Largest Denomination Research Articles

Faith Community Nursing: Impacting Community-Based Care.

Faith community nurses (FCNs) are well positioned to serve individuals needing community-based healthcare within local healthcare systems, large church denominations, or through the support and resources of nonprofit faith community nursing organizations. This article briefly outlines development of the specialty of faith community nursing and proposes areas of research needed to grow the impact of this nursing specialty. Examples of FCNs working in and collaborating with healthcare systems, educational institutions, and congregations illustrate the value and diversity of FCN services for impacting community-based care. An exhaustive list of national, denominational, and regional organizations supporting FCN practice is included.

The fallacy of global comparisons based on per capita measures.

Media, social scientists and public health researchers often present comparisons across countries, and policy makers use such comparisons to take evidence-based action. For a meaningful comparison among countries, one often needs to normalize the measure for differences in population size. To address this issue, the first choice is usually to calculate per capita ratios. Such ratios, however, normalize the measure for differences in population size directly only under the highly restrictive assumption of a proportional increase of the measure with population size. Violation of this assumption frequently leads to misleading conclusions. We compare per capita ratios with an approach based on regression, a widely used statistical procedure that eliminates many of the problems with ratios and allows for straightforward data interpretation. It turns out that the per capita measures in three global datasets (gross domestic product, COVID-19-related mortality and CO2 production) systematically overestimate values in countries with small populations, while countries with large populations tend to have misleadingly low per capita ratios owing to the large denominators. Unfortunately, despite their biases, comparisons based on per capita ratios are still ubiquitous, and they are used for influential recommendations by various global institutions. Their continued use can cause significant damage when employed as evidence for policy actions and should therefore be replaced by a more scientifically substantiated and informative method, such as a regression-based approach.

Freedom of Religion and the State-Canonical Status of the Orthodox Church during the Period of the Ukrainian State of Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi

The article analyses the state of affairs with the implementation of freedom of religion in the Ukrainian State of Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi in the context of the religious structure of the population. On the basis of the legal acts of the Ukrainian State, in particular, of a constitutional nature, and the directions of the Ministry of Confessions, it was established that the interests of religious minorities in the state were adequately provided for and met their basic needs for functioning, if their activities were not of a political nature. In particular, this is demonstrated by the example of large Christian non-Orthodox denominations (Catholicism, Greek Catholicism, evangelical denominations). It has been proven that Orthodoxy, professed by the majority of Ukrainians, was the state religion, which was reflected both in legislation and in the strategic cooperation of the Hetman government with the Church. It is emphasized that Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi played a decisive role in the position of interaction with the Orthodox Church and its development within the framework of the national cultural policy of the Ukrainian State, which was helped by the image of Hetman as a classical monarch from the point of view of the Orthodox clergy. It was noted that the priority issue for the authorities and Orthodox hierarchs was the canonical status of the Orthodox Church in Ukraine, which, to the satisfaction of both, established itself in autonomy, but could not rise to autocephaly due to the geopolitical situation and the general mood of Ukrainian believers. Hence, the establishment of the autonomous status of the Orthodox Church in Ukraine became a logical consequence of the activity of the All-Ukrainian Church Council, which acted in accordance with the canons, and therefore such a status of the Church could not be questioned.

When cash costs you: The pain of holding coins over banknotes

AbstractWe hypothesize that the physical characteristics of cash lead to differences in “pain of holding” which influences spending. In one field study (rural India) and two controlled experiments (N = 1710), we tested that hypothesis by endowing people with coins or equivalently valued banknotes and measuring their pain of holding and spending. Holding denomination constant (e.g., $1 coins vs. $1 banknotes), participants reported a greater pain of holding for coins (vs banknotes) which in turn increased spending. These findings were consistent across three incentive‐compatible experiments using a range of contexts (spending/donation), populations (Americans/Indians), and currencies (USD/INR). There was no evidence that coins were spent more than banknotes because of lower perceived purchasing power. Our findings suggest that the pain of holding contributes to under‐saving, which may be especially problematic among vulnerable populations who rely on cash. Conceptually, we shed new insight on the denomination effect (greater spending of smaller than larger denominations) and the pain of paying (the aversive experience of spending money). Practically, we provide recommendations for practitioners who wish to encourage donations, spending, or saving.

Reversing the denomination effect in tipping contexts

AbstractAmerican consumers tip $36bn annually, predominantly using small sums of cash. Yet, little is known about how the denominations of cash affect tipping behavior. In contrast to existing findings on the spending of different denominations (i.e., the denomination effect), we posit that consumers are less likely to tip smaller (vs. larger) denominations (e.g., $1 in 4 × 25¢ coins vs. a $1 banknote) to the same total value. We term this the “denomination‐tipping” effect and predict that it occurs because it is more embarrassing to tip with smaller denominations than larger denominations. Consistent with this prediction, we find across one field study and four online studies (N = 1402) that consumers are less likely to tip smaller (vs. larger) denominations, and that this “denomination‐tipping” effect is mediated by feelings of embarrassment regarding tipping smaller denominations. Our findings add to the literature on how cash denomination affects consumers' usage of money in the context of tipping, and we provide practical guidance on how service providers can minimize the adverse impact of smaller denominations on tips to their service staff.

Hajj as an Element of Spatial Mobility of the Muslim Population of Siberia in the Context of the State‑Confessional Policy of the Russian Empire in the Second Half of the 19th to Early 20th Centuries

Hajj represents one of the most significant events in the life of the Muslim community. In the Russian Empire where Islam had become the second largest denomination in terms of the followers by the beginning of the 20th century, the Hajj transitioned from being a purely religious phenomenon to acquiring a certain political significance too. It was through this pilgrimage that Russian citizens professing Islam established relationships with their coreligionists from abroad.
 The aim of this study is to trace the degree of participation of Siberian Muslims in this process during the second half of the 19th to early 20th centuries and to assess their ability to perform the Hajj. Relying on archival materials, the authors demonstrate the importance of the process of organizing the Hajj and the participation of Muslims from the Russian Empire. The research revealed that Siberian Muslims were relatively minimally involved in the Hajj for several reasons. Firstly, a portion of the Muslims in Siberia had the status of exiles, which limited their movement both abroad and within the country. Secondly, the remoteness of the territory from the main sanitary checkpoints also discouraged potential pilgrims. In light of these circumstances, a phenomenon known as the “small hajj,” i.e., visiting holy places in Central Asia, became common among Siberian Muslims. The administrative challenges associated with performing the Hajj led many Muslims from various regions of the Russian Empire, including Siberia, to partake in pilgrimages illegally.
 This article may be of interest to religious scholars, historians, ethnographers, as well as a broad readership interested in the issues of state-confessional policy in the Russian Empire.

New traditionalism and religions of the South Asia

In the history of religions, in addition to large religious denominations and smaller ethnic specific cults and practices, there are a number of movements that combine local and ethnic features with global trends and patterns. The generalizing designations of such religious forms are diverse: these are folk or traditional religions, movements of social adaptation, archaic social movements, cult renewal or revival, etc. We are talking about the creative rethinking of the legacy of the past, its transformation, expansion, “reformatting”, re-imagining, and inclusion in a broad modern worldview context. Sometimes they play their role as catalysts for other movements and trends. They set off and complement the main lines of the historical development of other religions, and sometimes contrast with them. Almost always, they are associated with the formation of ethnic-cultural identities, the demarcation or, vice versa, strengthening of ties - real and imaginary. This article, for the first time in Russian ethnographic scholarship, examines the models and strategies for the formation and transformation of the “new old” religions of the East (especially South Asia), which have already become a noticeable phenomenon in the social, political, and cultural life of the region. The article introduces a special thematic section that features contributions by E.A. Renkovskaya, S.I. Ryzhakova, L.A. Streltsova, A.A. Bychkova, and M.B. Shcherbak.

Становление монетной терминологии в России: "монета"

The word “moneta” came into Russian owing to Peter the Great. This tsar sow the word on large European gold and silver coins, and decided that thereby it did guarantee an international recognition for any national currency. Thereafter in Russia for a long time only large denominations were called “monetae”. Just near 1760 the “moneta” has become an unique designation of any monetary unit regardless of its value and origin. Thus, present study offers the answers to the following questions of Russian history: firstly, where from and why the word “moneta” did appear in Russian; and secondly, how and how long the “moneta” and another words and word combinations, which derived from this word held firm in modern terminology. Reconstruction of these terms' evolution relies on the method of written sources analyze. Available documents, where the special concepts and terms are encountered, were divided into three groups corresponding the height of administrative level of the source, which made this document - upper middle or lower. On each of a levels the terminology developed at a different rate, which depended mainly on a personal factor - the presence of a motivated and authoritative specialist in the minting or in the improvement of the monetary relations' theory. In this case, the completion of the formation of each terminological concept is recorded exclusively in the documents of the highest level (emperors, Senate, and government).

“Greasy Thumb”—The Man Who Made the Chicago Mob

“Greasy Thumb”—The Man Who Made the Chicago Mob

RESOURCE ENDOWMENTS, AGENCY PROBLEMS, AND MONETARY OUTCOMES IN TWO COLONIAL AMERICAN MINTS, 1600-1700

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the role that resource endowments played in the performance of two New World coinages. Massachusetts Bay and the Viceroyalty of Peru provide a useful study in contrasts, having markedly different institutions and resource endowments. Both colonies originally emphasised the provision of «good» money, that is, the provision of a uniform coin (in weight and fineness) and of a sensible mix of large and small denomination coins that would support the domestic economy. Their outcomes, however, differed. We suggest that in Potosi, the sheer volume of the resource endowment (silver) incentivised fraud and the neglect of the provision of fractionary coinage in the viceroyalty. In contrast, in Massachusetts Bay, the scarcity of the resource produced incentives better aligned with the production of «good» money. The northern colony produced a trustworthy coinage that provided small denomination coins for the domestic market.

Local iterative block-diagonalization of gapped Hamiltonians: A new tool in singular perturbation theory

In this paper, the local iterative Lie–Schwinger block-diagonalization method, introduced and developed in our previous work for quantum chains, is extended to higher-dimensional quantum lattice systems with Hamiltonians that can be written as the sum of an unperturbed gapped operator, consisting of a sum of on-site terms, and a perturbation, consisting of bounded interaction potentials of short range multiplied by a real coupling constant t. Our goal is to prove that the spectral gap above the ground-state energy of such Hamiltonians persists for sufficiently small values of |t|, independently of the size of the lattice. New ideas and concepts are necessary to extend our method to systems in dimension d > 1: As in our earlier work, a sequence of local block-diagonalization steps based on judiciously chosen unitary conjugations of the original Hamiltonian is introduced. The supports of effective interaction potentials generated in the course of these block-diagonalization steps can be identified with what we call minimal rectangles contained in the lattice, a concept that serves to tackle combinatorial problems that arise in the course of iterating the block-diagonalization steps. For a given minimal rectangle, control of the effective interaction potentials generated in each block-diagonalization step with support in the given rectangle is achieved by exploiting a variety of rather subtle mechanisms, which include, for example, the use of weighted sums of paths consisting of overlapping rectangles and of large denominators, expressed in terms of sums of orthogonal projections, which serve to control analogous sums of projections in the numerators resulting from the unitary conjugations of the interaction potential terms involved in the local block-diagonalization step.

Main directions of cash flow improvement in Ukraine (with taking into account foreign experience)

Introduction. The main problems of cashless circulation in Ukraine are the problems of replacing or withdrawing some monetary marks from it and moving to a new (delegated) model of its organization. In solving these problems, the key role belongs to the National Bank of Ukraine. When deciding them, it is important that all participants in monetary circulation rely on foreign experience and existing scientific developments. The purpose of the paper is to study the current state of cashless circulation of Ukraine, identify the most significant problems and determine specific measures to improve cash payments and transition to the modern model of its organization. Results. The paper analyzes the main reasons for the replacement or withdrawal of cash: devaluation of the national currency; change in the scale of prices, which causes the denomination of the currency; the need to optimize the banknote-coin range of the national currency, as well as the structure of cash in circulation; economic expediency of issuing coins instead of banknotes of small denominations; insufficient protection of monetary marks from forgery; physical wear and damage to banknotes; orientation of financiers to large-scale banknotes; the risk of viral infection of people through cash; expansion of electronic money; transition to the use of plastic money; withdrawal from circulation of the Russian ruble in the territories occupied by Russia. In the modern period, in many countries, including Ukraine, it is necessary to switch from a partially controlled model of organization of cash flow to a delegated model. The essence of this model is that the central bank transfers on the terms of outsourcing some of the functions that it currently performs in the regions, other market participants – banks and companies Cash-in-Transit (SIT-companies). Conclusion. To improve cash flow in Ukraine, first of all, it is necessary to adhere to the inflation target of up to 5 %, consider the possibility of hryvnia denomination, complete the ordering of its banknote and coin series, and increase the security of large denomination banknotes. And the introduction of the delegated cash flow model should contribute not only to reducing costs for it, but also to the development of a competitive market for cash collection services.

Cash demand in times of crisis

This paper focuses on the role of specific types of crisis (technological crisis, financial market crisis, natural disaster) and their effects on the demand for cash in an international context. As evidence from the last 30 years shows, demand for cash increases during periods of crisis, regardless of the nature of the crisis. The nature of the crisis does, however, determine whether small or large banknote denominations are affected more. This study finds that times of payment uncertainties are associated with increased demand for small denominations, probably reflecting an elevated demand for transaction balances. By contrast, in times of financial crisis or general economic uncertainty, the increased demand for cash is largely the result of consumers taking precautionary actions and building up non-transaction balances; for this reason, there is greater demand for large banknote denominations. This study finds that cash continues to play an important role in crisis management. Whether this function can also be fulfilled by a future central bank digital currency, however, remains to be seen.

UNKNOWN SEAL OF EMPEROR JUSTIN I (518-527) FROM SERDICA

The paper examines a seal of Emperor Justin I (518-527). It has the following description:
 Obverse: Beardless bust with a nimbus of Emperor Justin I, opposite, with a helmet and chlamys. Around the image an inscription in clockwise direction:
 N IVSТI NVSPPAVG = D(ominus) n(oster Justinus p(er)petus Aug(ustus)
 Reverse: Victoria standing across with a wreath in each hand, in the bottom left field a small So far there is not known bulla of this ruler from Bulgaria and because of that some questions arise when identifying the specimen from Serdica. The inscription on the newly discovered seal showed that the bulla belonged to Justin, but it is not clear if it is Justin I (518-527) or Justin II (565-578). The image on the obverse differs from the known images of Justin I and Justin II. It is smaller and occupies part of the nucleus, while in the published so far the size of the bullotirium is larger than the nucleus itself. The inscription of the copy from Serdica is clearly legible, but the letters and the image are small, which distinguishes this seal from the known so far. The difference is obvious also in the reverse, in which Victoria does not follow the model of the image from the molybdenums of Justinian I and Justin II, but her image is close to that of the seals of Anastasius I, and even could be said that it completely copies it. The characteristics of the seal, its inscription and images are different from the ones of the copies of Justin II, which is a serious reason to attribute it to the time of Emperor Justin I, which makes it currently unique of this type.
 Other evidence of life in Serdica from the time of Emperor Justin I (518 - 527) are the coins discovered. In Serdica the most numerous are the coins of 40 nummi, followed by those of 20 nummi, which are almost two times less than the large denomination. The number of the specimens of 10 and 5 nummi is equal, but is less than the number of the large denominations. As mints, the coins from Constantinople predominated, followed by coins from Nicomedia, Antioch and Cyzicus. Among the regular coins were found two imitations of folles of Justin I, which imitate the production of the mint of Constantinople from this period. These coins, found together with the official ones used in the Byzantine state, show that they were accepted by the financial authorities as a regular payment tool. Two gold coins of Justin I are discovered in Serdica I - a solidus found at the eastern fortress wall and a tremis from the excavations at the northeastern tower. 
 The new seal of Emperor Justin I presented in the article and the coins discovered by this ruler in Serdica show the significant role of the city during this period.

Rational points with large denominator on Erdos--Selfridge superelliptic curves

Rational points with large denominator on Erdos--Selfridge superelliptic curves

The case against eliminating large denomination bills

When large denomination bills are preferred in illegal activities, what is the optimal policy response? We construct a dual currency model where illegal activity can be reduced by modifying the payment environment. In our model, legal (goods) traders are indifferent between small and large bills, but illegal (goods) traders face a lower transaction cost of using large bills in comparison to small bills because it is easier to conceal. We show that eliminating large bills can reduce illegal trade and its associated social cost. However, this pooling equilibrium is sub-optimal because the government can collect more seigniorage by allowing illegal traders to use large bills with a lower rate of return. When the transaction cost of using small bills for illegal traders is sufficiently large, a separating equilibrium, where legal traders use small bills and illegal traders use large bills, can maximize welfare by making an implicit transfer from the illegal traders to the legal traders.

The Response of the Auld Kirk in Haddington to the Disruption

This article will provide a case study of how the Auld Kirk in Haddington responded to the Disruption of 1843. It will show that despite the diversification of the church in the burgh during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, in 1843 the Church of Scotland was by far the largest denomination and that, despite two ministers and just under 500 members ‘coming out’, it retained its dominance during the remainder of the nineteenth century. This article will identify a number of factors which enabled the established church in Haddington to respond effectively to the Disruption, including the speed with which it reacted to the events of 1843; the reluctance of parishioners to leave the ancient parish church of St Mary's; the relative weakness of other denominations in the town; its ability to attract able and energetic ministers; and, its willingness to pursue a form of ‘territorial ministry’.

The denomination–spending matching effect

Prior research has documented a denomination effect, such that consumers are less willing to spend banknotes in large denominations (e.g., $100 bill) than in small denominations (e.g., five $20 bills). This research shows that the denomination effect persists when prices are low, but when prices are high, a reverse denomination effect applies, such that consumers prefer to pay for expensive products with large denominations. To accommodate both effects in a general framework, the authors propose a denomination–spending matching effect: consumers prefer to pay with a denomination that matches the spending amount. This matching effect is generalizable to other payment means (i.e., gift cards). A denomination fit underlies this matching effect—when denomination and spending have a similar magnitude, consumers feel right about the purchase. This experience of denomination fit prompts consumers to choose products where the price matches the denomination and increases consumers’ purchase satisfaction and anticipated consumption experience.

Fractional power series and the method of dominant balances

This paper derives an explicit formula for a type of fractional power series, known as a Puiseux series, arising in a wide class of applied problems in the physical sciences and engineering. Detailed consideration is given to the gaps which occur in these series (lacunae); they are shown to be determined by a number-theoretic argument involving the greatest common divisor of a set of exponents appearing in the Newton polytope of the problem, and by two number-theoretic objects, called here Sylvester sets, which are complements of Frobenius sets. A key tool is Faà di Bruno’s formula for high derivatives, as implemented by Bell polynomials. Full account is taken of repeated roots, of arbitrary multiplicity, in the leading-order polynomial which determines a fractional-power expansion, namely the facet polynomial. For high multiplicity, the fractional powers are shown to have large denominators and contain irregularly spaced gaps. The orientation and methods of the paper are those of applications, but in a concluding section we draw attention to a more abstract approach, which is beyond the scope of the paper.

A Hoard of Russian Coins of the 18th Century from the Village of Emylivka (Holovanivsky District of Kirovohrad Region)

In the spring of 2020 in the vicinity of the village Yemylivka (Golovanivskyi district, Kirovohrad region) local residents carrying out agricultural work accidentally discovered a hoard placed in a clay pot (Fig. 1). The deposit comprised coins which were in circulation in the Russian Empire during the XVIII century. The vast majority of the coins in the hoard are large-format copper 5 kopeck coins amounting to 40 pieces, as well as two silver rubles. Accordingly, the total value of the deposit is 4 rubles. The oldest coin of the complex is a ruble of 1731, and the youngest a 5 kopeck piece of 1786. The presence in this coin deposit of the XVIII century of only 2 silver rubles, minted in the 1730s, indicates the insignificant presence of large denomination silver coins in the money market of southern Ukrainian lands on the border with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the last quarter of the XVIII century. This is due to the monetary policy of the Russian authorities in Ukraine, relating to a ban on the export of silver coins outside the empire. This hoard of Russian coins of the XVIII century, which has already been the object of scientific attention, has several interesting features, in particular the presence in the hoard of two silver ruble coins, which furthermore are previously undescribed varieties. This hoard expands the our knowledge about the circulation of money in the Southern Ukraine in the XVIII century, especially in the lands bordering the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.