Large Font Research Articles

Communicating with Patients with Disability: Perspectives of Practicing Physicians.

Patient-centered care for people with disability requires effective communication and compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). To understand physicians' perspectives on communication experiences with people with disability. Twenty semi-structured individual interviews. Interview recordings were transcribed verbatim for analysis. Massachusetts, October 2017-January 2018. Twenty physicians ranging from 8 to 51years in practice in primary care or 4 other specialties. Commonly expressed themes around communication with people with disability. Concerns coalesced around 4 broad categories: communication experiences with people who are deaf or hard of hearing, communication with people who are blind or have vision impairment, communication with people who have intellectual disability, and recommendations for improving communication. Although participants in this study reported various efforts to communicate effectively with patients with hearing or vision loss or intellectual disability, many gaps appear to remain, as well as instances where physicians' preferences run counter to patients' wishes and the ADA. Examples include physicians' preferences for remote, online sign language interpreters despite patients desiring in-person interpreters and suggesting that patients arrange for their own interpreters. Few educational materials are available in braille, and electronic medical records may not allow documents to be printed in large font for persons with low vision. Communicating with patients with intellectual disability raised particular concerns, with participants often preferring to interact with caregivers and minimal efforts to involve patients. Effective communication is necessary for ensuring the quality of health care for people with disability, and it is legally required under the ADA. Our results suggest that important gaps may remain in ensuring effective communication, and some practicing physicians could benefit from formal training in effective methods for communicating with patients with disability.

Metamemory and memory for a wide range of font sizes: What is the contribution of perceptual fluency?

Words printed in a larger 48-point font are judged to be more memorable than words printed in a smaller 18-point font, although font size does not affect actual memory. To clarify the basis of this font size effect on metamemory and memory, 4 experiments investigated how presenting words in 48 (Experiment 1) or 4 (Experiments 2 to 4) font sizes between 6 point and 500 point affected judgments of learning (JOLs) and recall performance. Response times in lexical decision tasks were used to measure perceptual fluency. In all experiments, perceptual fluency was lower for words presented in very small and very large font sizes than for words presented in intermediate font sizes. In contrast, JOLs increased monotonically with font size, even beyond the point where a large font impaired perceptual fluency. Assessments of people's metacognitive beliefs about font size revealed that the monotonic increase in JOLs was not due to beliefs masking perceptual fluency effects (Experiment 3). Also, JOLs still increased across the whole range of font sizes when perceptual fluency was made salient at study (Experiment 4). In all experiments but Experiment 4, recall performance increased with increasing font size, although to a lesser extent than JOLs. Overall, the current study supports the idea that metacognitive beliefs underlie font size effects in metamemory. As important, it reveals that people's font size beliefs have some accuracy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

Fragment

Fragment Jennifer Chang (bio) "Always, with the fragment, as with the essay itself, there is this ambiguous shuttle between identity and dispersal, between formal, almost physical integrity and a fracturing or even pulverizing action."1 I currently live a fragmented life. It is temporary—the fragmentation, the life—but it often seems boundless, as I alternate between time zones and modes of attention (or rather, degrees of wakefulness; I am so tired of living here and there). Today I am in Washington, D.C., and I slept four continuous hours before waking to a cry in the dark. It was a cat, the neighborhood's geriatric stray. A week ago I was in Houston, Texas where the neighbor's wind chimes sang catastrophe in a wind rioting before storm. If I am not careful when entering an appointment into my Google™ calendar I will be tracking the days in Eastern Standard Time while living in Central Standard Time. And so, in Houston, I arrive an hour late to yoga class, finding a darkened room, bodies everywhere lying in savasana, a.k.a. "corpse pose." Some days I am a mother; I warm the milk and soothe real and phantom wounds. Some days I am looking out the window wondering what time it is. About wind, a friend who works in energy tells me Texas has an abundance. We were in D.C. having this conversation while our children tumbled down a giant red slide. All that wind! I was explaining that I was in D.C. for the week but would be in Houston for the next two weeks. What exactly do you do again? he asked, perplexed by the designation I give most freely: English professor. In fact, I am a poet. I write. More precisely, I read a lot and respond to what I read, and this often warrants writing. I write as I think, with scant resolution, in a form some might call "fragment." Given this, and given my dilemma with time, I frequently read fragments: from the very moment any voice is conceived whetherphysically realized or notmanifested or notto the very moment (if & when) delivered2 [End Page 351] A fragment can also be a poetics, as these lines by Theresa Hak Kyung Cha intimate. Excerpted from the textual experiment "audience distance relative," Cha nestles her quatrain at the center of a page. My decision to read it as a quatrain speaks to the formalist bent of my imagination. Must it be a stanza? Cha was a media artist; "audience distance relative" was first published posthumously in a book that includes a storyboard and stills from a film in the early stages of planning. Best known for her book Dictee, a hybrid of poetry, memoir, language primer, collage, and photography, Cha made texts that defy literary genre and stage, above all, a visceral encounter. On the page preceding the fragment, in a larger font, in bold: "between delivery."3 Language confronts me, and I feel that confrontation in body and mind. I feel the blank space as my silence meeting hers, a space that mirrors the distances between myself and others—speaking subjects, interlocutors, future experiences, the selves I might yet become. Such space feels like time, how Cha's prepositional phrases proliferate: "between" and "from" and "to." It is a fragment with a sense of direction, a map of ontological potential. What does my voice deliver and to where? Who will I be then, there? To read a fragment is to read the contours of incompleteness. And so much has been left incomplete. In Cha's fragment, the movement from conception to delivery measures what is fleeting and also endless, as incipience is endless, from what is impossible to say to what might be said. The interrogative "when" stands at the edge of answerability. The drama of this fragment lies in what is not articulated, thought suspended like a held breath. "or not," Cha permits twice, inviting variance rather than indecision. Meaning is a series of possibilities, interpretation a fluctuating practice. "or not"—like a birdcall that punctuates Houston's humid silences. "or not." Out of one fragment, more fragments. A proliferation...

Quantity processing of Chinese numeral classifiers: Distance and congruity effects.

A numeral classifier is required between a numeral and a noun in Chinese, which comes in two varieties, sortal classifier (C) and mensural classifier (M). A recent linguistic theory suggests that C/Ms carry quantity information, where C and M converge as the multiplicand, with numeral as the multiplier, but C and M diverge in the mathematical values they denote. However, previous empirical studies were sparse and presented inconsistent results. This study aimed to investigate the mathematical function of C/Ms using the number-size task in which participants had to choose from two C/M phrases the one that represents a larger quantity or in a larger font size. If C/M phrases engage quantity processing like numbers, distance and congruity effects should emerge. As expected, participants performed more accurately and faster at comparing two distant stimuli than two proximate ones, indicating that the mathematical values of C/M were represented like a mental number line. Moreover, participants' performance was partially influenced by the irrelevant information from the other dimension, suggesting that the mathematical values of C/Ms and the physical font size interfere with each other. These results corroborated that C/Ms play a role in magnitude cognition.

Diana’s Diabetes by W. J. Hall

Hall, Wendy J. Diana’s Diabetes. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2018.
 As part of the Mediwonderland book series designed to “guide children through common medical procedures and illnesses”, Diana’s Diabetes follows the journey of Diana, a young girl recently diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, as she learns about her condition and how it is managed.
 Following the identification of symptoms and her initial diagnosis, Diana and her mother return to the clinic for an information session and follow-up with Dr. Daniel and Nurse Nina. There, Diana and her mother learn about the mechanics of the illness, self-monitoring for blood glucose, and insulin injections. Diana is also given a journal in which she must record her food intake and insulin doses, as well as a medical identification bracelet.
 Major concepts are introduced through text and accompanying illustrations. The text, printed in large font, is easy to read. The content is rolled out logically, allowing for one concept to build upon the previous. Colourful illustrations by Ysha Morco serve to complement the text, providing visuals for the various concepts presented. However, in the case of the “Type 1 Diabetes” poster illustrated on pages 15 and 16, more detail and additional labels could have been added to better explain the biology behind the illness.
 In addition to providing an informative and factually sound overview of Type 1 diabetes in children, author Wendy J. Hall has successfully created characters and a scenario that will undoubtedly resonate with patients and family members alike, serving as both a source of information and comfort.
 This book is highly recommended for public, elementary school, and children’s hospital libraries. 
 Highly Recommended: 4 out of 4 starsReviewer: Victoria Eke

Dentists and What They Do by L. Slegers

Slegers, Liesbet. Dentists and What They Do. Clavis Publishing Inc., 2017.
 Intended to be read by parents with their toddlers, Dentists and What They Do is a fun, highly informative guide to a first visit to the dentist's office. Brightly-coloured images and diagrams occupy portions of every page of the story. These minimalist drawings are annotated with rhythmic phrases such as “shine, shine” for a mirror or “how funny!” for a dentist’s mask, making the book entertaining to read. Whereas the text of the story itself is small, the images are labelled in a larger font, and are therefore intended to be read by young children, introducing a variety of vocabulary. Further, Slegers accommodates for any fears that young children may have before their first visit to the dentist by demonstrating ways in which medical professionals act to entertain and accommodate children. For example, the dentist checks the teeth of a stuffed animal. 
 Overall, Dentist’s and What They Do is delightful, easy to read, and likely to be enjoyed even by older children because of its engaging format. In its demystification of the first trips to the dentist, the book is an excellent way to introduce normal checkups and appointments to young children and is effective in making the process entertaining. 
 Highly Recommended: 4 stars out of 4Reviewer: Madeline C. Crichton
 Madeline Crichton is a University of Alberta undergraduate student with a lifelong passion for reading. When she is not preoccupied with her studies, Madeline is busy volunteering in a variety of roles in her community.

Usability evaluation of monocular optical head-mounted displays on reading tasks

This study explores the factors affecting reading time, error rate, visual fatigue, and mental workload of subjects using a monocular optical head-mounted display (OHMD). Forty healthy participants were involved in this study using four factors: gender, reading conditions (walking and sitting), font sizes (12-, 16-, 20-, 24-, 28-, and 32-point), and contrast ratios (3.0:1, 7.5:1, 12.0:1, 16.5:1, and 21.0:1). The reading time, error rate, critical fusion frequency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s raw task load index, and visual fatigue scale were the dependent measures. Gender showed no significant effect on reading time or error rate. Reading conditions, font sizes, and contrast ratios had significant effects on reading time. Large font sizes produced the fastest reading times for both walking and sitting conditions. The walking condition produced significantly more visual fatigue and mental workload than the sitting condition. Font size and contrast ratio had significant effects on reading time and error rate. The fastest reading time was found at the 16.5:1 contrast ratio for both walking and sitting conditions. Combined with the 28-point font size, we found the fastest reading time and lowest error rate performance combination. Considering reading conditions, contrast ratios, and font size combinations, the 16.5:1 contrast ratio with 28-point font size in the sitting condition and the 16.5:1 contrast ratio with 32-point font size in the walking condition showed the best reading times and error rates. The results from this study can provide very useful reference information for OHMDs and related product interface designs.

Cognitive load eliminates the effect of perceptual information on judgments of learning with sentences.

Items presented in large font are rated with higher judgments of learning (JOLs) than those presented in small font. According to current explanations of this phenomenon in terms of processing fluency or implicit beliefs, this effect should be present no matter the type of material under study. However, we hypothesized that the linguistic cues present in sentences may prevent using font size as a cue for JOLs. Experiment 1, with short sentences, showed the standard font-size effect on JOLs, and Experiment 2, with pairs of longer sentences, showed a reduced effect. These results suggest that linguistic factors do not prevent font size from being used for JOLs. However, Experiment 3, with both short and long sentences, showed an effect of font size only for the former and not the latter condition, suggesting that the greater amount of to-be-remembered information eliminated the font-size effect. In Experiment 4, we tested a mechanism to explain this result and manipulated cognitive load using the dot-memory task. The short sentences from Experiments 1 and 3 were used, and the results replicated the font-size effect only in the low-cognitive load condition. Our results are consistent with the idea that perceptual information is used to make JOLs only with materials such as words, word pairs, or short sentences, and that the increased cognitive load required to process longer sentences prevents using font size as a cue for JOLs.

The Effect of Font Size on Children's Memory and Metamemory.

Recently, there has been a growing interest in the effect of perceptual features of learning materials on adults’ memory and metamemory. Previous studies consistently have found that adults use font size as a cue when monitoring their learning, judging that they will remember large font size words better than small font size words. Most studies have not demonstrated a significant effect of font size on adults’ memory, but a recent meta-analysis of these studies revealed a subtle memory advantage for large font words. The current study extended this investigation to elementary school children. First and fifth–sixth graders studied words for a free recall test presented in either large or small font and made judgments of learning (JOLs) for each word. As did adults, children predicted they would remember large font size words better than small font size words and, in fact, actually remembered the large font size words better. No differences were observed between the two age groups in the effect of font size on memory or metamemory. These results suggest that the use of font size as a cue when monitoring one’s own learning is robust across the life span and, further, that this cue has at least some validity.

Tinybop. Me: A Kid’s Diary by A. Seixas

Seixas, Ana. Tinybop. Me: A Kid’s Diary. 2016. Apple App Store, https://itunes.apple.com/app/apple-store/id1126531257?mt=8. 
 Ages 3-7 (depending on parent assistance)Cost: $2.99
 This app allows young children to create a digital diary filled with their own writings, photos, audio recordings, and drawings. The child creates an avatar from a varied array of options for skin colour, hair colour and style, facial features, and accessories. The app then encourages the child to respond to prompts, such as, “A song about me would be titled…,” “This is an interesting fact about my family,” and, “If I were an animal, I would look like this.” Some questions require a textual response, while others ask the child to draw, record, or take a snapshot of their response to the prompt, thereby taking advantage of the affordances offered by a tablet or phone. Other activities include the option to create a family tree, to create avatars of the child’s friends, and to answer all kinds of questions about the people in the child’s life. A child can draw, record, and photograph daily activities, such as their life at school.
 Children can use the app to explore their own ideas, experiences, and feelings through both serious and silly questions. A Kid’s Diary takes a simple process and makes it even more accessible to quite young children. Ana Seixas’ illustrations use eye-popping colours, with good use of contrast and negative space to make clicking easy. The language of the questions is simple and displayed in a large font. Younger children should be able to use this app with the help of caregivers reading the text for the children’s answers. Caregivers should know that the company foregrounds their privacy policy on the developer site, noting that the app does not collect information about the users through the application itself. It is highly recommended as a fun way for children and their caregivers to learn more about themselves and the world they observe around them.
 Highly recommended: 4 out of 4 starsReviewer: Allison Sivak
 Allison Sivak is the Public Services Librarian at the University of Alberta Libraries. She is currently pursuing her PhD in Library and Information Studies and Elementary Education, focusing on how the aesthetics of information design influence young people’s trust in the credibility of information content.

Design of a Prototype for Vision Prosthesis

This article describes how the field of vision prostheses is currently being developed around the world to restore useful vision for people suffering from retinal degenerative diseases. The vision prosthesis system (VPS) maps visual images to electrical pulses and stimulates the surviving healthy parts in the retina of the eye, i.e. ganglion cells, using electric pulses applied through an electrode array. The retinal neurons send visual information to the brain. This article presents the design of a prototype vision prosthesis system which converts images/video into biphasic electric stimulation pulses for the excitation of electrodes simulated by an LED array. The proposed prototype laboratory model has been developed for the design of flexible high-resolution 1024-electrode VPS, using an embedded computer-based efficient control algorithm for better visual prediction. The prototype design for the VPS is verified visually through a video display on an LCD/LED array. The experimental results of VPS are enumerated for the test objects, such as, palm, human face and large font characters. The results were found to be satisfactory.

The Role of Reading Classic Fiction in Book Groups for People with Dementia is Better Understood through Use of a Qualitative Feasibility Study

A Review of:
 Rimkeit, B.S. and Claridge, G. (2017). Peer reviewed: literary Alzheimer’s, a qualitative feasibility study of dementia-friendly book groups. New Zealand Library & Information Management Journal, 56(2), 14-22. https://figshare.com/articles/Literary_Alzheimer_s_A_qualitative_feasibility_study_of_dementia-friendly_book_groups/5715052/1
 
 Abstract
 Objective – To explore how people living with dementia experience reading classic fiction in book groups and what benefits this intervention provides. 
 Design – Qualitative feasibility study.
 Setting – Day centre within a care home in the North Island of New Zealand.
 Subjects – Eight participants with a medical diagnosis of dementia – four community dwellers who attend day centers, and four residents of a secure dementia unit in a care home.
 Methods – Investigators used surveys, focus groups, and interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), for ideographic analysis of the data. 
 Main results – Following analysis of the focus book group data, three superordinate, with related subordinate, themes were found: 1) the participant as a lively reader. The participants shared childhood memories of reading and when they became adults, how they encouraged reading within the household and with their own children. Subordinate themes included: recall, liveliness of discussion, and interest in reading and book clubs; 2) the participant as guardian of the voice of Dickens. Participants believed that, when the language is simplified, the beauty and rich imagery of Dickens is lost. Subordinate themes included: oversimplifying “loses the voice of Dickens”, familiarity, and continued play on words; and 3) the participant as a discerning book reviewer. The participants offered a number of ‘dementia-friendly’ suggestions, including the use of memory aids and simplifying text. Subordinate themes were expressed as four recommendations: use cast of characters; illustrations pick up the energy of the story, but balance quantity with risk of being childish; the physical quality of the text and paper; and chunk quantity of text while keeping the style of the original author. The choice of using classic fiction that was already well known was validated by the participants, who had some preconceptions about Ebenezer Scrooge, and described him by using epithets such as mean, an old bastard, and ugly. The participants found the investigators’ adapted version to be oversimplified, as short excerpts of the original Dickens seemed to evoke emotional and aesthetic responses of appreciation. Therefore, when creating adaptations, it is important to preserve the beauty of the original writing as much as possible.
 Conclusion – This qualitative feasibility study has provided a better understanding of how people living with dementia experience classic fiction in shared book groups. For individuals with Alzheimer’s disease, language skills may be well-preserved until later in the disease course. For example, the focus group participants demonstrated an appreciation and command of language, as well as enthusiasm and excitement in the sharing of the original Dickens with others. They suggested the use of memory aids, such as including a cast of characters, and repeating the referent newly on each page. Participants also suggested that the adapted version be shortened, to use a large font, and to include plenty of pictures. The choice of using classic fiction was validated by the participants, as they found these tales comforting and familiar, particularly when they included such colorful characters as Ebenezer Scrooge. Finally, people living with dementia should be encouraged to enjoy books for the same reason other adults love to read – primarily for the creative process. Classic fiction may be adapted to enhance readability, but the adaptation must be done in a thoughtful manner. While memory deficits occur in Alzheimer’s disease, an appreciation of complex language may be preserved until the later disease stages.

Modeling and resistant alleles explain the selectivity of antimalarial compound 49c towards apicomplexan aspartyl proteases.

Toxoplasma gondii aspartyl protease 3 (TgASP3) phylogenetically clusters with Plasmodium falciparum Plasmepsins IX and X (PfPMIX, PfPMX). These proteases are essential for parasite survival, acting as key maturases for secreted proteins implicated in invasion and egress. A potent antimalarial peptidomimetic inhibitor (49c) originally developed against Plasmepsin II selectively targets TgASP3, PfPMIX, and PfPMX To unravel the molecular basis for the selectivity of 49c, we constructed homology models of PfPMIX, PfPMX, and TgASP3 that were first validated by identifying the determinants of microneme and rhoptry substrate recognition. The flap and flap-like structures of several reported Plasmepsins are highly flexible and critically modulate the access to the binding cavity. Molecular docking of 49c to TgASP3, PfPMIX, and PfPMX models predicted that the conserved phenylalanine residues in the flap, F344, F291, and F305, respectively, account for the sensitivity toward 49c. Concordantly, phenylalanine mutations in the flap of the three proteases increase twofold to 15-fold the IC50 values of 49c. Compellingly the selection of mutagenized T.gondii resistant strains to 49c reproducibly converted F344 to a cysteine residue.

Dramatic Reduction in Hospital-Acquired Pressure Injuries Using a Pink Paper Reminder System.

The goal of this quality improvement project was to reduce the number of hospital-acquired pressure injuries (HAPIs) by flagging extremely high-risk patients with a pink paper reminder system and implementing a pressure injury prevention order set. The pink paper reminder system is an innovative, cost-neutral, simple approach to identify patients at highest risk of pressure injury development who meet specific criteria. There are 2 steps to this intervention. First, study authors developed a new risk assessment tool, the pink paper criteria. When a patient met the specified criteria, a pink piece of paper titled "SKIN AT RISK" in a large font was hung at the head of his/her bed to reinforce preventive strategies. Next, a set of pressure injury preventive measures was ordered. This quality improvement project included all adult hospitalized patients of all specialties based in 2 Kaiser Permanente hospitals. There was a 67% reduction in HAPI incidences following the initiation of the pink paper reminder system, from a mean rate of 1.2 to 0.4 incidence of HAPIs per 1000 patient-days measured over 4 years. Identifying and flagging patients who are at extremely high risk of pressure injuries and implementing an order set of pressure injury preventive measures dramatically reduced the rate of HAPIs per 1000 patient-days.

A framework for disaster resilience education with homeless communities

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a practice framework for disaster resilience education (DRE) with homeless communities.Design/methodology/approachA survey with 163 homeless service providers together with 45 interviews with people with a lived experience of homelessness, homeless service providers and emergency services.FindingsKey principles for DRE with the homeless community were: safe relationships, collaboration, strengths-based, empowerment, providing essential resources, and inclusivity. Recommendations for the design of DRE foregrounded partnerships and knowledge sharing between the homeless community and emergency services. Locally relevant risk information and material supports, together with sharing stories and eliciting values were important considerations for developing DRE content. Preferred delivery methods were outreach to build on trusted relationships and existing services, together with written material in large font emphasising images for distribution through drop in centres, food vans and new tenancy packages.Practical implicationsThe key principles, together with the detailed suggestions outlining ways to translate the principles into actions, can be used by emergency and homeless services to develop effective DRE materials and programmes.Social implicationsThe proposed DRE framework aims to not only enhance disaster risk knowledge, but also address the exclusion, isolation and disempowerment experienced by people who are homeless. By building on an effective intervention models within homeless services (Trauma-Informed Care) DRE can enhance the social connection, self-confidence and well-being goals of homeless services and clients.Originality/valueThe DRE framework is based on the first comprehensive Australian research with homeless services, clients and emergency managers on best practice for improving extreme weather preparedness in the homeless community.

Do delayed judgements of learning reduce metamemory illusions? A meta-analysis.

Past research has shown that the perceptual characteristics of studied items (e.g., font size) lead to a metamemory illusion, and that delayed judgements of learning (JOLs) are better predictors of memory performance than immediate JOLs. Here, we tested whether delayed JOLs could reduce or eliminate the effect of perceptual characteristics on JOLs and restudy decisions. We adopted a meta-analytic approach and analysed the results of 28 experiments in which participants' studied items were presented in either large or small font. JOLs and, sometimes, restudy decisions were collected either immediately or after a delay. Finally, participants completed a memory test. The results of the meta-analyses confirmed the effect of the font size on JOLs and restudy decisions. The delayed procedures reliably reduced the effect of perceptual characteristics on JOLs, but the effect was still significant after a delay. For restudy decisions, delayed procedures only reduced numerically the effect. Surprisingly, the meta-analysis also showed a very subtle memory advantage for items presented in large font over small font, although no individual study showed a significant difference and the overall effect size was small. One plausible explanation is that after a delay, information about font size is not available for some items, causing a reduction in the effect. Moreover, our results suggest that the dissociation between memory and metamemory reported previously may not be dissociation at all, but a mistmatched effect of font size on memory and metamemory.

Usability Guidelines for Elderly Website Interface

The elderly population is growing every year. Most of them are retirees. The number of elderly are significantly increasing in the near future. Therefore, it is important to see them as a large scale users of technology. However, the information system that exists is mostly general and not specific to a particular group. For the elderly, this is a constraint for those who have certain deficiencies such as having reduced visibility, movement, and deterioration of cognitive skills. It is essential to conduct a study to identify the problems faced by the elderly in using existing information system. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to discuss the construction of a usability guideline for elderly website interface. The study began by identifying the problems faced by the elderly to the usability of the current information systems that are available interviews. Usability characteristics of information systems that are suitable to the elderly are identified and a guideline for the elderly interface usability of information systems is constructed. These guideline illustrates that a friendly website interface for elderly are sites that provide usage facilities to the elderly such as simple language, large font size, navigation that is easy to use and has a combination of media such as video and audio. These guidelines are used to develop usability’s website interface for elderly. The website evaluation is conducted to assess the usability features used in the design. The website is tested by target users. Feedback from the elderly is used to enhance the interface to become more usable and can serve as a reference for web developers.

The effect of e-cigarette warning labels on college students' perception of e-cigarettes and intention to use e-cigarettes

ObjectiveThis study examined the effect of two e-cigarette warning labels on college students' perceived advantages and risks of e-cigarette use, as well as students' intentions to use e-cigarettes. The company-produced e-cigarette warning label carries abundant information with small font size while the governmental warning label has only two sentences presented in large font size. The effect of both labels have not yet been examined and verified. MethodsData were collected in October 2015 from college students at a Midwestern university. A pretest-posttest design was employed with 338 students exposed to the warning label proposed by the FDA and 328 students exposed to the label created by e-cigarette companies. Structural equation modeling analysis was implemented to examine the effect of warning labels with the analytical model grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior. ResultsFindings showed that college students' perceived advantages of e-cigarette use were positively related to their intentions to use e-cigarettes, while perceived risks were negatively associated with their intentions. When comparing two labels, the governmental label was found to reduce college students' intentions to use e-cigarettes via increasing perceived risks of e-cigarette use (β=0.10, p<0.05), however, not via decreasing perceived advantages of e-cigarette use. The warning label currently used by e-cigarette companies showed no influence on beliefs about or intentions to use e-cigarettes. ConclusionsThe warning label proposed by the FDA is more effective than that created by e-cigarette companies, however, has room for improvement to make a greater impact on e-cigarette use intention.

Erratum.

Erratum.

Touring the Modern Economy Through the Generations

In a time of comprehensive labor market disruption, no one needs to be reminded that jobs and their respective incomes are always changing in the modern economy. In this tour, we dive into how the occupations of yesterday have changed with each generation. By exploring this transformation, we may be able to uncover trends that will better prepare us for the unpredictable labor force of tomorrow. Each section, noted by a larger font, the name of the generation in question, and a Roman numeral, will take on a different generation and investigate some of the key features of its respective economy. The fourth section is dedicated entirely to the Great Recession as it is the latest paradigm shifter in the modern economy and the reason for much of the millennial generation’s perceived outlook on the economy. Additionally, each section can be read as a standalone piece, though the transitions through the paper attempt to be quite natural. This paper includes rigorous research on the key aspects of the time periods but is written in an easy-read format, approachable, and digestible for non-academics.