Large House Research Articles

The 2016 Election: Like 1888 but not 1876 or 2000

ABSTRACTDonald J. Trump won the 2016 US presidential election with fewer popular votes than Hillary R. Clinton. This is the fourth time this has happened, the others being 1876, 1888, and 2000. In earlier work, we analyzed these elections (and others) and showed how the electoral winner can often depend on the size of the US House of Representatives. This work was inspired by Neubauer and Zeitlin (2003, 721–5) in their paper, “Outcomes of Presidential Elections and the House Size.” A sufficiently larger House would have given electoral victories to the popular vote winner in both 1876 and 2000. An exception is the election of 1888. We show that Trump’s victory in 2016 is like Harrison’s in 1888 and unlike Hayes’s in 1876 and Bush’s in 2000. This article updates our previous work to include the 2016 election. It also draws attention to some of the anomalous behavior that can arise under the Electoral College.

Water Conservation Related Awareness and Practices of Families Living in Lahore

Pakistan, is likely to face serious water shortages in near future. Increasing level of awareness of the residents for water use can play an important role to control the deteriorating trend. For this purpose, a set of 19 questions were circulated to 800 residents of five localities of Southern Lahore at random, to obtain their views and adjudge their level of awareness. The data obtained have been correlated to the segments of respondents divided by the size of houses, level of education, age groups, family size and family income size.It was found that Medium house size saves more water as compared to large house size and respondents having age between 45-55 years are more aware than respondents <25 years on practices of water conservation. Similarly, household size from 1-4 are more aware regarding water conservation Practices as compared to household size (9-12). Graduate respondents are more aware than Matric and intermediate respondents in their Level of Awareness for water conservation practices.

Hunting social networks on the Salish Sea before and after the bow and arrow

Archaeologists have paid substantial attention to the social transformations coinciding with the widespread adoption of bow and arrow technologies. Social network analysis (SNA) is used to examine stone tool assemblages from the Salish Sea. SNA while widely applied a wide range of problems in lithic technologies has been an underutilized approach in the Pacific Northwest. Based on an application of cultural transmission theory, ethnography, and Coast Salish ontology, that haft styles reflect corporate group connections. Changes in the social networks are examined as reflected in haft styles from 3500 to 1000 BP, a time of shifts towards large plank house villages and the emergence of hereditary forms of social inequality in the region. Five social networks were constructed, each covering a 500-year period, to assess shifts in regional connections through time. There appears to be increased elaboration of social networks throughout the Salish Sea until 1600 BP, when the bow and arrow become widely adopted. These data suggest SNA of lithic haft styles shows a shift in hunting organization from a collective corporate group level activity to an individualized pursuit. The findings show the utility of SNA to address oscillations in Salish Sea society over time. New directions for future studies to examine shifts in corporate group relations in other aspects of precontact Coast Salish society are also provided.

Tiny House – when size matters

ABSTRACTAt 231 m2, Australia has the largest average house size in the world. For many reasons, this is unsustainable. Tiny Houses (dwellings less than 37.2 m2) are at the opposite end of the spectrum of house size. It is well understood that smaller houses use less materials than larger houses, less energy in their construction and use, and it can be argued that they produce less waste. Thus, a Tiny House is generally seen as being more sustainable than the average Australian house. However, the exaggerated reduction of size and function in some Tiny Houses means that they can end up being unliveable for many people in Australia. In contrast, Tiny Houses are the norm in many other countries. This suggests that there are many elements of choice in Australian housing that are considered a necessity. This paper investigates house size and elements of necessity and choice. It argues that to be sustainable we need to reconsider housing options. Tiny Houses could become a much larger proportion of housing stock, but the definition, understanding, design and production of the Tiny House needs to move beyond just achieving a prescribed floor area, to including the functional and amenity needs of the household occupants.

Planning for tiny houses

ABSTRACTThe tiny house movement is an emerging trend towards building very small houses. It originated in the United States of America in the late 1990s, largely in response to housing affordability issues and a desire to live more sustainably. It is increasingly popular in Australia yet remains a niche market largely due to non-recognition within planning schemes and inconsistent local laws. Nonetheless, tiny houses could address some pressing urban housing problems, such as housing affordability and energy inefficiencies of poorly designed, large suburban houses. This paper reports on the development of the Tiny House Planning Resource for Australia, 2017, a collaborative report aimed at assisting planners, policy makers and the wider community to better understand the emerging tiny house movement and the model’s potential to contribute to greater choice in housing supply and diversity. It uses a case study focussing on South East Queensland (SEQ) to explore councils’ appetite and readiness regarding some tiny house options. It concludes tiny houses have significant potential to be a catalyst for infill development in the ‘missing middle’, either as tiny house villages, or by altering land use planning frameworks to allow both homeowners and tenants to situate well designed tiny houses on suburban lots.

Archaeological Materials of Eneolithic Settlements in Forest-Steppe Zone of the Volga Region: A Source for Diet and Chronology

ABSTRACTThe study the diet of Eneolithic populations is of great interest to archaeologists. However, the studies undertaken in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Volga region in Russia have left many issues unsolved. Data collected recently through the comprehensive studies of Lebyazhinka VI settlement enable us to change this situation. Of particular importance at this settlement site is good preservation of animal bones, bone fishing tools, and ceramics of the same type with food crusts and connected to a large house pit. For the first time in this geographical area, bones of domestic animals were found in the fill of a dwelling. The aim of this paper is to present the results obtained through comprehensive studies of diet and economy in the Eneolithic based on the materials from Lebyazhinka III and Lebyazhinka VI settlement sites. The main results of the archaeozoological analysis— determinations of species, age and size of the animals—provide the necessary data for studying the diet. We conclude that there are differences between Lebyazhinka III and Lebyazhinka VI settlements. Lebyazhinka III settlement included bones of only wild species, however, Lebyazhinka VI settlement consists of wild and domestic species.

Networking print cultures: Reclus’ Nouvelle Géographie universelle at the Hachette publishing house

Historical geographers increasingly address editorial networks as an important element in contextual and situated readings of knowledge production. Recent work has shown that large publishing houses, such as Murray in Britain, Hachette in France and Perthes in Germany, played a primary role in shaping geographical knowledge. This paper's contribution is an analysis of the collaboration between Élisée Reclus (1830–1905) and Hachette over the Nouvelle Géographie universelle (NGU), a classic work in French geography that encompassed nineteen volumes between 1876 and 1894. Drawing upon archival sources, such as the published and unpublished correspondence between Reclus, his collaborators and the publishers, I argue that Reclus' negotiations with this mainstream publishing house were part of a political strategy that was deployed by early anarchist geographers to disseminate their views among broader audiences than just specialist and militant groups. This was a successful bargain for both sides, as there were approximately twenty thousand copies of each volume of the NGU printed. To understand this strategy of public communication and political influence, I examine the international group of anarchist geographers who were involved in Reclus' editorial endeavour within the wider context of Hachette's editorial networks. This involves situating the knowledge they produced in two locations: Paris, where Hachette's headquarters were established, and Clarens, the Swiss village to which Reclus was exiled, and where he worked with collaborators such as Pyotr Kropotkin and Léon Metchnikoff to establish the ‘centre of calculation’ for his large encyclopaedia.

전남 지역 전통 고택의 현황 및 보존 방안 : 국가 민속 문화재로 지정된 전통 고택 거주자 요구를 중심으로

This study is to propose conservation method of traditional house that to search traditional house conservation status and residential feature, traditional house space use and modification status that to analyze conflict of resident and demand of State Designated Cultural Property Houses. The study method conducted field research through traditional houses status and observation and interview of residents. The study range is traditional house 23 point located Jeollanam-do State Designated Cultural Property Houses. The result are as follows. First, that we need to keep original form of traditional houses and to permit Korean style house annex extension. Korean style house annex extension is resonable solution for preservation of original state because modern life on conflict resolution of traditional house’ residents. In the second place, for use traditional houses needed join management system development of the government and the owner of traditional houses. There were most traditional houses using or empty of only part of a large house. Supporting the joint operation of programs that many people use it will be a way to preserve the original form.

A Typology of Mansionization in the Inner-Ring Suburbs of Chicago, Illinois, 2000–2015

ABSTRACTMansionization—the process in which original single-family houses are demolished and replaced with larger houses—in the older inner-ring suburbs of U.S. cities is a contentious and important driver of physical, social, and economic neighborhood change, yet little is known about how the mansionization process varies across the diverse inner-ring suburban landscape. With a focus on the inner-ring suburbs of Chicago located in Cook County, Illinois, this study presents a typology of mansionization based upon the housing, population, and household characteristics; economic status; and race and ethnicity of the neighborhoods in which mansionization occurs. Principal components analysis followed by cluster analysis are used to identify five distinct types of mansionization in the inner-ring suburbs of Chicago: highly affluent, upper middle class, postwar ethnoburb, white middle class, and diverse working class. Although mansionization is often perceived as a single process, findings reveal that it occurs in a variety of places and manifests in a variety of ways. The regulatory approaches of municipalities with differing types of suburban mansionization are discussed.

Time allocation and recycling activities

Recycling is time consuming and the time available for housework may determine the intensity of recycling activities. In this study, we conducted a survey of 546 Japanese households and asked them their daily practice of five varieties of recycling activities: (1) choice of refill products, (2) use of own shopping bags, (3) sorting of recycled papers from burnable waste, (4) use of own drinking bottles when going out, and (5) use of recycle boxes prepared at the grocery store. We also asked households to record their behavior for two successive days. By combining recycling activity data and diary data, we estimate a multivariate probit model to empirically examine whether time available for housework determines the intensity of five varieties of recycling activities. The empirical result demonstrates that an individual that can allocate sufficient time for housework tends to purchase refill products. He or she also tends to bring their own shopping bags for grocery shopping. We also find that the size of house and the number of family members determine the likelihood of recycling. A housewife living with many family members in a large house is more likely to engage in time-consuming recycling activities.

Reforming local public finance to reduce resource consumption: the sustainability case for graduated property taxation

The customary mode of flat rate-property taxation used in the United States and many other Anglospheric countries encourages the consumption of ever greater volumes of energy and materials by relatively affluent households and exacerbates social inequalities. Transition from an invariable tax rate on residential real estate to a graduated schedule could enhance local sustainability by ameliorating the trend toward larger houses and associated increases in resource appropriation. This form of progressive property taxation was most notably implemented in New Zealand during the latter years of the nineteenth century, and has periodically attracted attention as a way to discourage the amassing of large landholdings in rural areas and to maintain housing affordability in cities. This paper considers the design and implementation challenges of a graduated property tax which, by dampening demand for outsized dwellings, could be a useful part of a comprehensive package of climate-change policies for local governments.

Housing preferences and access to public rental housing among migrants in Chongqing, China

Since 2010, a fundamental transition in the Chinese housing system has been the policy of opening access to public rental housing (PRH) for Chinese (intra-national) migrants. While migrants are increasingly stating that they have a preference for public rental housing, some of them did not act upon such a desire while others have been insistent on it. Responding to a lack of understanding of the relationship between migrants and the public rental housing regime, the study examines three stages of migrants' access to public rental housing with a focus on exploring individual and housing differences between migrants. The three stages comprise (1) migrants who stated a preference for PRH; (2) migrants who translated the stated preference into action; and (3) migrants who persisted in the PRH application, those who applied four times or more, and those who gave up applying for a PRH after having applied one-to-three times. The study combines survey and statistical data from Chongqing, the first city to extensively offer migrants equal access to public rental housing on a broad scale. Results reveal that migrants with inter-provincial hukou, lower income, larger family size, more urban relatives and an expectation to improve their housing conditions were more likely to state a preference for PRH and to eventually realize such a preference. However, although migrants with unstable occupations also stated a preference for PRH, the application criteria restricted them from continually trying to realize their preferences. Moreover, migrants were less likely to move from employer supplied housing to PRH compared with moving from private rental housing to PRH. The consistent application for PRH was more likely to relate to the desire for single family housing, centrally located and larger housing, while these preferences and the PRH provision did not match.

AN OBJECT RELATIONS PERSPECTIVE ON IAN McEWAN’S ATONEMENT: BRIONY’S CREATIVE APPERCEPTION IN LIGHT OF ATTACHMENT THEORY GENRE, AND NARRATIVE FORM

The general focus on Atonement has been on Briony’s attempt to dominate the reality that surrounds her. However, there is a gap in respect of Briony’s motive for subverting reality in such a way that she can recreate herself as the heroine of her writing, consequently allowing her to “dispel her insignificance” (McEwan 2001; 72). The argument put forth in this article will be based around the suggestion that by subverting reality, Briony directly leaves the ground of the romance genre and enters the Bildungsroman genre. Thus, although Ian McEwan claims this to be his “Jane Austen” novel, no heroine of that genre would come to the conclusion that Robbie is a sex maniac and thus follow that narrative trajectory to its tragic conclusion. It is the very tedium of her own “romantic” big-house existence, which indeed resembles that of a Jane Austen novel, that leads Briony to subvert the romance genre and thus assert her independence from her environment. For a reader in a small urban house, the Tallis/Jane Austen existence seems romantic, but for Briony in her large romantic house, it represents the tedium of daily life, which she thus subverts to create some measure of differentiation from her mother and her home context. As well as subverting conventions, Briony’s projection of the “sex maniac” theory onto the narrative can be interpreted as her urge to be creative and imaginative. She thus plays with the conventions of the genre to demonstrate her primary creativity that will allow her to gain control of her own narrative.

A quest for status or a desire to fit in? An examination of suburban “monster homes” as a positional good

ABSTRACTThis study examines consumer preferences for new large suburban single-family houses—monster homes—through the economic concept of positional goods. Previous empirical studies of the positionality of housing are few, and those that exist use abstract survey questions to measure it. Through a visual preference survey, this study simulates a real-world house-choice scenario using environmental scenes of single-family houses in their neighborhood contexts in order to test the effect of the positionality of housing on individuals’ house preferences. Using a mixed-effect generalized linear model with crossed random effects, this research reveals that monster homes are moderately positional but the aesthetic characteristics of houses often outweigh positional concerns. Moreover, the study finds that men are more likely than women to prefer a positional house to a nonpositional house and that people with lower incomes are more likely to choose a positional house than those with higher incomes.

Accommodation for Paul’s Entourage

Abstract The practicalities of accommodation for Paul’s entourage as it travelled around the Mediterranean have been little studied. The entourage could comprise at least nine co-workers, to whom should be added several slaves, since even under house arrest in Rome Paul had a personal assistant, who was definitely a slave, and an amanuensis. Such an entourage required hosts with large houses and there are hints in Acts that small business entrepreneurs and other hosts did have substantial dwellings. In Rome it seems that Paul paid for accommodation in relatively spacious quarters, allowing for a team of seven people (plus slaves) and sometimes a crowd of visitors; however, the term µίσθωµα probably does not refer to Paul’s rented lodgings but to payment of their cost. Greek traditions on hospitality provide a context into which the generosity of Paul’s hosts fits well.

Edith Wharton's Lenox

Edith Wharton's Lenox

Special Issue on Advanced Robotics in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

The importance of primary industries, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, is obvious and needless to mention, however, the reduction of the working population and the aging problem make the situation of primary industry more sever. To compensate for the issues, the advanced technology in robotics has attracted attentions and expected the contributions in terms of productivity, cost effectiveness, pesticide-less, monitoring of the growth and harvesting, etc. Recently, robotic technologies are gradually being used in primary industry and their application area will expand more in the near future. This special issue’s objectives include collecting recent advances, automation, mechanization, research trends and their applications in agriculture, forestry and fisheries to promote a deeper understanding of major conceptual and technical challenges and facilitate spreading of recent breakthroughs in primary industries, and contribute to the enhancement of the quality of agricultural, forestry and fisheries robots by introducing the state-of-the-art in sensing, mobility, manipulation and related technologies. In this special issue, twelve papers are included. The first paper by Noguchi is the survey paper of the state-of-the-art in the agricultural vehicle type robots and discusses the future scope of agriculture with robotics. The next three papers are on tomato-monitoring system, and Fukui et al. propose a tomato fruit volume estimation method using saliency-based image processing and point cloud and clustering technology, Yoshida et al. do the cutting point identification for tomato-harvesting using a RGBD sensor and evaluate in the real farm experiments, and Fujinaga et al. present an image mosaicking method of tomato yard based on the infrared images and color images of tomato-clusters in the large green house. The fifth paper by Sori et al. reports a paddy weeding robot in wet-rice field to realize the pesticide-free produce of rice, and the sixth paper by Shigeta et al. is about an image processing system to measure cow’s BCS (Body Condition Score) automatically before milking cows and analyzes the two months data by CNN (Convolutional Neural Network). The seventh paper by Inoue et al. reports on an upper-limb power assist robot with a single actuator to reduce the weight and cost. The assist machine supports the shoulder and elbow movements for viticulture operations and upper-limb holding for load transport tasks. In the next paper, Tominaga et al. show an autonomous robotic system to move between the trees without damaging them and to cut the weeds in the forest for the forest industry. The last four papers are for the fishery industry, and Komeyama et al. propose a methods for monitoring the size of fish, red sea bream (RSB) aquaculture by developing a stereo vision system to avoid the risks of physical injury and mental stress to the fish. Nishida et al. report on a hovering type underwater robot to measure seafloor for monitoring marine resources whose sensor can be replaced depending on missions as the open hardware system. Yasukawa et al. propose a vision system for an autonomous underwater robot with a benthos sampling function, especially, sampling-autonomous underwater vehicles (SAUVs) to achieve a new sampling mission. The last paper by Han et al. is for gait planning and simulation analysis of an amphibious quadruped robot in the field of fisheries and aquaculture. We hope that this special issue can contributes to find solutions in primary industries, agriculture, forestry and fisheries.

Adaptation measures to sustain indigenous practices and the use of indigenous knowledge systems to adapt to climate change in Mutoko rural district of Zimbabwe.

This article examines adaptation measures used to sustain indigenous practices and the use of indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) to adapt to climate change in Mutoko rural district of Zimbabwe. Community-based adaptation is able to reduce the vulnerability as well as improve the resilience of the local people to climatic variability and change. Subsistence farmers have always adopted adaptive strategies to some of these changes over the years. As such, the adoption of indigenous practices will significantly help rural community members to adapt to climate change. This study employed a qualitative method and an exploratory design, and the results are derived from 30 purposively selected in-depth interviews. The study discovered that there are numerous measures used to adapt to climate change and subsequently to sustain indigenous practices. The study also found that the community no longer grows maize in large quantities, having shifted to millet and sorghum in order to adapt to climate change. The community also provided various strategies to adapt to climate change. These strategies include mulching, creating large storage houses for produce and creating temporary walls on riverbanks in order to store water when the rivers dry up. This study concludes that climate change adaptation measures employed by the community have significantly helped them to sustain their indigenous practices in many ways. Also, the use of IKS, through activities such as crop type change from maize to traditional millet and sorghum (which facilitates traditional lifestyle and activities), re-establishes the community’s indigenous practices since they are made to observe the practices of yesteryear.

The Rog Autonomous Factory: A Conflict between Post-Socialist Self-Management and Public-Private Partnership

The article discusses the Rog Autonomous Factory and the conflict between its users and authorities of the city of Ljubljana, which dates back to 2006. The Rog Autonomous Factory (Avtonomna tovarna Rog), or simply “Rog”, was established by artists and alternative political activists. The large space houses numerous art activities and also serves as a social center: artists have set up studios there, and it provides a meeting place for migrants, workers and refugees; it hosts lectures, public food programs, concerts, exhibitions and a number of other non-commercial activities. Its activities are coordinated through a users’ assembly. The article will argue that Rog has become a provider of marginal public utilities in the field of culture and other services of common interest. Its very existence is proof that the mainstream institutional configuration in Slovenia (political parties, the state, municipalities, etc.) is severely limited in its capacity to integrate certain groups of young people interested in acting towards the common good. The city's plans for the space, which are based on public-private partnership, were not acceptable to the users of Rog, and serious conflicts arose. The article argues that in the conflict between Rog and the city, maintaining the status quo is probably the best solution.

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