Large Volumes Of Liquid Research Articles

Evaluation of Early High Speed Development of Bottom Water Heavy Oil Reservoir

The bottom water heavy oil reservoir has high natural energy, and the bottom water body multiple of the reservoir is 300 times or even higher. The natural energy of the reservoir can keep the superior condition that the formation energy does not decrease under the condition of large liquid volume and high recovery rate. In view of this reservoir condition, we take C oilfield as an example to carry out the oilfield development effect under the condition of large liquid volume and high-speed production, and analyze the influence of high-speed production and medium low-speed production on recovery rate of similar heavy oil bottom water-reservoir. The results show that the rising trend of water cut in oilfield is the same whether high-speed development with large liquid volume or conventional low-speed development is adopted. Under the condition of high liquid production, the sweep efficiency of water flooding is high in the same period of time, which has certain advantages of enhanced oil recovery. The development mode of early large liquid production is explored, which provides certain guidance for the efficient development of heavy oil reservoir with bottom water.

Is Coffee a Useful Source of Caffeine Preexercise?

Caffeine is a well-established ergogenic aid, with its performance-enhancing effects demonstrated across a wide variety of exercise modalities. Athletes tend to frequently consume caffeine as a performance enhancement method in training and competition. There are a number of methods available as a means of consuming caffeine around exercise, including caffeine anhydrous, sports drinks, caffeine carbohydrate gels, and gum. One popular method of caffeine ingestion in nonathletes is coffee, with some evidence suggesting it is also utilized by athletes. In this article, we discuss the research pertaining to the use of coffee as an ergogenic aid, exploring (a)whether caffeinated coffee is ergogenic, (b)whether dose-matched caffeinated coffee provides a performance benefit similar in magnitude to caffeine anhydrous, and (c)whether decaffeinated coffee consumption affects the ergogenic effects of a subsequent isolated caffeine dose. There is limited evidence that caffeinated coffee has the potential to offer ergogenic effects similar in magnitude to caffeine anhydrous; however, this requires further investigation. Coingestion of caffeine with decaffeinated coffee does not seem to limit the ergogenic effects of caffeine. Although caffeinated coffee is potentially ergogenic, its use as a preexercise caffeine ingestion method represents some practical hurdles to athletes, including the consumption of large volumes of liquid and difficulties in quantifying the exact caffeine dose, as differences in coffee type and brewing method may alter caffeine content. The use of caffeinated coffee around exercise has the potential to enhance performance, but athletes and coaches should be mindful of the practical limitations.

Effect of the Number of ME Elements on Capture Rate of a Small Number of Pathogens in the Prototype of Phage Filter with a Comparison of Rocking Method

Foodborne illness is a frequent public health problem because there is potential for food to be contaminated by pathogens at any point from farms to the dinner tables. Each year, the cost of foodborne illness in the U.S. is enormous. The direct and indirect costs associated with foodborne illness are more than $15.6 billion per year. For rapid detection of foodborne pathogens, Magnetoelastic (ME) biosensor is one of the methods to detect pathogens on food surface and liquids. As the multistate outbreak caused by Romaine lettuce contamination in 2018, current microbiological testing methods, required by Food and Drug Administration (FDA)’s Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM), shows shortages. According to the requirement, a new method, named 3D bio-molecular filter, was developed to capture, concentrate, and isolate a small number of pathogens in large volume of liquid streams. The filter consists of ME filter elements, a pair of permanent magnetic plates, and testing glass tube. ME filter elements are magnetically held and arrayed in a testing glass tube. The target pathogen in a large volume of liquid will be capture by ME filter elements when a large volume of liquid passes through. A prototype of a compact edition was developed in this paper to support this method. The device consists of high magnetic plates, which provide uniform high magnetic force to hold ME filter elements, and a square glass tube to pass through the liquid with target pathogen. In this work, E2 phage is immobilized on ME filter elements to capture, concentrate, and isolate Salmonella Typhimurium in processing water. Two different methods to capture Salmonella, rocking method and 3D biomolecular filter method, are compared. The capture rate and effects of the number of ME filter elements on Salmonella capture efficiency will be discussed.

Synergistic effects of trace concentrations of hydrogen peroxide used in a novel hydrodynamic cavitation device allows for selective removal of cyanobacteria

Here, we present an improved and verified rotating hydrodynamic cavitation device (RHCD) inspired by so-called cavitation heaters. The cavitation efficiency of the device is adjustable by rotation speed and flow rate and can be modified for selective removal of cyanobacteria from water with only temporal effect on algal growth or metabolic activity. Previous hydrodynamic cavitation devices have required several cycles to achieve cyanobacterial elimination (12–200 cycles, 5–200 min of treatment), while the RHCD is capable to remove 99% of cyanobacteria after a single cycle lasting 6 s. The device efficiency at cyanobacterial removal was synergistically enhanced through the addition of trace concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (45–100 µM H2O2), levels 10–1000 times lower than those used in previous studies. The RHCD is also capable to increase temperature, an additional advantage for potential technological applications. We discuss the potential use of this device over a broad spectrum of technological processes, and especially regarding the addition of hydrogen peroxide, ozone, or ferrates, which could open new areas in advanced oxidation technologies. It could also be used as an alternative or as a complement to sonochemical, microwave-assisted or electrochemical methods in chemical engineering processes requiring treatment of large volumes of liquids.

Temporal and spatial trends of conventional and unconventional oil and gas waste management in Pennsylvania, 1991–2017

The significant development of oil and gas from the Marcellus Shale and other geological formations in Pennsylvania over the last decade has generated large volumes of liquid and solid waste. In this paper we use data reported to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP) to examine temporal and spatial trends in generation and management of liquid and solid waste from both conventional and unconventional oil and gas activities in Pennsylvania between 1991 and 2017. While previous assessments have examined this waste inventory in part, no complete assessment of waste quantity, waste types, waste handling practices, and spatial waste tracking has been undertaken using all currently available years of Pennsylvania oil and gas waste data. In 2017 more than half of oil and gas wastewater by volume was reused at well pads to facilitate more hydrocarbon production while the majority of solid waste by volume was disposed of at in-state landfills. The spatial resolution of wastewater generation and handling from unconventional operations has improved substantially with recent regulations and reporting requirements; however, conventional oil and gas development was not held to more stringent reporting requirements and thus spatially-explicit data on wastewater generation and handling from conventional oil and gas development is still lacking. In addition, a third of the liquid waste across all years in the inventory lack a reported final destination. Spatially explicit cradle-to-grave reporting of waste generation and waste handling from both conventional and unconventional oil and gas development is critical to assess potential environmental and human health hazards and risks associated with oil and gas development.

Study of the Geometrical Effects of Impeller on the Flow Field in Hybrid Mixing Process for Manufacturing Nanocomposites

Abstract For liquid-based processing of nanocomposite materials, mechanical stirring and ultrasonic processing are two different physical processes that are widely used for mixing of nanomaterials in a liquid medium such as molten metals or polymer solutions. The acoustic cavitation bubble effect generated during ultrasonic processing is highly advantageous in breaking apart aggregates or clusters of nanomaterials in the liquid, but the extent of this effect is confined within a limited volume of liquid adjacent to the source of the ultrasound energy. On the other hand, mechanical stirring using rotary impellers can achieve flow circulation in much larger volumes of liquids, aided by agitation of a liquid medium. However, the shear forces are not sufficient to overcome the inter-particle attraction of nanomaterials. In this work, a computational model of the mechanical stirring process was implemented to study the turbulent flow characteristics generated by a rotating radial flow impeller that can accommodate an ultrasonic probe concentrically located inside a hollow impeller shaft. Systematic investigations were performed using statistical analysis and design of experiments (DoE) to determine the influence of the different geometric parameters of the impeller, such as blade length, blade height, blade thickness, hub thickness, and number of blades, on the turbulent flow characteristics of the flow field in the mixing vessel with a large volume of liquid. The hybrid mixing process combined mechanical stirring and ultrasonic processing with the determined geometric configuration of the impeller has been used to prepare aqueous suspensions of carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and the experimental observations exhibited prolonged stability of the suspensions, compared to that of suspensions separately prepared through the mechanical stirring or the ultrasonic processing. This research provides a route towards overcoming the scientific and engineering challenges associated with scaling up the liquid-based manufacturing of high performance lightweight nanocomposite materials to sufficiently large quantities for use in practical industrial applications.

Oropharyngeal dysphagia profile in early versus late stage dementia

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate swallowing in early and late stage dementia cases referred to the swallowing clinic with oropharyngeal dysphagia in order to have a comprehensive view about their characteristic oropharyngeal dysphagia profile toward different food textures to address them in their rehabilitation program.Patients and MethodsFiber-optic endoscopic examination of swallowing (FEES) was conducted to evaluate formally the oropharyngeal stage of swallowing in 26 individuals diagnosed with early mild Alzheimer dementia and late severe Alzheimer dementia. The FEES protocol included symptoms of presentation, route of feeding, bedside evaluation using different textures followed by evaluation of the oral preparatory stage, and the pharyngeal stage through FEES. In addition to observing the ability of the patient to imitate various oromotor actions and ability to follow commands related to the oral phase of swallowing.ResultsFor early stage dementia, all food consistencies were considered safe except for mixed consistencies, large volumes of thin liquids and jelly, while the safest consistencies to use with the late stage dementia cases for quality of life and pleasurable feeds were thickened liquids and jelly consistency.ConclusionOropharyngeal dysphagia profiles in early stage Alzheimer dementia is different from late stage Alzheimer dementia indicating that the mechanism behind dysphagia is different in the two groups.

Critical heat flux and heat transfer in a thermosiphon with enhanced surfaces for boiling and condensation

The technology of solid-state light source is associated with the future of a number of sectors of economy. Duration of failure-free operation, optical radiation power and other output characteristics of the LEDs are closely linked with p-n junction temperature, which makes the development of the cooling systems an important step in creating LED systems. In this work, we have created a new type of thermosiphon for studying heat transfer from a local heat source. Boiling heat transfer on the local heaters with the diameter of 1 and 5 mm has been investigated. It is shown that on the finned surfaces overheating relative to the saturation temperature in comparison with a smooth surface decreases up to three times for the heater with the diameter of 5 mm. For finned surfaces on the heater with a diameter of 1 mm, surface overheating relative to the saturation temperature decreases four times. More than three times increase is observed for the heat transfer coefficient on finned surfaces as compared to the smooth ones. It is shown that the value of the critical heat flux (CHF) under the conditions of a large volume of liquid for the heaters with D = 1.6 and 5 mm is in good agreement with the known dependences. Radial finning of the heater has no effect on CHF. The value of CHF for D = 1 mm turns out to be higher than the calculated one. The greatest increase is achieved by using a head with finning.

A hybrid Eulerian-DFSPH scheme for efficient surface band liquid simulation

The discretization of fluids can significantly affect computation times of traditional SPH methods. Even if state-of-the-art SPH methods such as divergence-free SPH (DFSPH) produce excellent small-scale details for complex scenarios, simulating a large volume of liquid with these particle-based approaches is still highly expensive considering that only a fraction of the particles will contribute to the visible outcome. This paper introduces a hybrid Eulerian-DFSPH method to reduce the dependency of the number of particles by constraining kernel-based calculations to a narrow band of particles at the liquid surface. A coarse Eulerian grid handles volume conservation and leads to a fast convergence of the pressure forces through a hybrid method. We ensure the stability of the liquid by seeding larger particles (which we call fictitious) in the grid below the band and by advecting them along the SPH particles. These fictitious particles require a two-scale DFSPH model with distinct masses inside and below the band. The significantly heavier fictitious particles are used to correct the density and reduce its fluctuation inside the liquid. Our approach effectively preserves small-scale surface details over large bodies of liquid, but at a fraction of the computation cost required by an equivalent reference high-resolution SPH simulation.

Development of a Nonelectrolytic Selectively Superabsorbent Polymer

Highly absorbent polymers capable of trapping large volumes of organic liquids are attractive materials for cleaning up toxic chemical spills. Here we report development of a homopolymer network using N-butyl-N-phenylacrylamide with poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate as the cross-linker, that absorbs a variety of organic liquids by swelling. The nonelectrolytic basis of this polymer allows it to be used in areas where organic liquids and water coexist in the form of an emulsion. We demonstrate that this new polymer swells up to 20× in nonpolar organic liquids and up to 33× in more polar organic liquids but has negligible swelling in water. Consequently, this novel selectively superabsorbent polymer has potential use in a broad range of applications to capture and remove hazardous materials.

Melt segregation from silicic crystal mushes: a critical appraisal of possible mechanisms and their microstructural record

One of the outstanding problems in understanding the behavior of intermediate-to-silicic magmatic systems is the mechanism(s) by which large volumes of crystal-poor rhyolite can be extracted from crystal-rich mushy storage zones in the mid-deep crust. The mechanisms commonly invoked are hindered settling, micro-settling, and compaction. The concept of micro-settling involves extraction of grains from a crystal framework during Ostwald ripening and has been shown to be non-viable in the metallic systems for which it was originally proposed. Micro-settling is also likely to be insignificant in silicic mushes, because ripening rates are slow for quartz and plagioclase, contact areas between grains in a crystal mush are likely to be large, and abundant low-angle grain boundaries promote grain coalescence rather than ripening. Published calculations of melt segregation rates by hindered settling (Stokes settling in a crystal-rich system) neglect all but fluid dynamical interactions between particles. Because tabular silicate minerals are likely to form open, mechanically coherent, frameworks at porosities as high as ~ 75%, settling of single crystals is only likely in very melt-rich systems. Gravitationally-driven viscous compaction requires deformation of crystals by either dissolution–reprecipitation or dislocation creep. There is, as yet, no reported microstructural evidence of extensive, syn-magmatic, internally-generated, viscous deformation in fully solidified silicic plutonic rocks. If subsequent directed searches do not reveal clear evidence for internally-generated buoyancy-driven melt segregation processes, it is likely that other factors, such as rejuvenation by magma replenishment, gas filter-pressing, or externally-imposed stress during regional deformation, are required to segregate large volumes of crystal-poor rhyolitic liquids from crustal mushy zones.

Comparison of Pathogens Capture By Different Bio-Receptors Immobilized Biomolecular Filter in a Large Volume of Liquid

Foodborne illness is a common public health problem because food can be contaminated by pathogens at any point from farm to dinner table. This paper shows a comparison of capturing a small quantity of a specific bacterial pathogen in a large volume of liquid using a biomolecular filter immobilized with different bioreceptors. The filter consists of support frames, which are made of a soft magnetic material, and solenoid coils for magnetization/demagnetization of the frames. The biomolecular filter is a planar, multi-layered arrangement of strip-shaped magnetoelastic (ME) biosensors with bioreceptor immobilization. These ME biosensors are magnetically held and arrayed on the filter frames. The pathogen of interest in a large volume of liquid is captured by the bioreceptor immobilized on the ME biosensors, when a large volume of liquid passes through. At the same time, non-specific debris can be passed through the biomolecular filter, in order to avoiding a common clogging issue from conventional bead filters. In this work, E2 phage and antibody, are immobilized each on ME biosensors to capture Salmonella Typhimurium in a large volume of water. The capture efficiencies and effects of multiplication of filter layers with E2 phage and the antibody on Salmonella capture efficiency will be discussed.

Technology of fermentation coupling with foam separation for improving the production of nisin using a κ-carrageenan with loofa sponges matrix and an hourglass-shaped column

There are two problems in the technology of the fermentation coupling with foam separation: stripping of bacteria into the foam and large volume of interstitial liquid. In order to solve these problems, cell immobilization was utilized in this technology and a new carrier by combining κ-carrageenan and loofa sponge was designed to successfully immobilize Lactococcus lactis supsp. Lactis ATCC 11454. A novel hourglass-shaped column was developed to effectively enhance foam drainage. Continuous fermentation of immobilized cells coupling with foam separation was carried out for 100 h and a maximum total nisin titer of 4.91 × 103 IU/mL was achieved. Nisin productivity of 3.92 × 102 IU/mL h in continuous + coupled foam separation was higher than that in continuous + uncoupled foam separation (3.20 × 102 IU/mL h) and batch fermentation (2.36 × 102 IU/mL h). The current study demonstrated that this technology significantly enhanced the production of nisin and would be useful in scaling-up of the fermentation process for improving the production of nisin.

A frequency quantum interpretation of the surface renewal model of mass transfer.

The surface of a turbulent liquid is visualized as consisting of a large number of chaotic eddies or liquid elements. Assuming that surface elements of a particular age have renewal frequencies that are integral multiples of a fundamental frequency quantum, and further assuming that the renewal frequency distribution is of the Boltzmann type, performing a population balance for these elements leads to the Danckwerts surface age distribution. The basic quantum is what has been traditionally called the rate of surface renewal. The Higbie surface age distribution follows if the renewal frequency distribution of such elements is assumed to be continuous. Four age distributions, which reflect different start-up conditions of the absorption process, are then used to analyse transient physical gas absorption into a large volume of liquid, assuming negligible gas-side mass-transfer resistance. The first two are different versions of the Danckwerts model, the third one is based on the uniform and Higbie distributions, while the fourth one is a mixed distribution. For the four cases, theoretical expressions are derived for the rates of gas absorption and dissolved-gas transfer to the bulk liquid. Under transient conditions, these two rates are not equal and have an inverse relationship. However, with the progress of absorption towards steady state, they approach one another. Assuming steady-state conditions, the conventional one-parameter Danckwerts age distribution is generalized to a two-parameter age distribution. Like the two-parameter logarithmic normal distribution, this distribution can also capture the bell-shaped nature of the distribution of the ages of surface elements observed experimentally in air–sea gas and heat exchange. Estimates of the liquid-side mass-transfer coefficient made using these two distributions for the absorption of hydrogen and oxygen in water are very close to one another and are comparable to experimental values reported in the literature.

Comments on the use of loop reactors in sonochemical processes

For sonochemical processing on an industrial scale the traditional choice is either a batch or flow system. The former is straightforward in concept but it requires large scale powerful ultrasonic transducers capable of delivering high intensity ultrasound to large volumes of liquid. Unfortunately at the moment the cost and problems involved in building very large sonication devices for batch processes cannot justify the replacement of existing industrial processes. For this reason most sonochemists prefer some form of flow system where small quantities of reagents can be treated as they are pumped from a large vat of reagents through a smaller sonochemical reactor where high intensity ultrasound can be applied. In this short paper we draw attention to a problem which seems common in a number of papers dealing with such flow systems – a confusion between the terms continuous reactor and loop reactor. Further we emphasise the importance of calculating the actual amount of ultrasonic processing experienced by the reaction mixture within the sonication zone of a loop reactor during its operation. The parameters required for such a calculation are: ultrasonic processor volume (Rv in L), pump flow rate (Fr in L/min), stock solution volume in the reservoir (Sv in L) and the overall system operating time (So in min).

Assessing and monitoring the effects of filter material amendments on the biophysicochemical properties during composting of solid winery waste under open field and varying climatic conditions

Waste management in winery and distillery industries faces numerous disposal challenges as large volumes of both liquid and solid waste by-products are generated yearly during cellar practices. Composting has been suggested as a feasible option to beneficiate solid organic waste. This incentivized the quest for efficient composting protocols to be put in place. The objective of this study was to experiment with different composting strategies for spent winery solid waste. Compost materials consisting of chopped pruning grape stalks, skins, seed and spent wine filter material consisting of a mixture of organic and inorganic expend ingredients were mixed in compost heaps. The filter material component varied (in percentage) among five treatments: T1 (40%) lined, T2 (20%) lined, T3 (0%) lined, T4 (40%) ground material, lined and T5 (40%) unlined. Composting was allowed to proceed under open field conditions over 12months, from autumn to summer. Indicators such as temperature, moisture, enzyme activities, microbial counts, pH, and C/N ratio, were recorded. Generally, season (df=3, 16, P<0.05) had significant effects (df=1, 3, P<0.05) on heap temperature and moisture in all treatments. Similarly, microorganisms (actinobacteria and heterotrophs) varied significantly in all treatments in response to seasonal change (df=3, 16; P<0.05). Enzyme activities fluctuated in accordance with seasonal factors and compost maturity stages, with phosphatases, esterases, amino-peptidases, proteases and glycosyl-hydrolases being most prominent. Compared to treatments T2 and T3, compost treatments with higher percentage waste filter materials (T1, T4 and T5) had higher N (16,100–21,300mg/kg), P (1500–2300mg/kg), K (19,800–28,200mg/kg), neutral pH, and lower C/N ratios (13:1–10:1), which were also comparable with commercially produced composts. Filter materials therefore, appears to be a vital ingredient for composting of winery solid waste.

Characterisation of a new, highly effective method for detecting nematode eggs (Ascaris spp., Toxocara spp., Trichuris spp.) in sewage sludge containing flocculants

Because traditional methods used for sewage sludge parasitological examinations have low sensitivity, a new, highly effective method (own method – OM) was devised. The principle of this method is to eliminate the flocculent effect on the structure of sewage sludge by mechanically damaging floccules in the presence of surfactants and to increase the effectiveness of egg isolation processes in large volumes of liquids. The objective of this study was to estimate the effectiveness of the OM in detecting nematode eggs in sewage sludge samples containing flocculants. In the first stage, the effectiveness of the OM was compared to 4 other methods routinely used in parasitological examinations of dehydrated sewage sludge. Next, method standardisation was performed using sewage sludge samples supplemented with eggs from 3 parasite species (Ascaris suum, Toxocara canis and Trichuris vulpis).The study demonstrated that OM efficiency was 6–65 times greater than other methods, depending on the method and type of detected eggs. Limit of detection (LOD) calculations for the OM were performed on samples supplemented with a known number of parasite eggs resulting in 10, 5 and 3 eggs/50 g of sample for A. suum, T. vulpis and T. canis eggs, respectively. The limits of quantification (LOQ) of the OM were established as 200 eggs/50 g of sample for A. suum and T. vulpis eggs and 50 eggs/50 g of sample for T. canis eggs. The rectilinear regression functions, which determined the relationship between the number of eggs detected in OM measurements and the number of eggs contained in the samples, were characterised by high and statistically significant coefficients of determination (r2). The slopes of the trend lines were 0.3188, 0.3821 and 0.3276, and the intercepts were −11.223, -9.0261 and −23.15 for A. suum, T. canis and T. vulpis eggs, respectively. Method sensitivity, calculated as the slope coefficient of the regression function and expressed as a percentage, ranged from 32% to 38% depending on egg type. The study confirmed that the OM may be applied to quantify parasite eggs in dehydrated sewage sludge containing polyelectrolytes.

The Bathtub Method for Detecting Small Quantities of Specific Pathogens

Current techniques used to concentrate pathogens, such as centrifugation and size-exclusion filtration, are non-specific for pathogens of interest and inefficient to deal with large volumes of liquids and liquid foods. In addition, the isolated pathogens need to be analyzed subsequently with expensive, laborious, sample-based lab methods (e.g., culturing and PCR) that do not enable rapid identification of the pathogens. This paper presents a revolutionary method for the capture and rapid detection of small amounts of specific bacteria from entire liquid streams. The method combines a volumetric biomolecular filter and an automated biosensor measurement system. The volumetric biomolecular filter is a three-dimensional, multi-layered net with each layer made up of hundreds of phage-coated magnetoelastic (ME) biosensors with a pre-determined resonant frequency. These biosensors are arrayed with a desired spacing and held flexibly (i.e., cantilever-like configuration) on an electro-magnetized silicon steel comb structure. The phage that is coated on the biosensors are responsible for capturing a specific pathogen. In this way, only the pathogen of interest can be captured on the filter whereas the other matters (non-specific pathogens, debris, etc.) are allowed to pass. In addition, the biosensors can bend over for large, heavy debris, eliminating a common issue of clogging found in the current filtration techniques. Once the entire liquid is flowed over, the biosensors on the filter are transferred into etched cavities on a silicon wafer by shutting off the electromagnetic field. These etched cavities are indexed such that a surface-scanning detector can be used to wirelessly measure the biosensors sequentially in an automated manner. The resonant frequency changes of the biosensors due to the attachment of the pathogen can be measured in 250 milliseconds per sensor. The presented method enables the evaluation of large volumes of liquids for the presence of small numbers of pathogens. The capture efficiency of pathogens was found to be dependent on the filter design.

Pulse flow in solid foam packed reactors: Analysis of morphology and key characteristics

In this paper, results of an experimental study on pulsing two-phase flow in SiSiC solid foam packed reactors are presented. Thereby, the pulse characteristics were investigated in a wide range of water and air fluxes at different axial positions for foams with pore densities of 20, 30, and 45ppi using the ultrafast X-ray computed tomography. Basic pulse shapes were perceived as discs, curtains and bowls, which occurred randomly. The key characteristics, i.e. frequency, velocity and volume of pulses as well as peak and time-averaged liquid holdup, have been extracted by applying a dynamic threshold criterion to time-variant liquid holdup profiles. The key properties strongly depend on axial position, pore density and fluid fluxes and can be distinguished in a local and global mode of pulsing. In the local mode, which evolves close to the regime transition boundary, pulses with small liquid volumes move slowly but frequently through the solid foam packed reactor. However, significantly faster pulses with large liquid volumes were encountered in the global mode. The larger pulses cover most of the reactor’s cross section but occur less frequently. Compared to literature data for conventional random packings, the pulse frequency was in a similar range, while both pulse velocity and liquid content largely exceeded their counterparts. Phenomenologically, the pore occlusion model was found to be more applicable than the concepts based on flow stability.

USE OF PILL GLIDE TO ENCOURAGE TRANSITION FROM LIQUID TO SOLID DOSAGE FORMULATIONS

SituationPatient I is a 15 year old female with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency prescribed L-arginine 1.5 g three times daily and sodium benzoate 4.2 g three times daily. By taking her...