Large Information Content Research Articles

Investigation of the Use of Computer-aided Translation (CAT) Tools in Freelancing Practice in Saudi Arabia

To cope with large information content in today’s multilingual Saudi Arabia, translation services are essential. Like any other industry, translation practice was heavily affected by technological advances. Professionals in the translation field use technology like Computer-Aided Translation (CAT) tools to complete their translation tasks. Freelance translators are not exempt from this. This study examines the utilization of CAT tools in the freelance industry in Saudi Arabia. Fulford and Granell-Zafra (2005) have proposed a model that incorporates both information and Communication Technology (ICTs)and CAT tools, facilitating a diverse array of activities such as document creation, information search and retrieval, communication, business management, marketing, procurement, and translation. While CAT tools support document creation, business management, and translation, ICT tools are responsible for the remaining activates . This research aims to thoroughly analyze the characteristics of Saudi freelance translators who use CAT tools, evaluate their usage of CAT tools, and acquire valuable insights into their overall attitudes towards CAT tool. The data was gathered using the survey method and distributed among 98 Saudi freelance translators. The data was analyzed using SPSS descriptive analysis and frequency tables showing percentages of each respondent. The results show that Saudi freelance translators employed general-purpose software like MS Word and MS PowerPoint, whereas less interest was given to special-purpose software which represent CAT tools . The vast majority of the participants agreed on the positive effect of CAT tools. Finally,it may be beneficial to conduct further research to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the topic.

A Comparison of Information Content at Microwave to Millimeter Wave Bands for Atmospheric Sounding

The brightness temperatures and their Jacobians with respect to atmospheric temperature and humidity at the microwave to millimeter wave spectral bands from 23 GHz to 424 GHz are simulated with the ECMWF IFS-137 profiles as inputs to the Advanced Radiative transfer Modeling System (ARMS). The information content of temperature and humidity is then calculated individually through the Shannon entropy which is contributed by a-priori background information and observations. For a typical set of measurement uncertainties, a high information content for atmospheric temperature is mainly obtained from V band near 50–70 GHz, whereas that for water vapor comes from G band near 183 GHz and Y1 band near 380 GHz. The channels within the G band have a large temperature information content mainly for lower and middle layers of troposphere and the Y1 band has a relatively large humidity information content for the entire troposphere. A large measurement uncertainty can significantly reduce the information content of each band. Thus, to make a best use of the data from each band, it is important to reduce the instrument calibration noise and increase the accuracy in forward radiative transfer simulation.

Simultaneous multi-channel near-eye display: a holographic retinal projection display with large information content

Augmented reality (AR) near-eye displays (NEDs) are emerging as the next-generation display platform. The existing AR NED only present one single video channel at a time, same as traditional media such as TVs and smartphones. In this Letter, to the best of our knowledge, we propose for the first time a multi-channel holographic retinal projection display (RPD), which can provide multi-channel image sources simultaneously, thus greatly increasing the information content. Due to the superposition capacity of a hologram, multiple images are projected to different viewpoints simultaneously through multiple spherical wave encoding, so that the viewer can switch among playing channels very fast through eye rotation. A full-color dynamic multi-channel holographic near-eye display is demonstrated in the optical experiment. The proposed method provides a good prospect that the future AR glasses can play dozens of video channels in parallel, and the user can switch among channels freely and efficiently just through a simple eye rotation.

Diurnal changes in the efficiency of information transmission at a sensory synapse

Neuromodulators adapt sensory circuits to changes in the external world or the animal’s internal state and synapses are key control sites for such plasticity. Less clear is how neuromodulation alters the amount of information transmitted through the circuit. We investigated this question in the context of the diurnal regulation of visual processing in the retina of zebrafish, focusing on ribbon synapses of bipolar cells. We demonstrate that contrast-sensitivity peaks in the afternoon accompanied by a four-fold increase in the average Shannon information transmitted from an active zone. This increase reflects higher synaptic gain, lower spontaneous “noise” and reduced variability of evoked responses. Simultaneously, an increase in the probability of multivesicular events with larger information content increases the efficiency of transmission (bits per vesicle) by factors of 1.5-2.7. This study demonstrates the multiplicity of mechanisms by which a neuromodulator can adjust the synaptic transfer of sensory information.

Adjective Phrases in PNL and its Application to Reverse Dictionary

Owing to the large information content of adjectives in natural language-based data, we have dealt with the subject of adjective phrases in the paradigm of PNL. We have proposed a GCR form for the same and demonstrated its application in building a specific instance of Reverse Dictionary. A Reverse Dictionary takes a natural language description of a concept in the user’s mind as input and generates semantically appropriate word/s as output. For example, it could accept descriptions like ‘to run slowly,’ ‘to run but not very fast,’ etc., for the word ‘jog’. As Reverse Dictionary deals with natural language, handling perception-based information is important in its context for capturing the user intent. The D-RD, Reverse Dictionary for Descriptive words, designed in this paper, takes a natural language description of a human as input and generates appropriate adjectives for usage in text/speech as output. As a part of the design, we have proposed a novel CWW based similarity measure for calculating semantic similarity between adjective phrases. The D-RD is evaluated against two benchmarks, Onelook.com and WantWords Online RD, and is reported to outperform both for the test set under consideration.

Improving sugarcane growth simulations by integrating multi-source observations into a crop model

Accurate crop growth simulations and yield estimation play a crucial role in agricultural development and food security. Incorporating multi-source observations into crop growth models could reduce the prediction uncertainty propagated from input data and model parameters. However, the value of different data sources varies. Incorporating redundant data into models not only increases computational cost, but also introduces additional prediction uncertainties. The objective of this study is to investigate the value of three common agronomy variables (plant height, PH; leaf area index, LAI; and soil moisture, SM) for sugarcane growth simulations and explore which variable(s) have the largest information content and hence should be included in data assimilation system. The measurements of PH, LAI and SM data are collected through a two-year sugarcane experiment (in 2016–2017) at Chongzuo station (Guangxi, China). Results show that the value of SM is the lowest among all three variables for sugarcane yield estimation if the spatial heterogeneity of water and nutrient both exist. When sugarcane plots have relatively homogeneous cultivation density, it is preferable to incorporate PH data into the model. In contrast, assimilation of LAI might be more suitable when the cultivation density and tiller number contain strong spatial variability. Moreover, compared with traditional LAI & SM fusion strategy, the fusion of LAI and PH data is recommended to obtain more robust sugarcane simulation results. Furthermore, observations during the elongation period provide the most valuable information for sugarcane growth simulation and yield estimation, while those in the emergence and tillering period are less informative.

TIMED SIGNAL CONSTRUCTIONS AS A TOOL FOR INCREASING THE NUMBER OF CODEWORDS BY IMPLEMENTING THEIR CONSTANT LENGTH

It is indicated that due to changes in the restrictions on the duration of the basic element, which is the basis for the construction of the signal structure, an increase in the channel capacity was obtained by reducing the energy distance between the signal structures. In this case, the information parameter in these structures is not the parameters of the current or voltage, but the time. The work uses timer signal structures, which are synthesized, as well as positional signals from segments not less than the Nyquist element, but not multiples of it. It is this principle of formation that significantly increases the number of synthesized code structures in comparison with positional coding. It is noted that the information content of any event is determined by the number of its states, and the entropy and the probability of the occurrence of a particular event are interrelated values. In addition, timer signaling constructs allow synthesizing ensembles with a large information content in comparison with positional coding. Keywords: basic element, Nyquist element, information parameter, entropy, probability of occurrence, information segment, message, timer signal structure.

FORMALIZATION CODING METHODS OF INFORMATION UNDER TOROIDAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS

Contents. Coding and processing large information content actualizes the problem of formalization of interdependence between information parameters of vector data coding systems on a single mathematical platform. Objective. The formalization of relationships between information parameters of vector data coding systems in the optimized basis of toroidal coordinate systems with the achievement of a favorable compromise between contradictory goals. Method. The method involves the establishing harmonious mutual penetration of symmetry and asymmetry as the remarkable property of real space, which allows use decoded information for forming the mathematical principle relating to the optimal placement of structural elements in spatially or temporally distributed systems, using novel designs based on the concept of Ideal Ring Bundles (IRB)s. IRBs are cyclic sequences of positive integers which dividing a symmetric sphere about center of the symmetry. The sums of connected sub-sequences of an IRB enumerate the set of partitions of a sphere exactly R times. Two-and multidimensional IRBs, namely the “Glory to Ukraine Stars”, are sets of t-dimensional vectors, each of them as well as all modular sums of them enumerate the set node points grid of toroid coordinate system with the corresponding sizes and dimensionality exactly R times. Moreover, we require each indexed vector data “category-attribute” mutually uniquely corresponds to the point with the eponymous set of the coordinate system. Besides, a combination of binary code with vector weight discharges of the database is allowed, and the set of all values of indexed vector data sets are the same that a set of numerical values. The underlying mathematical principle relates to the optimal placement of structural elements in spatially and/or temporally distributed systems, using novel designs based on tdimensional “star” combinatorial configurations, including the appropriate algebraic theory of cyclic groups, number theory, modular arithmetic, and IRB geometric transformations. Results. The relationship of vector code information parameters (capacity, code size, dimensionality, number of encodingvectors) with geometric parameters of the coordinate system (dimension, dimensionality, and grid sizes), and vector data characteristic (number of attributes and number of categories, entity-attribute-value size list) have been formalized. The formula system is derived as a functional dependency between the above parameters, which allows achieving a favorable compromise between the contradictory goals (for example, the performance and reliability of the coding method). Theorem with corresponding corollaries about the maximum vector code size of conversion methods for t-dimensional indexed data sets “category-attribute” proved. Theoretically, the existence of an infinitely large number of minimized basis, which give rise to numerous varieties of multidimensional “star” coordinate systems, which can find practical application in modern and future multidimensional information technologies, substantiated. Conclusions. The formalization provides, essentially, a new conceptual model of information systems for optimal coding and processing of big vector data, using novel design based on the remarkable properties and structural perfection of the “Glory to Ukraine Stars” combinatorial configurations. Moreover, the optimization has been embedded in the underlying combinatorial models. The favorable qualities of the combinatorial structures can be applied to vector data coded design of multidimensional signals, signal compression and reconstruction for communications and radar, and other areas to which the GUS-model can be useful. There are many opportunities to apply them to numerous branches of sciences and advanced systems engineering, including information technologies under the toroidal coordinate systems. A perfection, harmony and beauty exists not only in the abstract models but in the real world also.

A Data-driven Technique for Measuring Stellar Rotation

Abstract Measuring stellar rotational velocities is a powerful way to probe the many astrophysical phenomena that drive, or are driven by, the evolution of stellar angular momentum. In this paper, we present a novel data-driven approach to measuring the projected rotational velocity, v sin i . Rather than directly measuring the broadening of spectral lines, we leverage the large information content of high-resolution spectral data to empirically estimate v sin i . We adapt the framework laid down by The Cannon, which trains a generative model of the stellar flux as a function of wavelength using high-fidelity reference data, and can then produce estimates of stellar parameters and abundances for other stars directly from their spectra. Instead of modeling the flux as a function of wavelength, however, we model the first derivative of the spectra, as we expect the slopes of spectral lines to change as a function of v sin i . This technique is computationally efficient and provides a means of rapidly estimating v sin i for large numbers of stars in spectroscopic survey data. We analyze Sloan Digital Sky Survey Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) spectra, constructing a model informed by high-fidelity stellar parameter estimates derived from high-resolution California Kepler Survey spectra of the same stars. We use the model to estimate v sin i up to 15 km s − 1 for 27,000 APOGEE spectra, in fractions of a second per spectrum. Our estimates agree with the APOGEE v sin i estimates to within 1.2 km s − 1 .

Assimilating spatially dense data for subsurface applications—balancing information and degrees of freedom

The degrees of freedom (DOF) in standard ensemble-based data assimilation is limited by the ensemble size. Successful assimilation of a data set with large information content (IC) therefore requires that the DOF is sufficiently large. A too small number of DOF with respect to the IC may result in ensemble collapse, or at least in unwarranted uncertainty reduction in the estimation results. In this situation, one has two options to restore a proper balance between the DOF and the IC: to increase the DOF or to decrease the IC. Spatially dense data sets typically have a large IC. Within subsurface applications, inverted time-lapse seismic data used for reservoir history matching is an example of a spatially dense data set. Such data are considered to have great potential due to their large IC, but they also contain errors that are challenging to characterize properly. The computational cost of running the forward simulations for reservoir history matching with any kind of data is large for field cases, such that a moderately large ensemble size is standard. Realization of the potential in seismic data for ensemble-based reservoir history matching is therefore not straightforward, not only because of the unknown character of the associated data errors, but also due to the imbalance between a large IC and a too small number of DOF. Distance-based localization is often applied to increase the DOF but is example specific and involves cumbersome implementation work. We consider methods to obtain a proper balance between the IC and the DOF when assimilating inverted seismic data for reservoir history matching. To decrease the IC, we consider three ways to reduce the influence of the data space; subspace pseudo inversion, data coarsening, and a novel way of performing front extraction. To increase the DOF, we consider coarse-scale simulation, which allows for an increase in the DOF by increasing the ensemble size without increasing the total computational cost. We also consider a combination of decreasing the IC and increasing the DOF by proposing a novel method consisting of a combination of data coarsening and coarse-scale simulation. The methods were compared on one small and one moderately large example with seismic bulk-velocity fields at four assimilation times as data. The size of the examples allows for calculation of a reference solution obtained with standard ensemble-based data assimilation methodology and an unrealistically large ensemble size. With the reference solution as the yardstick with which the quality of other methods are measured, we find that the novel method combining data coarsening and coarse-scale simulations gave the best results. With very restricted computational resources available, this was the only method that gave satisfactory results.

Who Influences the Fundamental Value of Commodity Futures in Japan?

We present evidence on asymmetric information content in the trades of six investor groups transacting in the gold, platinum, gasoline and rubber futures markets on the Tokyo Commodity Exchange. Microstructure theory suggests that traders with greater information on the efficient price should be more profitable in the long run. We find that the efficient price in the gold, platinum and gasoline markets is mainly influenced by trade-related innovations. Foreign investors have the greatest influence over the efficient price in the gold market, investment funds in the platinum market and retail investors in the gasoline market. Both trade and non-trade related innovations have an equal influence on the efficient price of rubber, with trades by investment funds having the largest information content in this market.

Automated Analysis of Intracellular Dynamic Processes.

The study of intracellular dynamic processes is of fundamental importance for understanding a wide variety of diseases and developing effective drugs and therapies. Advanced fluorescence microscopy imaging systems nowadays allow the recording of virtually any type of process in space and time with super-resolved detail and with high sensitivity and specificity. The large volume and high information content of the resulting image data, and the desire to obtain objective, quantitative descriptions and biophysical models of the processes of interest, require a high level of automation in data analysis. Two key tasks in extracting biologically meaningful information about intracellular dynamics from image data are particle tracking and particle trajectory analysis. Here we present state-of-the-art software tools for these tasks and describe how to use them.

Information content on hydrometeors from millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelengths

ABSTRACTThis study examines the information content on hydrometeors that could be provided by a future HYperspectral Microwave Sensor (HYMS) with frequencies ranging from 6.9 to 874 GHz (millimeter and sub-millimeter regions). Through optimal estimation theory the information content is expressed quantitatively in terms of degrees of freedom for signal (DFS). For that purpose the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator (ARTS) and its Jacobians are used with a set of 25 cloudy and precipitating profiles and their associated errors from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) global numerical weather prediction model.In agreement with previous studies it is shown that frequencies between 10 and 40 GHz are the most informative ones for liquid and rain water contents. Similarly, the absorption band at 118 GHz contains significant information on liquid precipitation. A set of new window channels (15.37-, 40.25-, 101-GHz) could provide additional information on the liquid phase. The most informative channels on cloud ice water are the window channels at 664 and 874 GHz and the water vapour absorption bands at 325 and 448 GHz. Regarding snow water contents, the channels having the largest DFS values are located in window regions (150-, 251-, 157-, 101-GHz). However it is necessary to consider 90 channels in order to represent 90% of the DFS. The added value of HYMS has been assessed against current Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMI/S) onboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) and future (Microwave Imager/Ice Cloud Imager (MWI/ICI) onboard European Polar orbiting Satellite – Second Generation (EPS-SG)) microwave sensors. It appears that with a set of 276 channels the information content on hydrometeors would be significantly enhanced: the DFS increases by 1.7 against MWI/ICI and by 3 against SSMI/S. A number of tests have been performed to examine the robustness of the above results. The most informative channels on solid hydrometeors remain the same over land and over ocean surfaces. On the other hand, the database is not large enough to produce robust results over land surfaces for liquid hydrometeors. The sensitivity of the results to the microphysical properties of frozen hydrometeors has been investigated. It appears that a change in size distribution and scattering properties can move the large information content of the channels at 664 and 874 GHz from cloud ice to solid precipitation.

Stress dependence of elastic P-wave velocity and amplitude in coal specimens under varied loading conditions

Experiments allowed finding regular patterns in propagation of elastic P-waves in specimens of black coal exposed to uniaxial compression and triaxial compression by von Karman. It is shown that in case of uniaxial compression, the largest information content is ensured by translucence in perpendicular to bedding and loading axis of coal specimens. Such translucence exhibits four stages of deformation of a specimen. The information content of translucence under triaxial compression reduces with the increase in the constrained pressure that prevents from disintegration of a coal specimen. Four deformation stages are best identified with the constrained pressure of 2.5 MPa, while only stages of specimen consolidation and failure are traced at the pressure of 10 MPa.

Technical, fundamental, and combined information for separating winners from losers

This study examines how fundamental accounting information can be used to supplement technical information to separate momentum winners from losers. We first introduce a ratio of liquidity buy volume to liquidity sell volume (BOS ratio) to proxy the level of information asymmetry for stocks and show that the BOS momentum strategy can enhance the profits of momentum strategy. We further propose a unified framework, produced by incorporating two fundamental indicators—the FSCORE (Piotroski, 2000) and the GSCORE (Mohanram, 2005)—into momentum strategy. The empirical results show that the combined investment strategy includes stocks with a larger information content that the market cannot reflect in time, and therefore, the combined investment strategy outperforms momentum strategy by generating significantly higher returns.

Application specific integrated circuits in radiation measuring systems (Review, Part 2)

The purpose of this review is to give experts, who use electronic techniques in experiments or measurements in applied areas, whenever it is possible, a complete picture of the past five-year rapid development of application specific integrated circuits for readouts and processing of signals from up-to-date detectors of nuclear particles. Due to the large information content, the review is formally divided into two parts. The use of the application specific integrated circuits in different experimental or measuring plants is considered in this second part. Both parts have the common classification table, numbering of cited papers, drawings, and formulas.

IDENTIFICATION OF MATERIALS USING AERIAL HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGES

The aerial hyperspectral imagery has a large information content and contains data not just only in the visible light spectra but in the near-infrared and the short-wave infrared spectra as well. Due to this, the technology is applicable to examine and detect preferences and conditions that visible identification is not possible or limited. During the last decade, hyperspectral imagery was successfully used for the analysis of vegetation, soil or minerals. During our research the AISA Fenix1K hyperspectral sensor of the Research Institute was used for data collection with the collaboration of experts from the Finnish sensor producer company near to Siofok. The collected aerial hyperspectral data and the ground spectral data as reference were compared and a spectral library of the examined materials was developed for future classifications. The ability to separate various materials was examined with statistical analyses with which we can determine the spectral separability of target objects. The analysis was fulfilled on the original and on transformed channels as well. According to the results we can conclude that the transformed channels are more applicable to separate these materials which was demonstrated on scatter plots too.

Application specific integrated circuits for ionizing-radiation detectors (review, part 1)

The purpose of this review is to give experts, who use electronic procedures in experiments or measurements in applied areas, whenever it is possible, the complete picture of the past 5-year rapid development of application specific integrated circuits for readouts and processing of signals from up-to-date nuclear particle detectors. Due to the large information content, the review is formally divided into two parts. The evolution history of the application specific integrated circuits for different types of detectors is considered in the first part. Both parts have the common classification table, common numeration of cited papers, drawings, and formulas.

Financial literacy and subjective expectations questions: A validation exercise

I use subjective expectations data on future asset returns from the Italian Survey of Household Income and Wealth to validate widely used financial literacy questions. I argue that financial literacy and the willingness to answer these expectations questions are conceptually related constructs. In fact, both build on financial knowledge and skills and on confidence to use that knowledge. From the estimation of simple probit models, I find evidence of positive correlation between responding expectations questions and answering correctly the questions used to appraise individual financial literacy. If these latter questions captured just numeracy or generic cognitive skills, the size and significance of their coefficients would go to zero when one controls for formal education. This is not the case, which suggests that they capture knowledge and skills that may indeed be at the basis of financial competence. Besides this, the likelihood of answering correctly these questions does not seem to depend on individual information on the state of the economy and finance. Furthermore, based on decomposition analysis, I find that the questions with the largest information content are those eliciting knowledge and skills which are at the basis of day-to-day financial decision making. Implications are finally drawn for the literature.

Technical, Fundamental, and Combined Information for Separating Winners from Losers

This study examines how fundamental accounting information can be used to supplement technical information to separate momentum winners from losers. We first introduce a ratio of liquidity buy volume to liquidity sell volume (BOS ratio) to proxy the level of information asymmetry for stocks and show that the BOS momentum strategy can enhance the profits of momentum strategy. We further propose a unified framework, produced by incorporating two fundamental indicators — the FSCORE (Piotroski, 2000) and the GSCORE (Mohanram, 2005) — into momentum strategy. Empirical results show that the combined investment strategy includes stocks with larger information content that the market cannot reflect in time, and therefore, the combined investment strategy outperforms momentum strategy by generating significantly higher returns.