Large Motorcycles Research Articles

Analysis of atmospheric emissions associated with on-road and inland waterway transport in Vietnam: Past, current and future control scenarios

On-road traffic usually receives higher priority for emissions control than other transport modes. To justify the emission control priority, our study provides comprehensive analysis of annual emissions from on-road traffic and inland waterway transport in Vietnam during 2010–2019. On-road transport emissions, both running and start-up, were quantified with bottom-up approach using provincial activity data and relevant emission factors which were scrutinized to reflect actual fleet technologies in each province. Inland waterway transport emissions, estimated for the first time for the country, were calculated using fuel consumption and registered vessel data. Total emissions progressively increased during the decade. On-road transport contributed predominantly, sharing from 85% for SO2 to 99.9% for CH4 in 2019. Before enforcement of lower fuel S content being effective in 2016, inland waterway contributed more to SO2 emissions (>59%). Engine start-up emissions of the on-road traffic, which have not been previously quantified, contributed significantly, e.g., up to 53% of the total evaporative VOC of the total on-road emissions in 2019. The large motorcycle (MC) fleet shared most of gaseous emissions, while diesel fleet contributed significantly to emissions of PM, carbonaceous aerosol, NOx, and SO2. Nearly half of total 20-yr GWP from the two transport modes in 2019 was from black carbon. EuroIV scenario reduces emissions by 2–72% while that of MC-50 (cut-down 50% of MC activities) reduces by 0.2–7%. The emission inventory results provide science-based information to prioritize control efforts and are useful for air quality modeling to quantify impacts of different interventions on ambient air quality.

Regulated and unregulated emissions and exhaust flow measurement of four in-use high performance motorcycles

Exhaust emissions from four larger motorcycles, 599–1078 cm 3 engine displacement, 2008 to 2015 model years, were measured on a chassis dynamometer using cold and hot engine start World Motorcycle Transient Cycle. Raw exhaust gas was sampled and analyzed online by a portable FTIR analyzer, providing mid-infrared spectra which was resolved for greenhouse gases CO 2 , methane and N 2 O, and for NO, NO 2 , NH 3 , CO and formaldehyde. Total number of non-volatile particles was measured by a portable counter. Particle size distributions were measured by fast electric mobility sizers, each with a different diluter. As a novel approach, useful for on-road measurements, exhaust flow was measured using a high time resolution Pitot tube, resolving rapid pulsations and reverse flows in the exhaust pipe which were often of higher magnitude than the average flow. The fuel consumption inferred from carbon emissions calculated from measured exhaust flow and the exhaust gas composition measured by the portable FTIR was, for all bikes, within 6% of the gravimetric fuel consumption measurement. The CO 2 , CO and NO emissions based on diluted exhaust gas sampled from a full-flow dilution tunnel were comparable to those based on raw exhaust gas composition and exhaust flow measured by the fast-response Pitot tube. Emissions of NH 3 were 27–273 mg/km and were associated primarily with fuel-rich operation during transients, while emissions of NO were 30–509 mg/km were associated with slightly lean operation and/or high exhaust flows, suggesting the three-way catalytic converters were perhaps undersized, but generally working, and the emissions of NO and NH 3 are attributed primarily to non-stoichiometric operation, primarily during transients. Methane and N 2 O constituted about 1% of the global warming potential of CO 2 . The average number of non-volatile particles per km varied from 26 to 270 billion (2.6–27 × 10 11 ). From all particles within the 5–560 nm range, 29–75% were smaller than 23 nm. Particle sizers were reporting higher concentrations of nanoparticles when connected to a heated two-stage ejector diluter compared to a rotating disc diluter. • CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O, NO, NO 2 , NH 3 , formaldehyde measured with portable FTIR, WMTC cycle. • Exhaust flow measured with high resolution Pitot tube capable of on-road use. • Total carbon emissions within 6% (avg 3%) of direct measurement of fuel flow. • NO 30–509 mg/km, NH 3 27–273 mg/km, high share of non-stoichiometric transients. • 26–270 billion non-volatile particles/km; 29–75% of all 5–560 nm particles <23 nm.

The Relationships among Leisure Motivation, Leisure Attitude, Perceived Value and Happiness for Motorcycle Riders

The purpose of this research is to explore the correlation between leisure motivation, leisure attitude, perceived value and happiness of large heavy motorcycle riders. Taking knights in the central region of Taiwan as the research object, the questionnaire was distributed by intentional sampling. A total of 515 questionnaires were distributed, and 427 valid questionnaires (82.9%) were returned. The questionnaire was verified by descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. The results found that leisure motivation, leisure attitude, and perceived value significantly positively affect happiness, and leisure attitude significantly positively affects perceived value. In addition, leisure attitude and perceived value also play an intermediary role between leisure motivation and happiness. Large heavy-duty riders choose to participate in self-preferred riding activities to obtain a pleasant experience of their self-demand, subtly improve overall life satisfaction, and effectively promote happiness.

Widespread Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Transmission Among Attendees at a Large Motorcycle Rally and their Contacts, 30 US Jurisdictions, August-September, 2020.

The 2020 Sturgis Motorcycle rally resulted in widespread transmission of SARS-CoV-2 across the United States. At least 649 COVID-19 cases were identified, including secondary and tertiary spread to close contacts. To limit transmission, persons attending events should wear masks and practice physical distancing. Persons with a known exposure should quarantine and obtain COVID-19 testing.

Analisis Pengaruh Jumlah Produksi Sepeda Motor dan Jumlah Tenaga Kerja Industri Komponen Sepeda Motor terhadap Gross Domestic Product Di Indonesia 1998-2003

Japan's fourth largest motorcycle company in Indonesia are PT.Astra Honda Motor, PT.Yamaha Motor Kencana Indonesia, PT.Suzuki Indomobil and PT.Kawasaki Motor Indonesia, and have more than 90% market shares, which make them able to represent the entire motorcycle industry. Total production of the company is showing a positive trend towards Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Indonesia from 1998 to 2003. In addition, motorcycle parts industry was important to the GDP of Indonesia because the industry requires the presence of components for assembly. This study aims to find out and analyze the linkages Indonesia's GDP from 1998 to 2003, the number of motorcycle production in four Japanese motorcycle companies in Indonesia and the amount of employment in the motorcycle parts industry. The data used are primary and secondary data. There are three hypotheses to be tested. These results prove that in fact the number of Japan's motorcycle production company affect Indonesia's GDP, and the number of Japan's motorcycle production company does not affect the amount of labor motorcycle parts industry significantly. In addition, the GDP did not affect the amount of labor motorcycle parts industry significantly. It is proven that there are some discrepancy between theory and practice.

The Night Wolves : Klub Motor Patriotis Milik Rusia

In February 2014, The Night Wolves Motorcycle Club, Rusia’s first and largest Motorcycle Club, became one of the Non-state Actors who played a role in Rusia’s military operation to annex Crimea although in 1989 they protested against the Soviet Union governance and called for freedom of the people. This paper aimed to explore the evolution of the Night Wolves Motorcycle Club from the protester of Russia’s government to a patriotic organization who support the government, describe the ideology of the Night Wolves motorcycle club, and analyzes the role of the Night Wolves motorcycle club in Ukraine. In addition, this article will explore the Rusian’s “Putin’s Sistema” as a way to outsource the non-state actors to help Rusia in any of its policy which talks about the reason why an actor in international scope is doing something based on its ideology and norm. This paper will use social movement as its theory.

A Study of Industrial Safety Measures with Special Reference to Automobile Manufacturing Industry

In India, automotive is one of the largest industries showing impressive growth over the years and has been significantly making increasing contribution to overall industrial development in the country. Presently, India is the world’s second largest manufacturer of two wheelers, fifth largest manufacturer of commercial vehicles as well as largest manufacturer of tractors. It is the fourth largest passenger car market in Asia as well as a home to the largest motor cycle manufacturer. Purpose of study is to assess the safety measures to be taken in an automobile manufacturing industry and to provide suggestions for better safety measures can be applied in automobile manufacturing industry. Present study is Descriptive, Exploratory and empirical in nature. Sources of data are primary as well as secondary. Study is done with special reference to Force Motors Ltd. Safety provisions implied at Force Motors were observed and analysed. Statistical tools used are Bar charts and pie charts etc.

Application of Titanium and its Alloys for Automobile Parts

Titanium and its alloys have been applied to motorcycles and automobiles in order to reduce the weight of their component parts. In recent years, titanium exhaust systems, engine valves and connecting rods have been widely applied mainly to sports type or large motorcycles. In addition to Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-Al-Fe alloys which utilize Fe as an inexpensive and a common alloying element are used for engine valves and connecting rods. In exhaust systems, such as mufflers, at first, Gr.2 commercially pure titanium sheets have been mainly used because of their high cold formability. Furthermore, several titanium alloys to which Cu, Al, Si and Nb are added have been actively developed in order to improve strength, creep properties, oxidation resistance and so on at elevated temperatures, as service temperature becomes higher. Also, due to the development of processing technologies, the same methods and processes that are used for manufacturing steel parts have been applied to titanium ones, and the application of titanium has recently been expanded to fracture-split connecting rods and fuel tanks. Newly, titanium foil has been adopted as a separator of PEFC used in fuel cell vehicles from the viewpoints of excellent corrosion resistance and cold formability. As mentioned above, in this presentation, the technical contents of titanium products and parts developed for motorcycles and automobiles are reviewed.

Monitoring the Number of Vehicles on Highway Using Frame Difference Method

&lt;p&gt;Indonesia is a country with the third largest motorcycle rider in the world after China and India. One of the biggest cities in Indonesia is Bandung is a city that often experience traffic congestion, especially during peak hours and weekends because of population growth, urbanization and transmigration has increased and not comparable with the growth and development of adequate infrastructure so that frequent traffic jams.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this study, the authors developed a traffic monitoring system to calculate the number of vehicles using the Frame Difference method. To implement the method contained in this paper in calculating the number of vehicles passing on a highway by using two different points of view. The assumption in this research is using static background assumption.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Based on the result of the research, it is found that the performance of video from Toll Pasteur with the viewing angle has 8.21% error and Purbaleunyi Toll with vertical angle has 4.43% error by using some filter and morphological operation. Conversely, if without using filters and morphological operations have an error of 175.22% in Pasteur Toll and 115.44% at Purbaleunyi Toll.&lt;/p&gt;

The environmental and cost performance of current and future motorcycles

This work presents an integrative approach to environmental and cost assessment of current and future motorcycle technologies for four motorcycle size categories, three powertrain types, and a variety of fuel supply chains. We consider conventional gasoline (ICEV), battery electric (BEV) and fuel cell electric (FCEV) motorcycles with production years from 1990 to 2030. Motorcycle energy consumption is modelled based on the world harmonized motorcycle test cycle and calibrated with data measured from existing motorcycles. We model the potential future performance of motorcycles by adapting the model input parameters according to historic trends and future component performance predictions. We find that smaller motorcycles have much better environmental performance than larger motorcycles, though this is mostly due to the fact that larger motorcycles have different driving patterns: urban driving is found to have much lower environmental impact per kilometer than highway driving. Current BEV are found to have similar ownership costs to ICEV. They also have reduced climate change potential by roughly 60% when they are powered by electricity from natural gas, 80% when powered by renewables, and they still offer advantages over conventional motorcycles when charged with electricity from hard coal. Next generation BEV are found to have similar environmental performance advantages, though with a definite cost advantage. FCEV climate change reduction potential is found to depend strongly on the source of the hydrogen fuel, with climate benefits being substantial with hydrogen originating from renewable energy sources. Future cost competitiveness of FCEVs is linked closely to the development of fuel cell costs.

Pengaruh Cuaca Terhadap Perilaku Pengendara Sepeda Motor di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

Indonesia as a developing country has a considerable growth in motor vehicles. Unlike other countries, the growth of motor vehicles is quite large motorcycle. In the last few years, the study of the relationship between weather and transportation is mostly done in the region or country with four seasons different in climate condition or in developed countries with good public transport conditions. It is still few to do research in developing countries, with poor public transport conditions and other problems. Yogyakarta is a city with tropical climate that it only has two types of weather conditions, namely dry and rainy seasons, which the both will affect motorcyclists in Yogyakarta becoming the majority. In this study, the author used a qualitative and quantitative approach to find the impact of weather changes on motorcyclists' travel behavior. From the results of the study, it was found that the number of motor users was reduced by more than 30% when the weather changed. Broadly speaking, there are three behaviors of motorcyclists when the weather changes namely, wait until the weather back to normal, cancel the trip and continue the journey however in the conditions due to some reasons.

C to C Interaction Management

IntroductionA large motorcycle manufacturer Harley-Davidson has gained a favorable image through product design, product customizability, and product appearances in many movies, with a history and narrative extending over 100 years, strong customer appeal for its products, and a powerful brand. Harley-Davidson Japan (HDJ), a wholly owned subsidiary of US-based Harley-Davidson, is Harley-Davidson's master distributor in Japan. It began with forty million yen in capital and less than twenty employees in 1989. HDJ has top market share in Japan, even as the domestic market for large motorcycles (defined as those with engine capacity of 750 cc or more) has shrunk. HDJ has made no capital investment in any of its authorized dealers, and in 2007, all 150 dealers averaged annual sales of 550 million yen with an average employee headcount of 10.9 (Okui, 2008).When purchasing a Harley-Davidson vehicle from a dealer, customers join the Harley Owner Group, or HOG, after paying an annual membership fee of 10,000 yen. HOG is the largest riders group in the world, covering over 131 countries worldwide, with a total global membership of more than 900,000. Japan accounts for approximately 35,000 of those members. Dealers in Japan operate customer communities termed chapters, and HOG members have the benefit of being able to join a chapter.Each chapter operates around a structured annual event plan. Harley-Davidson touring events are different from normal motorcycle tours as they are managed by corporations (HDJ and dealers). First, each chapter will have a regular touring event once a month as per HDJ's directions. In addition, some dealers have original touring events (ladies touring, beginners touring, and overseas trips). Other motorcycle manufacturers indicate HDJ's customer community to be a success factor. It is certain that spontaneous customer-to-customer (C2C) interactions increase the value addition of products and are even known to determine value addition (Kokuryo, 1998). In the open source area, software development is undertaken through frequent C2C interactions within customer communities (Fujita & Ikuine, 2014; Ikuine & Fujita, 2014; Shiu & Yasumoto, 2016).However, there have been many reports of consumers gathering on internet forums to criticize companies or to form boycotts (Kokuryo, 2001); moreover, in some cases, C2C interactions have ceased once consumers have discovered that a company representative has attempted participating in an internet forum to guide the discussion therein according to company aims (Kokuryo, 1997). In other words, C2C interactions can be skillfully managed as simply as they can be poorly managed. In actuality, the two HDJ dealers with very different levels of sales performance (high-performing Dealer A and poor-performing Dealer B) selected for this case study had major differences in how they managed C2C interactions within their chapters.Case AnalysisThis paper uses internal data provided by HDJ through 2012. Each dealer is registered within HDJ's CRM system (including vehicle data), and the HDJ stores aggregate this information. In addition, we conducted face-to-face interviews with HDJ employees (11), dealers (13 stores nationwide for a total of 17 times), and customers (2).High-performing Dealer ADealer A is an exemplary dealer who has received awards from HDJ with regard to CRM. HDJ has collected information on Dealer A's customer-focused management, placed this information onto a DVD, and distributed the DVD to all its dealers nationwide. Other dealers have acknowledged Dealer A's ability to ensure high customer satisfaction. There are two characteristics in the manner they manage C2C interactions.1. Customers participating in chapters are organized by the dealer into groups according to the customer's touring skills.2. Original events are held for each customer group five times per year.Not all customers are the same; they will have a mix of touring skills, ages, genders, and experiences of riding Harley-Davidsons. …

EXPLORATORY STUDY ON AIRBAG SUITABILITY FOR LOW ENGINE CAPACITY MOTORCYCLES

Motorcyclist constituted more than 50% of road deaths in Malaysia. Statistics showed that most fatal motorcyclist crashes involved passenger cars: with sideswipe or side impact reported to be the most frequent crash configurations. Many related studies have been performed to completely understand such motorcycle crashes which resulted in many safety inventions. These include installation of airbag onto motorcycle to study its effectiveness in potentially reducing motorcyclist’s injury. However, previous related studies known mainly dealt airbag’s effectiveness for large cc motorcycles. Hence, an exploratory study was conducted to study airbag’s suitability in mitigating rider’s injury during collision for motorcycle with low engine capacity (cc). Two different full-scale crash tests of motorcycle (with and without mounted airbag) side-impacting passenger car were conducted in accordance to ISO 13232. The test results in terms of high-speed video recordings (crash kinematics), motorcycle damage profiles and dummy injuries were analysed and discussed. It could be suggested from the results obtained that an airbag system for low cc motorcycle is feasible and further study is needed for better airbag concept and design which could reduce motorcyclist injury during collision.

An advanced CMII-based engineering change management framework: the integration of PLM and ERP perspectives

Previous studies of engineering change management (ECM) presented valuable results from the design domain of the product lifecycle management (PLM) perspective. However, few of these studies proposed a framework under the configuration management II (CMII) standards and its industrial implementation based on the design and manufacturing domains of PLM and enterprise resources planning. This study proposes an advanced CMII-based ECM framework. This framework has been successfully implemented in a large Taiwanese motorcycle manufacturer resulting in significant performance improvement. Major contributions of this study include: (1) presenting an advanced CMII-based ECM framework, (2) depicting information exchange and integration between the design and manufacturing activities based on five major ECM phases and their associated processes and (3) providing a basis for best practice from the motorcycle industry for reference in other manufacturing industries.

Expanding the Knowledge Capability of Suppliers through Supplier Development Programs

As firms increasingly outsource to focus on their core competencies, effective supplier development has become a major strategic decision in order to maintain a network of competent suppliers. Supplier development can be seen as a capability-enhancing activity that an organization undertakes to improve its suppliers' performance. This study conceptualizes supplier development as a knowledge-intensive and collaborative program, and explores how knowledge creation processes can be facilitated through different supplier development activities. A qualitative inquiry with a thematic analysis that focuses on five companies that are the suppliers of the largest motorcycle firm in Taiwan is presented in order to identify how different supplier development activities facilitate the knowledge creation process through the SECI modes and ba. The results show that these supplier development activities facilitate different types of knowledge conversion processes that can expand the knowledge capability of suppliers in a so-called center-satellite supply chain.

A Specifically German Path to Mass Motorisation? Motorcycles in Germany between the World Wars

After rapid growth of its motorcycle industry since the early 1920s, in the 1930s Germany became the world's largest motorcycle producer and exporter. Furthermore, in 1933 Germany was the country with by far the highest motorcycle density in the world. The paper discusses the reasons for the role motorbikes played in the German path to mass motorisation in the interwar era. The central thesis is that specific economic and political conditions in Germany allowed motorcycles to become the dominant motorised form of individual transport in the period.

Support Effects of the Haptic Throttle Grip by the Friction Circle on the Driving Wheel

Recently, there have been many reports about development of Human Machine Interface (HMI) which used a visual or auditory display to improve driver assist. For a motorcycle, it is suitable to use a haptic display for rider assist, since there are many disturbances in open-air situation such as sunshine and surrounding noise. Therefore, a test vehicle based on a large motorcycle equipped with the haptic throttle grip that is connected to a motor by gear, an original ECU to control the motor, and a lean angle sensor to calculate the lateral force of the motorcycle was developed. To inform surplus driving force warning, the throttle grip, a haptic display outputs additional return torque estimated by the friction circle and ellipse with the lateral force of the motorcycle. One of the purposes of this torque is that it informs the rider to decelerate when the motorcycle state of movement is around the limit of tire grip, and another purpose is that it leads to return the throttle grip to decelerate. For both purposes, the intuitive signal which adds return torque was selected to avoid misunderstanding. As the result of riding tests, all of the riders were able to recognize the signal and understood the request from the motorcycle. It became clear that this system was able to offer the information of surplus driving force warning, and to support the throttle grip operation. Language: en

A Statistical Analysis of Motorcycle Helmet Wearing in Greece

This article reports on a study of motorcycle helmet use in Greece. The authors remind readers that wearing a helmet is the single most effective way of reducing head injuries and fatalities resulting from motorcycle crashes. They conducted an on-site observational survey and then developed a binary logistic regression model to analyze the data. The independent variables used were time of the day, motorcycle type, road type and riders’ characteristics (gender, age and position on the motorcycle, i.e., driver or passenger). Pseudo-elasticity values for all variables were calculated in order to quantify the impact of each variable on helmet use. The authors found low rates of helmet use. However, the rates were higher in rural than in urban areas and higher for drivers of large motorcycles. The authors conclude that motorcycle helmet wearing should be rigorously enforced at a population level. Community education campaigns for motorcyclists should also be promoted and public awareness of the crash risk associated with riding without a helmet should be increased.

Design of EFL Control System for 950 Motorcycle Based on MCU

With requirements to air quality for human’s living, energy conservation and emission reduction, motorcycle emission in our country is in strict accordance with Euro III standard, while use of EFI (Electronic Fuel Injection) control system is one of the main measures to achieve the emission requirements. In this paper, 51-series MCU is applied as the core control unit for EFI control system of 950 (ml) large displacement motorcycles, which improves the dynamics and fuel economy of 950 (ml) gasoline engines. Hardware and software designs are proposed. Hardware design covers input signal processing circuit and driver circuit for EFL and software design analyzes the software control strategy in four aspects: engine work modes, fuel injection, ignition and idle speed control. The design in this paper has advantages of low cost and optimal control system performance. It not only fulfills the requirement of energy conservation and emission reduction, but also improves the performance of control system. Simulations carried out are presented to demonstrate that air-fuel ratio is controlled around ideal value, which is of great significance to large displacement motorcycle industry.

Survival risk factors for fatal injured car and motorcycle drivers in single alcohol-related and alcohol-unrelated vehicle crashes

Introduction A high percentage of drivers who die as a result of a single vehicle crash are under the influence of alcohol. We aimed to better understand the prevalence of these fatalities and the ratio of death to injuries based on various risk factors. We focused on alcohol-related and -unrelated single-vehicle crashes to investigate the influence of such risk factors on the time until death for car and motorcycle drivers. Methods We combined data from national police reports and a vital registration database in Taiwan. Survival analysis using Cox regression models was used to identify the risk factors of time until death. Results Overall, nearly 60% of car driver fatalities and 40% of motorcycle driver fatalities involved the consumption of alcohol. Survival analysis of single-vehicle crashes suggested that the traffic island separation between a car moving at a higher speed and motorcycle traffic resulted in a higher risk of death over time for motorcycle drivers who consumed alcohol. The factors attributed to a higher risk of death over time for motorcycle drivers were older age, crashing into trees, night-time driving, driving on curved roads, and driving on local roads. Driving without restraints and driving on roads with higher speed limits attributed to a higher risk of death over time for car drivers. Conclusions The factors that influence the risk of death over time in a motor-vehicle accident involving alcohol depended on different elements, which should each be considered when attempting to reduce this risk. Impact on Industry More efforts should be made to investigate the various risk factors in areas with large motorcycle populations.