS Technology

For higher integration density, X-band power amplifiers (PAs) with CMOS technology have been widely discussed in recent publications. However, with reduced power supply voltage and device size, it is a great challenge to design a compact PA with high output power and power-added efficiency (PAE). In the proposed design, a 40-nm standard CMOS process is used for higher integration with other RF building blocks, compared with other CMOS PA designs with larger process node. Transistor cells are designed with neutralization capacitors to increase stability and gain performance of the PA. As a trade-off among gain, output power, and PAE, the transistor cells in driving stage and power stage are biased for class A and class AB operation, respectively. Both transistor cells consist of two transistors working in differential mode. Furthermore, transformer-based matching networks (TMNs) are used to realize a two-stage X-band CMOS PA with compact size. The PA achieves an effective conductivity (EC) of 117.5, which is among the highest in recently reported X-band PAs in CMOS technology. The PA also attains a saturated output power (Psat) of 20.7 dBm, a peak PAE of 22.4%, and a gain of 25.6 dB at the center frequency of 10 GHz under a 1 V supply in 40-nm CMOS.

Avoiding the most common vulnerability-management pitfalls

Vulnerability management (VM) can seem unmanageable at times. But the key to successful VM is working smarter rather than harder. If you approach VM intelligently and prioritise appropriately, you can keep the number of resulting tasks from spiralling out of control. Vulnerability management (VM) can seem unmanageable at times. But the key to successful VM is working smarter rather than harder. Often the devil is in the details as well as the larger processes. That's why it's good practice to step back and evaluate your vulnerability-management programme from end to end. If you approach VM intelligently and prioritise appropriately, you can keep the number of resulting tasks from spiralling out of control, argues Mieng Lim of Digital Defense.

Working class youth transitions as a litmus test for change: labour crisis and social conflict in Arab Mediterranean countries

ABSTRACT The article reconceptualizes the issue of youth precariousness and unemployment by taking empirical data from five Arab Mediterranean countries, namely Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Occupied Palestinian Territories and Lebanon. It demonstrates that youth worsening labour conditions point not only to the problems of a specific age-cohort in entering the labour market but also to a much larger process of change that can be best understood as the creation of a new working class which is by far more precarious and fragmented than the post-independence one. The reaction to the profound reconfiguration of labour relations is intense, as the unparalleled labour-related protests in the region demonstrate. However, current dynamics of mobilization reveal many tensions between wage, secure workers, and precarious unemployed youth, as well as between secure-workers themselves due to growing fragmentation of the working class, but also to repressive and divide et impera strategies carried out by regimes.

Process evaluation of the response of nursing homes to the implementation of the dementia-specific case conference concept WELCOME-IdA: A qualitative study

BackgroundThe implementation of clearly structured dementia-specific case conferences could be an important tool to enable nursing staff to properly analyse and manage challenging behaviour in nursing home residents with dementia. A process evaluation of the responses of nursing homes to the implementation of WELCOME-IdA (Wittener model of case conferences for people with dementia – the Innovative dementia-oriented Assessment tool) was carried out to gain insight into which key elements of the intervention were adopted by the nursing homes and which elements were adapted.MethodsThis study was part of a larger process evaluation using a qualitative design. Thirty-four semi-structured telephone interviews and 15 focus group interviews were conducted in four nursing homes. The interviews were analysed using deductive content analysis, although inductive categories have been developed.ResultsNursing home staff adopted the roles of moderator, case reporter, keeper of the minutes and reflection partner in WELCOME-IdA, but the selection of the staff members who filled these roles differed across nursing homes. The recommended group size of 5–8 participants per case conference was sometimes adopted. The key element of having core nursing teams who participated continuously in all case conferences was not adopted at all. Instead, there was a high level of rotation among staff members. The pre-defined process structure of WELCOME-IdA was adapted in such a way that the assessment of the residents’ behaviour and the selection of the relevant domain for the behaviour analysis were conducted in advance of the case conference. The evaluation of the interventions was also organized differently.ConclusionThe scope of the response implies that WELCOME-IdA requires further adaptation to the requirements of nursing processes in nursing homes. The results provide important information on the selection of role keepers and offer insights into a) how knowledge of the structured training was circulated and transformed into self-organized case conferences and b) how knowledge was circulated throughout the entire processing of one case. Thus, these results can be used to optimize intervention and implementation. Overall, the intervention should allow more possibilities for tailored adaptation than it currently does.

Decolonising the ‘autonomy of affect’ in volunteer tourism encounters

Promotion of volunteer tourism is couched within notions of ‘giving back’, drawing on affective sentiments of ‘care’, ‘compassion’ and ‘empathy’, reinforced by neo-colonial and neoliberal notions of developmental aid. It is not surprising then, that scholars are turning to theories of affect to make sense of the embodied, emotional aspects of the volunteering experience. We build on this emerging research trajectory by arguing that in drawing attention to the unequal geographies of international volunteering, the complexities and nuances of affect and emotion demand an engagement with theories that are more attuned to ambiguity, in order to open up dialogue for multiple possibilities. We critically engage with extant theorisations of affect as autonomous in volunteer tourism encounters to explore these possibilities. However we find a tendency within the conceptualisations of affect as autonomous (re)creates binaries, albeit in distinctive forms - with a focus on possibility - to the detriment of power. We therefore turn to decolonial feminist contributions to understand subjectivity, positionality and the pivotal role of the body in research in non-binary ways. We use this framing to reflexively re-engage with fieldwork six years on from a volunteer tourism site in Ecuador to demonstrate the nuances and complexities of theorising the affective aspects of volunteer tourism encounters. We focus this analysis around three key themes that arose in this re-engagement with the fieldwork: i) vulnerability and unlearning ii) critical intimacy and iii) affective closures. We conclude by arguing that the affective spaces in volunteer tourism are at once bound up in, and shaped by, the larger processes of neoliberalism and neo-colonial legacies, while at the same time, they contain borderland encounters of intersubjective relationalities and moments of vulnerability, care, critical intimacy and emergent decolonising connections.

Painting Culture, Painting Nature: Stephen Mopope, Oscar Jacobson, and the Development of Indian Art in Oklahoma by Gunlög Fur

Reviewed by: Painting Culture, Painting Nature: Stephen Mopope, Oscar Jacobson, and the Development of Indian Art in Oklahoma by Gunlög Fur Hadley Jerman Painting Culture, Painting Nature: Stephen Mopope, Oscar Jacobson, and the Development of Indian Art in Oklahoma. By Gunlög Fur. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019. Pp. 368. Illustrations, maps, notes, bibliography, index.) Late in the 1920s, a group of Kiowa artists arrived at the University of Oklahoma (OU) to study under the patronage of Oscar Brousse Jacobson (1882–1966), a Swedish-born painter and head of the university’s art department. The eldest member of the influential group who would collectively become known as the Kiowa Six—and the only member of the group to make painting a lifelong pursuit—Stephen Mopope (1898–1974), forged a lasting friendship with Jacobson. Gunlög Fur’s compelling text traces Jacobson’s and Mopope’s “concurrent histories” as part of a “larger process . . . of how American Indians and immigrants in different circumstances and localities forged alliances and collaborative partnerships in order to protect and advance both cultural distinctiveness and political inclusion” (6–7). While acknowledging the power structures that pervaded their interaction, Fur explores how Mopope’s and Jacobson’s lives intertwined and shaped twentieth-century Native American art. Part 1 of Fur’s account begins in the 1860s—seven decades before Jacobson and Mopope met at OU in 1926. This long view allows her to place Mopope’s and Jacobson’s “encounter”—which does not occur until chapter four—within alternating contexts of Kiowa history and the Swedish immigrant experience on the Southern Plains. Part 2 draws on interviews, oral histories, and archival sources to reconstruct the interaction between the Kiowa artists and Jacobson. In part 3, Fur follows Jacobson’s and Mopope’s careers and influence on widening circles of artists. Thus, while in part a double biography, the book functions primarily as a narrative of a complex moment in history as told through the “entangled” interactions between two highly influential but overlooked figures in American art history. The book is significant as the first full-length, serious scholarly examination of Mopope’s life and relationship with the Swedish professor. The agency Fur accords Mopope throughout the text is refreshing, as is her deft weaving together of multiple—sometimes contradictory—perspectives on Jacobson and the Kiowa Six mined from archives across the Southern Plains. She relies heavily on what she terms “silent archives” (15)—oral histories—shared by Mopope’s granddaughter, Vanessa Paukeigope Jennings; the unpublished memoirs of Jeanne d’Ucel (Jacobson’s wife); and interviews of Mopope’s contemporaries at OU: artists James Auchiah, Lois Smoky, and Olinka Hrdy. The “silent archive” notably absent from Fur’s otherwise impressively researched study is Jacobson’s and Mopope’s art. A small section of color plates at the center of the book and black-and-white family photographs [End Page 469] spread throughout are intriguing and well chosen, but there is surprisingly minimal discussion of Mopope’s (or Jacobson’s) art in the book. Fur seems uncomfortable discussing images, often relying on the words of art historians Janet Berlo, Ruth Phillips, and Laura Smith. Her apparent discomfort in addressing art is perhaps most obvious in her mistaking a peace pipe for a gun in Chiricahua Apache sculptor Allan Houser’s bronze sculpture, May We Have Peace, on the OU campus (283). Had Fur afforded the art produced by Houser, let alone Jacobson and Mopope, the attention she devotes to oral histories, she would have found much to support her discussion. But Fur never intended to write an art history, as she states from the outset. The book instead makes an important and engaging contribution to the remarkably thin literature on the Kiowa Six. Fur succeeds in weaving together diverse perspectives to share the intersecting biographies of two men and the history of their relationship in a pivotal moment in Native American—and more broadly, American—art history. Hadley Jerman Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art, University of Oklahoma Copyright © 2020 The Texas State Historical Association

Modeling and Solving Scheduling Problem with m Uniform Parallel Machines Subject to Unavailability Constraints

The problem investigated in this paper is scheduling on uniform parallel machines, taking into account that machines can be periodically unavailable during the planning horizon. The objective is to determine planning for job processing so that the makespan is minimal. The problem is known to be NP-hard. A new quadratic model was developed. Because of the limitation of the aforementioned model in terms of problem sizes, a novel algorithm was developed to tackle big-sized instances. This consists of mainly two phases. The first phase generates schedules using a modified Largest Processing Time ( L P T )-based procedure. Then, theses schedules are subject to further improvement during the second phase. This improvement is obtained by simultaneously applying pairwise job interchanges between machines. The proposed algorithm and the quadratic model were implemented and tested on variously sized problems. Computational results showed that the developed quadratic model could optimally solve small- to medium-sized problem instances. However, the proposed algorithm was able to optimally solve large-sized problems in a reasonable time.

Mapping Racial Boundaries: For Whom Do Varying Racial Identities Decrease Happiness?

Racial boundaries are hard to measure but consequential for understanding larger processes of racial inequality. Some argue that the racial hierarchy is expanding to include a third category for non-black minority identities while others believe that a binary racial hierarchy will persist as many non-black minorities will come to be seen as white. I use the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997 to investigate how racial identities that vary (either because racial identities changed across survey waves or because racial identities are incongruent with interviewer perceptions) speak to each of these theories. I assess the frequency of different racial variations and how different patterns of racial variations are associated with individuals’ perceived level of happiness. When racial identities vary across time, context, or the perception of others, the work required to negotiate a racial identity can take a psychological toll and may decrease happiness. I find support for the whitening hypothesis; the most common type of racial variation includes respondents classified as non-black minorities by a household member later claiming a white identity. And, for those individuals, claiming a white identity is congruent with how they are perceived by interviewers. In addition, only for individuals who crossed black boundaries is racial variability consequential to perceived happiness, evidencing a strong racial boundary between black and anything else and more permeability in the boundary between non-black minorities and whites.

Interactive documentary at the intersection of performance and mediation: navigating ‘invisible’ histories and ‘inaudible’ stories in the United States

ABSTRACTExamining four interactive documentaries, this article analyzes how performance and mediation can encourage curosity, empathy, and accountability in relation to complex issues and perspectives that cannot be always represented with any pretense of objectivity or ethics in conventional analogue practices. They can foreground emotional and affective registers as meaningful – sometimes more meaningful than the empirical and rational registers typically prioritized in analogue media. They model a critical engagement with digital evidence, tactile interfaces, and locative experiences to navigate a postcolonial/transnational United States and allow for potentially multi-perspectival understandings of issues. Documentary studies historically focused on visible or audible evidence. It has paid less attention to invisible and inaudible evidence. By activating invisible geographies, interactive documentaries facilitate new ways of imagining relationships and new ways of enacting collaborative solutions to problems that are larger than any one of us. They can instruct in ways to navigate larger processes, such as forced migration and global warming. Rather than the universalizing revolutions of past centuries – industrial revolutions, anticolonial revolutions – the current moment demands micro-revolutions and micro-assemblies. In addition to devoting our intellectual energies and financial resources in 360° VR as a new mode for documentary presentation, we can focus on less expensive technologies that allow underrepresented perspectives to affect audiences.

One Dyadic Peace Leads to Another? Conflict Systems, Terminations, and Net Reduction in Fighting Groups

AbstractGovernments often fight multiple civil conflicts simultaneously and each conflict can have multiple groups. Prior research on civil war termination and recurrence has been conducted at either the conflict level, once all the groups have been terminated, or the dyadic level, which examines group terminations in a conflict separately as more or less independent processes. Hence, conflict-level studies mostly tell us how to preserve peace once a civil war has already ended, while dyadic studies mostly tell us about the durability of specific group-level terminations within the larger process that led to that ending. As a result, our understanding of how ongoing civil wars are brought to a close is limited, particularly, with respect to multiparty conflicts. In this study, we put forth a systems approach that treats dyadic terminations as connected processes where group terminations influence the future behavior of other groups, incentivizing the system toward greater aggregate peace or conflict. Analyzing 264 dyadic terminations, the findings suggest that the most effective strategy for governments to reduce systemic conflict is to demonstrate to other groups that they have the political will and capacity to implement security, political, and social reforms as part of a larger reform-oriented peace process. Viable implementation can be followed by the concomitant use of military victories against remaining groups with great success. However, military victories achieved in isolation, that is, outside of a reform-process, do not reduce future levels of conflict even if they themselves are durable.