Large Cross Section Research Articles

Advancing Two-Photon Photodynamic Therapy Over NIR-II Excitable Conjugated Microporous Polymer with NIR-I Emission.

The availability of second near-infrared (NIR-II) excitable two-photon photosensitizers with NIR-I emission for efficient photodynamic therapy (PDT) is limited by challenges in molecular design. In this study, a NIR-II light-excitable two-photon conjugated microporous polymer (Tph-Dbd) with emission in the NIR-I region is developed. The large conjugated system and delocalized electronic structures endow Tph-Dbd with a large two-photon absorption cross-section under NIR-II light excitation. Moreover, the efficient electron acceptor and donor units within the π-conjugated backbones result in NIR-I emission for high signal-to-background ratio imaging, as well as separated highest occupied molecular orbitaland lowest unoccupied molecular orbital distributions for excellent singlet oxygen generation ability. The excellent NIR-II excitable two-photon absorption activity, NIR-I emission, good biocompatibility, and high photostability allow Tph-Dbd to be used for efficient in vitro fluorescence imaging guided PDT. Moreover, the impressive photothermal effect of Tph-Dbd can overcome the limitations of PDT in the treatment of hypoxic tumors. This study highlights a strategy for designing NIR-II excitable two-photon photosensitizers for advanced PDT.

Investigation of defect states in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors by small-signal admittance analysis

We have performed a small-signal admittance analysis to extract trap parameters in an AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor-on-Si. Whereas the admittance in the accumulation- and depletion-bias regimes is primarily due to the interface traps, the admittance near the threshold voltage and below is due to mono-energetic traps inside GaN. The density extracted for threading dislocation-related 1D traps at ≈0.22 eV below the GaN conduction band edge is similar to that previously reported by reverse-biased gate leakage analysis of the analyzed device. Our analysis suggests additional 1D traps of comparatively lower density ≈4×1014cm−3 but considerably large capture cross section ≈8×10−14cm2 in the GaN layer at ≈0.31 eV below the conduction band. The AlGaN trap density is considerably larger near the AlGaN/GaN interface than in the bulk AlGaN. The AlGaN traps mainly contribute to the voltage stretch; their admittance contribution is negligible. Gate leakage dominates the conductance at lower frequencies.

Image formation near hyperbolic umbilic in strong gravitational lensing

Hyperbolic umbilic (HU) is a point singularity of the gravitational lens equation, giving rise to a ring-shaped image formation made of four highly magnified images, off-centred from the lens centre. Recent observations have revealed new strongly lensed image formations near HU singularities, and many more are expected in ongoing and future observations. Like fold/cusp, image formations near HU also satisfy magnification relation (), i.e., the signed magnification sum of the four images equals zero. Here, we study how deviates from zero as a function of area () covered by the image formation near HU and the distance ( d) of the central maxima image (which is part of the HU image formation) from the lens centre for ideal single- and double-component cluster-scale lenses. For lens ellipticity values ≥0.3, the central maxima image will form sufficiently far from the lens centre ( d≳5″), similar to the observed HU image formations with . We also find that, in some cases, double-component and actual cluster-scale lenses can lead to large cross-sections for HU image formations for sources at z≳5, effectively increasing the chances to observe HU image formation at high redshifts. Finally, we study the time delay distribution in the observed HU image formation, finding that not only are these images highly magnified, but the relative time delay between various pairs of HU characteristic image formation has a typical value of ∼100 days, an order of magnitude smaller than generic five-image formations in cluster lenses, making such image formations optimal targets for time delay cosmography studies.

Renal-Clearable Organic Probes From D-A-D Type Aza-BODIPY Fluorophores for Multiphoton Deep-Brain Imaging.

Bright near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes play an important role in in vivo optical imaging. Here, renal-clearable nanodots prepared from Aza-BODIPY are reported fluorophores for multiphoton brain imaging. The design of donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) type conjugated structures endowed the fluorophores with large three-photon absorption cross-section for both 1620 and 2200nm excitation. The side chain modification and lipid encapsulation yield ultrasmall nanodots (≈4nm) and a high fluorescence quantum yield (≈0.35) at 720nm emission in the aqueous phase. The measured three-photon action cross-section of a single Aza-BODIPY fluorophore in the nanodots is ≈30 times higher than the commonly used Sulforhodamine 101 dye. Three-photon deep brain imaging of subcortical structures is demonstrated, reaching a depth of 1900µm below the brain surface in a live mouse study. The nanodots enabled blood flow measurement at a depth of 1617µm using line scanning three-photon microscopy (3PM). This work provides superior fluorescent probes for multiphoton deep-brain imaging.

Modulation of High-Intensity Optical Properties in CdS/CdSe/CdS Spherical Quantum Wells by CdSe Layer Thickness.

Spherical quantum wells (SQWs) have proven to be excellent materials for suppressing Auger recombination due to their expanded confinement volume. However, research on the factors and mechanisms of their high-intensity optical properties, such as multiexciton properties and third-order optical nonlinearities, remains incomplete, limiting further optimization of these properties. Here, a series of CdS/CdSe (xML)/CdS SQWs with varying CdSe layer thicknesses were prepared. The modulation effects of CdSe shell variations on the PL properties, defect distribution, biexciton binding energy, and third-order optical nonlinearities of the SQWs were investigated, and their impact on the material's multiexciton properties was further analyzed. Results showed that the typical CdS/CdSe(3ML)/CdS sample exhibited a large volume-normalized two-photon absorption cross-section (18.17 × 102 GM/nm3) and favorable biexciton characteristics. Optical amplification was observed at 12.4 μJ/cm2 and 1.02 mJ/cm2 under one-photon (400 nm) and two-photon (800 nm) excitation, respectively. Furthermore, different amplified spontaneous emission spectra were observed for the first time under one/two-photon excitation. This phenomenon was attributed to thermal effects overcoming the biexciton binding energy. This study provides valuable insights for further optimizing multiexciton gain characteristics in SQWs and developing optical gain applications.

Numerical investigation on flexural performance of dowel laminated timber with laminas made of laminated veneer lumber

Horizontal dowel laminated timber (H-DLT) is a doweled engineered wood product with laminas made of solid timber. H-DLT has excellent bending resistance. However, the height of cross-section of H-DLT as a beam is limited by the width of solid wood laminas. Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is an engineered wood product formed by hot-pressed gluing thin veneers, which is flexible in cross-section size compared to solid timber. Horizontal dowel laminated veneer lumber (H-DLVL) was developed by utilizing the H-DLT production methods and LVL material characteristics. H-DLVL has flexible size and good mechanical properties, and it can be made into beams and panels with large cross-sections. In this paper, the flexural performance of H-DLVL beams was investigated. A predictive finite element model of H-DLVL beams was created by the extended finite element method (XFEM) with cohesive zone model (CZM). The numerical models using solid-beam elements without fictitious cracks were verified and calibrated by experimental results. The influence of five variables, including lamina width, thickness, and quantity, dowel spacing along the grain, and dowel row (edge distance), on the flexural performance of H-DLVL beams was analyzed, and the flexural strength of H-DLVL beams was parameterized. The results showed that the failure mode of H-DLVL beams could be well predicted by XFEM without considering fictitious cracks combined with CZM, and the error range of simulated flexural strength of H-DLVL beams was within ±10 %. The flexural strength of H-DLVL beams was directly affected by lamina thickness and dowel spacing along the grain. The flexural strength of H-DLVL beams increased with the increase of those two variables. Lamina width and dowel row (edge distance) affected the flexural strength of H-DLVL beams indirectly by influencing the failure mode of H-DLVL beams. Based on this research, the recommended dowel spacing along the grain of H-DLVL beams was 6.25–12.5 times the wood dowel diameter, and the recommended edge distance of H-DLVL beams was 5–7 times.

Elucidating the Photophysics and Nonlinear Optical Properties of a Novel Azo Prototype for Possible Photonic Applications: A Quantum Chemical Analysis.

The photophysics and nonlinear optical responses of a novel nitrothiazol-methoxyphenol molecule were investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) methods with the polarizable continuum model to take the solvent effect into account. Special attention is paid to the description of the lowest absorption band, characterized as a strong π → π* state in the visible region of the spectrum. The TD-DFT emission spectrum analysis reveals a significant Stokes shift of more than 120 nm for the π → π* state in gas phase condition. The results show a great influence of the solvent polarity on the nonlinear optical (NLO) response of the molecule. Specifically, the second harmonic generation hyperpolarizability β(-2ω; ω, ω) shows a large variation from gas to aqueous solvent (82 × 10-30 to 162 × 10-30 esu), exhibiting notably higher values than those reported for standard compounds such as urea (0.34 × 10-30 esu) and p-nitroaniline (6.42 × 10-30 esu). Furthermore, a two-photon absorption analysis indicates a large cross-section (δ2PA = 77 GM) with superior performance compared to several dyes. These results make the molecule quite interesting for nonlinear optics.

Near-Infrared Emissive π-Conjugated Oligomer Nanoparticles for Three- and Four-Photon Deep-Brain Microscopic Imaging Beyond 1700 nm Excitation.

High-resolution visualization of the deep brain is still a challenging and very significant issue. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) holds great promise for high-spatiotemporal deep-tissue imaging under NIR-III and NIR-IV excitation. However, thus far, their applications have been seriously restricted by the scarcity of efficient organic probes. Herein, we designed and synthesized two donor-acceptor-donor-type conjugated small molecules (TNT and TNS) for in vivo mouse deep-brain imaging with three- and four-photon microscopy under 1700 and 2200 nm excitation. With a selenium (Se) substitution, we synthesized two conjugated small molecules to promote their emission into the deep near-infrared region with high quantum yields of 55% and 20% in THF solvent, respectively, and their water-dispersive nanoparticles have relatively large absorption cross-sections in the 1700 and 2200 nm windows, respectively, with good biosafety. With these superiorities, these organic NPs achieve high-resolution deep-brain imaging via three-photon and four-photon microscopy with excitation at 1700 and 2200 nm windows, and 1620 μm deep in the brain vasculature can be visualized in vivo. This study demonstrates the efficiency of NIR-emissive conjugated small molecules for high-performance MPM imaging in the NIR-III and NIR-IV window and provides a route for the future design of organic MPM probes.

Measurement of Milli-Charged particles with a moderately large cross section from the Earth’s core at IceCube

It is assumed that heavy dark matter ϕ with O(TeV) mass captured by the Earth may decay to relativistic light milli-charged particles (MCPs). These MCPs could be measured by the IceCube neutrino telescope. The massless hidden photon model was taken for MCPs to interact with nuclei, so that the numbers and fluxes of expected MCPs may be evaluated at IceCube. Meanwhile, the numbers of expected neutrino background events were also evaluated at IceCube. Based on the assumption that no events are observed at IceCube in 10 years, the corresponding upper limits on MCP fluxes were calculated at 90% C. L. These results indicated that the MCPs from the Earth’s core could be directly detected at O(1TeV) energies at IceCube when 2 × 10−5 ≲ ϵ2 ≲ 4.5 × 10−3. And a new region of 4 GeV < mMCP < 10 GeV and 4.47 × 10−3 ≲ ϵ ≲ 9.41 × 10−2 is ruled out in the mMCP-ϵ plane with 10 years of IceCube data.

Impact of Classical and Quantum Light on Donor-Acceptor-Donor Molecules.

Investigations of entangled and classical two-photon absorption have been carried out for six donor (D)-acceptor (A)-donor (D) compounds containing the dithieno pyrrole (DTP) unit as donor and acceptors with systematically varied electronic properties. Comparing ETPA (quantum) and TPA (classical) results reveals that the ETPA cross section decreases with increasing TPA cross section for molecules with highly off-resonant excited states for single-photon excitation. Theory (TDDFT) results are in semiquantitative agreement with this anticorrelated behavior due to the dependence of the ETPA cross section but not TPA on the two-photon excited state lifetime. The largest cross section is found for a DTP derivative that has a single photon excitation energy closest to resonance with half the two-photon excitation energy. These results are important for the possible use of quantum light for low-intensity energy-conversion applications.

Detection of ultra-low concentration NH3, SO2, and NO using UV-DOAS combined with multidimensional spectral fusion

Since nitric oxide (NO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ammonia (NH3) in flue gas cause severe air pollution, accurate measurements of their concentrations are crucial for optimizing the efficiency of flue gas denitrification in coal-fired power plants and protecting the atmosphere. Due to their large absorption cross sections in the ultraviolet (UV) band, NH3, SO2, and NO in flue gas can be detected by UV Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (UV-DOAS) techniques. However, spectral overlap and noise caused by short optical path limitations in the measurement are the main obstacles to achieve concentration inversion. Here, we propose a multidimensional spectral fusion method one-dimensional convolutional neural network combined with two-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-2D-CNN) with the ability to invert concentration of NH3, SO2 and NO at ppb level with 0.5 m optical-length. To separate the absorption features, one-dimensional spectra are converted into two-dimensional time-frequency plots by continuous wavelet transform (CWT). After denoising the spectra by wavelet thresholding, one-dimensional and two-dimensional spectral features are extracted by 1D-2D-CNN model and fused for inversion. The experimental results show that the proposed system can effectively eliminate interferences from NH3, SO2, and NO, significantly improving the concentration inversion accuracy. The detection limits for NH3, SO2 and NO in the mixture are 0.95 ppb∙m, 6.31 ppb∙m, and 2.53 ppb∙m, respectively, demonstrating that our approach outperforms other reported methods for flue gas analysis. The proposed system is expected to be applied to ammonia slip monitoring of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) in power plants.

On the enhanced properties of composite asphalt via adding surface modified calcium sulfate whisker-SBR

With the aim of improving the durability and safety, erosion time, and cost-effective of asphalt road, a composite of modified calcium sulfate whisker-styrene butadiene rubber modified asphalt (MCSW-SBRMA) was prepared via thermal doping. Firstly, stearic acid and titanate coupling agent (NDZ-201) were used as a modifier to transform calcium sulfate whisker (CSW) into MCSW via wet modification method at 60 °C and anhydrous ethanol as a dispersant. What is more, the optimum loading of modifier (a mixture of 25% stearic acid + 75% NDZ-201) was found to be at 2% to prepare MCSW. Subsequently, a composite of MCSW-SBRMA was prepared with different loading of MCSW (i.e. 2% to 8%) to enhance the softening point of asphalt. In this study, it was found that 4% of modifiers was the best composition to improve the MCSW-SBRMA properties as elucidated in the orthogonal experiment table L16(42). The effects of MCSW and SBR addition on several properties of asphalt were studied by multiple routine tests including penetration, segregation test, and so on. The results show that: 2% to 8% MCSW can increase the softening point of SBR modified asphalt (SBRMA) by 7% to 8%. 4% MCSW increased the PG of SBRMA from 64 to 70, which greatly improved the high temperature characteristics of asphalt. The 5 °C ductility of MCSW-SBRMA is greater than 100 cm, which greatly improves the low temperature performance of asphalt. Through the application of fluorescence microscopy (FM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), it has been demonstrated that MCSW-SBR effectively alters asphalt in a highly uniform manner, with some MCSW still retaining large cross sections, thereby facilitating the dispersion of shear stress and enhancing the durability of asphalt.

Numerical challenges in modeling gravothermal collapse in Self-Interacting Dark Matter halos

When dark matter has a large cross section for self scattering, halos can undergo a process known as gravothermal core collapse, where the inner core rapidly increases in density and temperature.To date, several methods have been used to implement Self-Interacting Dark Matter (SIDM) in N-body codes, but there has been no systematic study of these different methods or their accuracy in the core-collapse phase. In this paper, we compare three different numerical implementations of SIDM, including the standard methods from the GIZMO and Arepo codes, by simulating idealized dwarf halos undergoing significant dark matter self interactions (σ/m = 50 cm2/g).When simulating these halos, we also vary the massresolution, time-stepping criteria, and gravitational force-softening scheme. The various SIDM methods lead to distinct differences in a halo's evolution during the core-collapse phase, as each results in spurious scattering rate differences and energy gains/losses.The use of adaptive force softening for gravity can lead to numerical heating that artificially accelerates core collapse, while an insufficiently small simulation time step can cause core evolution to stall or completely reverse. Additionally, particle numbers must be large enough to ensure that the simulated halos are not sensitive to noise in the initial conditions. Even for the highest-resolution simulations tested in this study (106 particles per halo), we find that variations of order 10% in collapse time are still present.The results of this work underscore the sensitivity of SIDM modeling on the choice of numerical implementation and motivate a careful study of how these results generalize to halos in a cosmological context.

Azaacene Diradicals Based on Non-Kekulé Meta-Quinodimethane with Large Two-Photon Cross-Sections in the Infrared Spectral Region.

Non-Kekulé quinoidal azaacences m-A (1a,b) were synthesized and compared to their para- and ortho-quinodimethane analogues. m-Adisplay high diradical characters (1b: y0 = 0.88) due to their meta-quinodimethane (m-QDM) topology. Electron paramagnetic, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies and supraquantum interference device measurements in combination with quantum-chemical calculations revealed singlet ground states for m-A with singlet-triplet gaps ΔEST (0.13-0.25kcalmol-1) and thermally populated triplet states. These non-Kekulé structures are over all void of zwitterionic character and possess record high two-photon absorption cross sections over a broad spectral range in the near-infrared.

Low-Energy Electron Interactions with Methyl-p-benzoquinone: A Study of Negative Ion Formation.

Methyl-p-benzoquinone (MpBQ, CH3C6H3(=O)2) is a prototypical molecule in the study of quinones, which are compounds of relevance in biology and several redox reactions. Understanding the electron attachment properties of MpBQ and its ability to form anions is crucial in elucidating its role in these reactions. In this study, we investigate electron attachment to MpBQ employing a crossed electron-molecular beam experiment in the electron energy range of approximately 0 to 12 eV, as well as theoretical approaches using quantum chemical and electron scattering calculations. Six anionic species were identified: C7H6O2 -, C7H5O2 -, C6H5O-, C4HO-, C2H2 -, and O-. The parent anion is formed most efficiently, with large cross sections, through two resonances at electron energies between 1 and 2 eV. Potential reaction pathways for all negative ions observed are explored, and the experimental appearance energies are compared with calculated thermochemical thresholds. Although exhibiting similar electron attachment properties to pBQ, MpBQ's additional methyl group introduces entirely new dissociative reactions, while quenching others, underscoring its distinctive chemical behavior.

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of an Innovative Combined String–Cable Bridge

Suspension bridges, such as stress-ribbon, are among the simplest structural bridge systems and have the lowest structural height. The flexibility of these elegant bridges poses great challenges for designers to minimize their deformability under asymmetrical operational loads. Due to the small initial sag, such load-bearing structures also cause significant tensile forces, which requires them to have large cross-sections and massive anchor foundations. This paper analyzes an innovative suspension steel bridge structure combined with a string and a cable. More attention is paid to asymmetric loading as this is more relevant for suspension structures. The new structure is studied numerically and experimentally. It is established that the string stabilizes the displacements of the bridge under asymmetric loading. The stabilization efficiency is proportional to the value of the pre-tension force of the string. The obtained results reveal the behavior of the structure and enable an evaluation of the accuracy of the numerical results, as well as the applied modeling. In addition, the experimentally obtained results allow the evaluation of more aspects of the behavior of the new bridge, which will be useful in further studies of this type of structures.

Optimal design of thick-walled circular coils for uniform magnetic field generation

Abstract Uniform magnetic field coils are widely used as electromagnetic equipment in industrial, medical, and research applications, with Helmholtz coils being a common configuration. For applications requiring a relatively high magnetic field (∼mT), Helmholtz coils typically feature a large coil cross-section. However, this characteristic makes them unsuitable for describing the magnetic field generated by a current loop model during the design process. In this work, we model the magnetic field of a large cross-section Helmholtz coil system, often referred to as a thick-walled Helmholtz coil. By employing a genetic algorithm, we transform the design problem of a Helmholtz coil into a constrained optimization problem. Subsequently, we propose a method for reverse designing a Helmholtz coil based on constraints on the target magnetic field. Finite element simulations verify the accuracy of the established magnetic field calculation model in describing the magnetic field generated by the thick-walled Helmholtz coil. Moreover, the designed Helmholtz coil effectively meets the design constraints and objectives. This method addresses the issue of significant errors in calculating the magnetic field and its uniformity resulting from the cross-sectional effect during the design of thick-walled Helmholtz coils. Furthermore, it satisfies the constraints for coil operating time and lightweight design.

Ultrafast response of diketo-pyrrolo-pyrrole dyes with large two-photon absorption enhancement as well as AIE property

To study the effect of terminal groups substituent on the two-photon absorption (TPA) properties of [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] structural dyes with diketo-pyrrolo-pyrrole (DPP) as central electron acceptor group, linear/transient absorption spectroscopy, one/two-photon fluorescence spectra, open-aperture [Formula: see text]-scan, and excited states quantum chemical calculations have been performed to systematically study the intermediate product electron acceptor J0 as well as three [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] structural dyes using benzene, triphenylamine and 2,3-methoxy-triphenylamine as terminal electron donors, named as J1, J2, and J3, respectively. The intermediate product electron acceptor itself exhibits a relatively large TPA response, which indicates the DPP group has a large conjugated system. J2, with strong electron-donating ability groups triphenylamine as terminal groups, shows a large TPA cross-section of 534[Formula: see text]GM, which is approximately 10 times larger than that of J1 with weak electron pushing/pulling abilities groups benzene as terminal groups (51[Formula: see text]GM). The result indicates that the electron-donating abilities of terminal groups do play a key role in TPA response. Furthermore, methoxy substituent on the terminal triphenylamine groups can further effectively increase the TPA response, J3exhibits a 15-fold enhancement compared with that of J1. Transient absorption spectra and quantum chemical calculation results are well accorded with the experimental results. Terminal substituents with strong electron donor groups are beneficial for the formation of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) process. Besides, methoxy substituent in the terminal of triphenylamine groups can further enhance the degree of ICT and induce AIE characteristics in the molecule.

Interaction of exotic states in a hadronic medium: the Z c (3900) case

We investigate the interactions of the charged exotic state Z c (3900) in a hadronic medium composed of light mesons. We study processes such as Zcπ→DD¯ , Zcπ→D*D¯* , Zcπ→DD¯* and the inverse ones. Using effective Lagrangians and form factors calculated with Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) sum rules (treating the Z c (3900) as a tetraquark) we estimate the vacuum and thermally-averaged cross-sections of these reactions. We find that the Z c (3900) has relatively large interaction cross sections with the constituent particles of the hadronic medium. After that, we use the production and suppression cross sections in a rate equation to estimate the time evolution of the Z c multiplicity. We include the Z c decay and regeneration terms The coalescence model is employed to compute the initial Z c multiplicity for the compact tetraquark configuration. Our results indicate that the combined effects of hadronic interactions, hydrodynamical expansion, decay and regeneration affect the final yield, which is bigger than the initial value. Besides, the dependence of the Z c final yield with the centrality, center-of-mass energy and the charged hadron multiplicity measured at midrapidity [dNch/dη(η<0.5)] is also investigated.

A simplified method for evaluating the carrying-soil phenomenon in large cross-section rectangular pipe jacking

During the large cross-section rectangular pipe jacking, the soil within a certain range above the jacking pipe is prone to move along with the pipe jacking machine and jacking pipe under various effects generated by the jacking construction, known as the carrying-soil phenomenon. However, there is currently a lack of evaluation methods to quantitatively analyse this phenomenon. Thus this paper proposes a semi-analytical evaluation method for the carrying-soil phenomenon in large cross-section rectangular pipe jacking. This method considers the soil disturbance caused by the joint effect of the added thrust, the friction force, the grouting pressure, and the over excavation of soil generated during the jacking process through the applications of the Mindlin solution and stochastic medium theory, which allows for a quantitative analysis of the yielding range of the surrounding soil around the pipe jacking and hence a quantitative evaluation of the carrying-soil phenomenon. This method is also well validated by comparing its simulated results with measured ones. Based on the proposed method, the influential factor analysis of carrying-soil phenomenon in large cross-section rectangular pipe jacking is also carried out. It is found that increasing the buried depth, reducing the excavation width, maintaining appropriate grouting pressure, and minimizing ground loss and friction forces can effectively control the carrying-soil phenomenon.