Large Values Research Articles

Influence of the Anderson Transition on Thermoelectric Energy Conversion in Disordered Electronic Systems

So far, the efficiency of thermoelectric energy conversion remains low compared to traditional technologies, such as coal or nuclear. This low efficiency can be explained by connecting the thermoelastic properties of the electronic working fluid to its transport properties. Such connection also shows that operating close to electronic phase transitions can be an efficient way to boost the thermoelectric energy conversion. In this paper, we analyze themoelectric efficiency close to the metal-insulator Anderson transition. Our results reveal the direct link between the thermoelectric and thermoelastic properties of Anderson-type systems. Moreover, the role of the conductivity critical exponent in the thermoelectric energy conversion is analysed. Finally, we show that relatively large values of the thermolectric figure of merit may be obtained in the vicinity of the Anderson transition.

A solution to the Ricquier problem for a high-order parabolic equation in an unbounded domain: questions of existence and stabilization

The existence of a solution to the Ricquier problem with Dirichlet boundary conditions for one high-order parabolic equation in an unbounded domain is discussed. The convergence of the approximation using the Galerkin method of a generalized solution to the Ricquier problem is investigated. The dependence of behavior of the norm of the problem solution for large values of time on the geometry of an area unlimited in spatial variables lying at the base of the cylinder with a limited carrier of the initial function is considered. For a fairly wide class of unbounded domains, upper bounds for the solution of a mixed problem for a high-order parabolic equation are estimated, which are expressed in terms of simple geometric characteristics of the unbounded domain. The obtained upper estimations for the solution of the mixed problem are accurate.

Self-consistent interaction of linear gravitational and electromagnetic waves in non-magnetized plasma

This paper explores the hybridization of linear metric perturbations with linear electromagnetic (EM) perturbations in non-magnetized plasma for a general background metric. The local wave properties are derived from first principles for inhomogeneous plasma, without assuming any symmetries of the background metric. First, we derive the effective (“oscillation-center”) Hamiltonian that governs the average dynamics of plasma particles in a prescribed quasimonochromatic wave that involves metric perturbations and EM fields simultaneously. Then, using this Hamiltonian, we derive the backreaction of plasma particles on the wave itself and obtain gauge-invariant equations that describe the resulting self-consistent gravito-electromagnetic (GEM) waves in a plasma. The transverse tensor modes of gravitational waves are found to have no interaction with the plasma and the EM modes in the geometrical-optics limit. However, for longitudinal GEM modes with large values of the refraction index, the interplay between gravitational and EM interactions in plasma can have a strong effect. In particular, the dispersion relation of the Jeans mode is significantly affected by electrostatic interactions. As a spin-off, our calculation also provides an alternative resolution of the so-called Jeans swindle.

Electromagnetohydrodynamic flow through a periodically grooved channel

This paper harnesses the spectral approach to study electromagnetohydrodynamics (EMHD) flow through an undulating 2D microchannel for a Newtonian fluid. The present study aims to investigate EMHD flow through a periodically patterned channel for large values of corrugation amplitude (surface roughness) relative to the channel height, Hartmann number and a wide range of wavelengths. A mathematical model is developed for the hydraulic permeability and the velocity field using the Fourier approach. By imposing a small pattern amplitude constraint, asymptotic analysis was employed to investigate the model presented in the literature. In the present study, hydraulic permeability is shown to strongly depend on the Hartmann number, pattern amplitude and wavelength. The spectral method predicts a monotonic decrease in hydraulic permeability irrespective of pattern amplitude at a small dimensionless wavelength (λ = 1) and Hartmann number (Ha < 1). At large wavelengths (λ > 3), the hydraulic permeability demonstrates an augmentation corresponding to the pattern amplitude. At intermediate wavelength ( 2.5<λ<3 ), the permeability of the channel firstly decreases and then increases with pattern amplitude. For large Hartmann numbers (Ha≫1) , the prediction from the spectral model exhibits a similar trend as a function of wavelength. Across a range of wavelengths, the spectral model captured the permeability minima for various large Hartmann number values. The spectral model is significantly faster than the finite-element-based numerical simulation, with computational efficiency ranging from 150 to 250 times higher. The existence of a limited pattern amplitude and Hartmann number for small-large wavelength patterns, at which the permeability of the channel is minimized, is one example of a prediction from the spectral model that is beyond the resolution of currently accessible asymptotic theories.

Analysis of the structural complexity of Crab Nebula observed at radio frequency using a multifractal approach

The Crab Nebula is an astrophysical system that exhibits complex morphological patterns at different observing frequencies. We carry out a systematic investigation of the structural complexity of the nebula using publicly available imaging data at radio frequency. For the analysis, we use the well-known multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis in two dimensions. We find that radio data exhibit long-range correlations, as expected from the underlying physics of the supernova explosion and evolution. The correlations follow a power-law scaling with length scales. The structural complexity is found to be multifractal in nature, as evidenced by the dependence of the generalized Hurst exponent on the order of the moments of the detrended fluctuation function. By repeating the analysis on shuffled data, we further probe the origin of the multifractality in the radio imaging data. For the radio data, we find that the probability density function is close to a Gaussian form. Hence, the multifractal behavior is due to the differing nature of long-range correlations of the large and small detrended fluctuation field values. We investigate the multifractal parameters across different partitions of the radio image and find that the structures across the image are highly heterogeneous, making the Crab Nebula a structurally complex astrophysical system. Our analysis thus provides a fresh perspective on the morphology of the Crab Nebula from a complexity science viewpoint.

Hubungan Etika Birokrat dengan Pelayanan Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor di Kantor Samsat Palembang

Law Number 25 of 2009 concerning Public Services is defined as an activity or series of activities in an effort to meet service needs in accordance with laws and regulations for every citizen for goods and services, as well as administrative services provided by public service providers. a government effort to meet the needs of society. The smooth functioning of the general administration and national development is greatly influenced by the perfection of the bureaucrats. To guarantee the achievement of national development goals, bureaucrats who practice ethics, have a good attitude, are neutral, are able to maintain national unity, are professional and responsible in carrying out their duties, ethics in public service are needed as a form of responsiveness from bureaucrats to the interests of society. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between bureaucrat ethics and motor vehicle tax services at the Palembang Samsat Office. The research model used is quantitative research with data collection methods using questionnaires and documentation which is carried out systematically based on the research objectives. The sample in this study was 10% of the total population, namely 137 of the 1,370 people/users who pay taxes at the Aceh Besar Samsat office using the incidental method. The analytical method used is validity test, reliability test, normality test, homogeneity test, residual normality test, heterosexuality```` test, simple correlation analysis, analysis of the coefficient of determination and significance test (t test), using the SPSS version 22 application. The results showed that Bureaucratic ethics have a relationship with motor vehicle tax services at the Palembang Samsat office. Evidenced by the large value of the correlation/relationship (R) which is equal to 0.587. Which is then translated through the equation Kd = rxy2 x 100%, so that a coefficient of determination of 34.5% is obtained. Which means, there is a value of 34.5% which has a low closeness relationship, changes in the service variable which are explained through the relationship between bureaucrat ethics. It can be concluded that bureaucratic ethics have a positive relationship with motor vehicle tax services at the Palembang Samsat Office.

A novel concept of solar photovoltaic partial shading and thermal hybrid system for performance improvement

Large values from external causes, such as partial shade, can greatly influence output power of PV. The applications of partial shading are frequently utilized in simulation software. However, in this research work, partial shading and the integration of the photovoltaic Thermal (PV/T) Hybrid Solar Panel is implemented, and analysis is done to see how it affects the output power of solar panels under genuine climatic circumstances. Many research investigations have been conducted and researchers continue to look at PV/T systems to enhance their performance. The application is designed to provide information on solar panel output power under normal and partial shading situations. The maximum amount of power that solar panels can generate is 298.50 W. Under typical circumstances, partial shading in a solar panel can result in a maximum power value of 141.13 W, and this partial shading leads the power to increase.

Inventory prediction based on CNN-LSTM Model

Demand forecasting and inventory optimization are the core issues of e-commerce supply chain management, which are crucial for ensuring timely delivery of goods, reducing inventory costs, and improving inventory turnover efficiency. This paper is based on Python's merge function to merge table data and transcode text data. Then, by drawing a q-q diagram and K-S test to determine the distribution of the data columns, it was found that the shipment volume data follows a normal distribution. Adopting 3σ The principle is to determine outliers and manually determine that the two data with larger values in the edge values are considered outliers. Replace the above outliers with missing values and use Newton interpolation for linear filling to obtain the standard dataset after data preprocessing. We establish a prediction model based on attention mechanism for prediction, and ultimately obtain more accurate prediction results.

Disparity Refinement for Stereo Matching of High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images Based on GIS Data

With the emergence of the Smart City concept, the rapid advancement of urban three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction becomes imperative. While current developments in the field of 3D reconstruction have enabled the generation of 3D products such as Digital Surface Models (DSM), challenges persist in accurately reconstructing shadows, handling occlusions, and addressing low-texture areas in very-high-resolution remote sensing images. These challenges often lead to difficulties in calculating satisfactory disparity maps using existing stereo matching methods, thereby reducing the accuracy of 3D reconstruction. This issue is particularly pronounced in urban scenes, which contain numerous super high-rise and densely distributed buildings, resulting in large disparity values and occluded regions in stereo image pairs, and further leading to a large number of mismatched points in the obtained disparity map. In response to these challenges, this paper proposes a method to refine the disparity in urban scenes based on open-source GIS data. First, we register the GIS data with the epipolar-rectified images since there always exists unignorable geolocation errors between them. Specifically, buildings with different heights present different offsets in GIS data registering; thus, we perform multi-modal matching for each building and merge them into the final building mask. Subsequently, a two-layer optimization process is applied to the initial disparity map based on the building mask, encompassing both global and local optimization. Finally, we perform a post-correction on the building facades to obtain the final refined disparity map that can be employed for high-precision 3D reconstruction. Experimental results on SuperView-1, GaoFen-7, and GeoEye satellite images show that the proposed method has the ability to correct the occluded and mismatched areas in the initial disparity map generated by both hand-crafted and deep-learning stereo matching methods. The DSM generated by the refined disparity reduces the average height error from 2.2 m to 1.6 m, which demonstrates superior performance compared with other disparity refinement methods. Furthermore, the proposed method is able to improve the integrity of the target structure and present steeper building facades and complete roofs, which are conducive to subsequent 3D model generation.

Population genetic structure of Indoplanorbis exustus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Thailand and its infection with trematode cercariae.

Indoplanorbis exustus is a freshwater gastropod belonging to the family Planorbidae. This snail is widely distributed across the tropics and plays an important role as the intermediate host for trematodes. However, relatively little is understood regarding the genetic relationship between I. exustus and trematodes. The goals of this study were to investigate the current transmission status of trematode cercariae in I. exustus in Thailand and to examine the genetic diversity, genetic structure, and demographic history of I. exustus. We collected 575 I. exustus from 21 provinces across six regions of Thailand and investigated cercarial infections by using the shedding method. I. exustus from two provinces were infected with cercarial trematodes, and two types of cercarial stages were molecularly identified as furcocercous cercaria and xiphidiocercariae. Phylogenetic tree analysis based on 28S rDNA and ITS2 sequences demonstrated that furcocercous cercaria and xiphidiocercariae were closely clustered with a clade of Euclinostomum sp. and Xiphidiocercariae sp., respectively. Phylogenetic and network analyses of I. exustus haplotypes based on the COI, 16S rDNA, and ITS1 genes demonstrated four main clades. Only snails in clade A were distributed in all regions of Thailand and harbored trematode cercariae. The level of genetic diversity of I. exustus was relatively high, but most populations were not genetically different, thus suggesting the appearance of gene flow within the I. exustus populations. Overall, the haplotype network was star-shaped, thus suggesting the recent demographic expansion of populations. This result was also supported by the unimodal mode of the mismatch distribution graph and the large negative values of the neutrality tests. Therefore, the I. exustus snail was likely another freshwater snail of the invasive species in Thailand. This information will aid in monitoring the spread of the parasitic trematodes carried by I. exustus from different populations.

Electrostatic wave interaction via asymmetric vector solitons as precursor to rogue wave formation in non-Maxwellian plasmas

An asymmetric pair of coupled nonlinear Schrödinger (CNLS) equations has been derived through a multiscale perturbation method applied to a plasma fluid model, in which two wavepackets of distinct (carrier) wavenumbers (k1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$k_1$$\\end{document} and k2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$k_2$$\\end{document}) and amplitudes (Ψ1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\Psi _1$$\\end{document} and Ψ2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\Psi _2$$\\end{document}) are allowed to co-propagate and interact. The original fluid model was set up for a non-magnetized plasma consisting of cold inertial ions evolving against a κ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\kappa$$\\end{document}-distributed electron background in one dimension. The reduction procedure resulting in the CNLS equations has provided analytical expressions for the dispersion, self-modulation and cross-coupling coefficients in terms of the two carrier wavenumbers. These coefficients present no symmetry whatsoever, in the general case (of different wavenumbers). The possibility for coupled envelope (vector soliton) solutions to occur has been investigated. Although the CNLS equations are asymmetric and non-integrable, in principle, the system admits various types of vector soliton solutions, physically representing nonlinear, localized electrostatic plasma modes, whose areas of existence is calculated on the wavenumbers’ parameter plane. The possibility for either bright (B) or dark (D) type excitations for either of the (2) waves provides four (4) combinations for the envelope pair (BB, BD, DB, DD), if a set of explicit criteria is satisfied. Moreover, the soliton parameters (maximum amplitude, width) are also calculated for each type of vector soliton solution, in its respective area of existence. The dependence of the vector soliton characteristics on the (two) carrier wavenumbers and on the spectral index κ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\kappa$$\\end{document} characterizing the electron distribution has been explored. In certain cases, the (envelope) amplitude of one component may exceed its counterpart (second amplitude) by a factor 2.5 or higher, indicating that extremely asymmetric waves may be formed due to modulational interactions among copropagating wavepackets. As κ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\kappa$$\\end{document} decreases from large values, modulational instability occurs in larger areas of the parameter plane(s) and with higher growth rates. The distribution of different types of vector solitons on the parameter plane(s) also varies significantly with decreasing κ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\kappa$$\\end{document}, and in fact dramatically for κ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\kappa$$\\end{document} between 3 and 2. Deviation from the Maxwell-Boltzmann picture therefore seems to favor modulational instability as a precursor to the formation of bright (predominantly) type envelope excitations and freak waves.

Wall-attached convection under strong inclined magnetic fields

We employ a linear stability analysis and direct numerical simulations to study the characteristics of wall modes in thermal convection in a rectangular box under strong and inclined magnetic fields. The walls of the convection cell are electrically insulated. The stability analysis assumes periodicity in the spanwise direction perpendicular to the plane of a homogeneous magnetic field. Our study shows that for a fixed vertical magnetic field, the imposition of horizontal magnetic fields results in an increase of the critical Rayleigh number along with a decrease in the wavelength of the wall modes. The wall modes become tilted along the direction of the resulting magnetic fields and therefore extend further into the bulk as the horizontal magnetic field is increased. Once the modes localized on the opposite walls interact, the critical Rayleigh number decreases again and eventually drops below the value for onset with a purely vertical field. We find that for sufficiently strong horizontal magnetic fields, the steady wall modes occupy the entire bulk and therefore convection is no longer restricted to the sidewalls. The aforementioned results are confirmed by direct numerical simulations of the nonlinear evolution of magnetoconvection. The direct numerical simulation results also reveal that at least for large values of horizontal magnetic field, the wall-mode structures and the resulting heat transfer are dependent on the initial conditions.

Convective Properties and Lightning Activity in Different Categories of Thunderstorms over the Beijing Area during Five Warm Seasons

Based on comprehensive observations, including total lightning, Doppler radar, precipitation, and other meteorological data, the variations in thunderstorm properties and lightning activity of different categories for thunderstorms over the Beijing area during five warm seasons were investigated. According to the morphology of radar echo, thunderstorms were classified into five categories, including single convective cells, multi-cells, linear mesoscale convective system (MCS), nonlinear MCS, and weak convective precipitation system (WCPS). The diurnal variability of lightning, thunderstorm occurrence, and precipitation showed late-afternoon maxima, with the peak time of lightning frequency occurring before that of precipitation. Despite WCPS having the lowest lightning frequency, the percentage of +CG/CG was the highest with large peak currents. The convective available potential energy (CAPE) of linear MCS, multi-cells, nonlinear MCS, single cells, and WCPS categories followed a pattern from largest to smallest. Meanwhile, warm cloud depth (WCD) exhibited a smaller value in the well-organized thunderstorm categories and a larger value in the WCPS. The topographic forcing mechanism and large wind gradient along mountain slopes facilitated convection occurrence and enhancement, further promoting lightning production. Meanwhile, the nocturnal convection mechanism significantly impacted the activity of nonlinear MCS and WCPS.

Infinitely Fast Heterogeneous Catalysis Model for Premixed Hydrogen Flame-Wall Interaction

In most computations of reacting flows, walls are considered as inert. This approach can produce non-physical results that lead to very large values of heat release at the wall for hydrogen Flame-Wall Interaction (FWI). This paper confirms this unexpected behavior at walls for H2 flames. It also explores the possibility that the problem does not come from a deficiency of the chemical scheme at low temperatures but from the wall boundary condition: due to the large amount of radical species produced by H2 flames, the “inert” assumption may not be valid anymore. The purpose of this study is twofold: (1) to propose a simplified model named Infinitely Fast Heterogeneous Catalysis (IFHC) that mimics surface reactions and (2) to test it on the canonical Head-On Quenching (HOQ) configuration. A large set of parameters is investigated: a skeletal (San Diego) and a detailed (Burke) chemical schemes are tested, the grid-dependence and the influence of operating conditions (ϕ, Tw and P) are assessed. Results show that the IFHC model can inhibit the chemical pathways that are responsible for the heat generation peak observed on the wall in hydrogen FWI with inert surfaces. The IFHC model also allows computations to converge when the mesh is refined, a property that cannot be reached for inert wall treatments. Using IFHC, neither the predicted quenching distance nor the flame structure are altered. However, the maximum wall heat flux is significantly decreased when compared to inert walls. Over the range of operating conditions studied, the maximum wall heat flux is reached at high pressure, low wall-temperature and equivalence ratios close to the maximum of reactivity of H2 flames (ϕ≈1.7). This study shows that, for H2 FWI, walls should be at least modeled with simple surface reactions – such as IFHC – and that assuming inert walls is not possible.Novelty and significance statementThe work presented in this paper is new, original and of interest at the present time as many groups simulate near-walls H2/Air flames. The IFHC model is relevant for all premixed hydrogen combustion close to walls and is, thus, relevant for most realistic premixed hydrogen combustion scenarios. Besides being conservative in terms of mass, momentum, energy and atom balance, IFHC allows to reach mesh convergence during quenching contrary to simplistic inert wall treatments. It also allows to describe walls at an affordable computational cost compared to a full set of heterogeneous reactions. This work also opens the discussion with experimentalists since, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the dimensional maximum wall heat fluxes are not yet available in the literature and are, thus, provided here for future comparison.

Magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effect of DyCo9Si4

Polycrystalline samples of DyCo9Si4 with the tetragonal LaFe9Si4-type structure have been synthesized by arc melting and high-temperature annealing. Results of the magnetization M and specific heat Cp measurements show the existence of two magnetic anomalies at TC = 40 K and Tm = 20 K. The transition at TC = 40 K is attributed to the ferromagnetic transition of the Co sublattice. The magnetic moments of Dy3+ appear to align gradually below TC, and almost fixed below Tm, at which a broad maximum in Cp has been observed. Field-dependent M at T = 2 K up to H = 7 T suggested that the magnetic moment of Dy3+ is coupled antiferromagnetically with those of Co, forming a ferrimagnetic structure. Magnetization measurements up to 50 T at low temperatures using a pulse magnet demonstrated a spin-flip transition around H = 20 T, above which the magnetic moments of Co and Dy are in parallel. The spin-flip transition becomes broad with increasing temperature but still remains at TC = 40 K, indicating a strong antiparallel coupling between Co and Dy moments even in the paramagnetic state. The magnetocaloric effect was evaluated from Cp and M, and also from the sample-temperature variation in the quasi-adiabatic process with the pulsed magnetic field. The maximum entropy change for the field change from 5 to 0 T was observed at around T = Tm with the value ΔS = 5 J/kg K. The maximum temperature of ΔS shifts to higher temperatures in high magnetic fields, resulting in the large value of ΔS = 24 J/kg K at T ∼ TC by the field change from 50 to 0 T. The present results demonstrate that the pulsed-field measurement is a powerful method to evaluate the magnetocaloric effect of materials.

Study on the improvement of soil properties using hydrophilic-hydrophobic biopolymer crosslinking

In recent years, biopolymer soil treatment technology has been increasingly applied in the field of geotechnical engineering due to its environmental friendliness. While biopolymers exhibit the capacity to substantially enhance the mechanical properties of soils, their effectiveness, particularly in the case of polysaccharide-based biopolymers, is often influenced by the water, thereby restricting their practical application in engineering contexts. This study explores the potential of hydrophilic-hydrophobic biopolymer crosslinking, namely xanthan gum and casein, to enhance the strength and water stability of soils. Through a comprehensive array of assessments encompassing unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests, soaking tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses, the improvement effect, optimal conditions and microscopic mechanisms of the soil treated with hydrophilic-hydrophobic biopolymer crosslinking were investigated. The results demonstrate that compared to the sole utilization of either xanthan gum or casein, xanthan gum-casein crosslinking treatment not only significantly improves the unconfined compressive strength of the soil but also enhances its water resistance. Under optimal treatment conditions, the residual rate of unconfined compressive strength can still maintain a relatively large value after soaking for 24 h, while the soil under other conditions completely disintegrated. Moreover, the hydrophilic-hydrophobic biopolymer crosslinking transforms the gel morphology into an elongated fibrous structure that wraps and surrounds the soil particles to form a cohesive and unified entity, this synergetic interaction further enhances the efficacy of the crosslinking treatment.

Characterization of physical properties of a coastal upwelling filament with evidence of enhanced submesoscale activity and transition from balanced to unbalanced motions in the Benguela upwelling region

Abstract. We combine high-resolution in situ data (acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP), Scanfish, and surface drifters) and remote sensing to investigate the physical characteristics of a major filament observed in the Benguela upwelling region. The 30–50 km wide and about 400 km long filament persisted for at least 40 d. Mixed-layer depths were less than 40 m in the filament and over 60 m outside of it. Observations of the Rossby number Ro from the various platforms provide the spatial distribution of Ro for different resolutions. Remote sensing focuses on geostrophic motions of the region related to the mesoscale eddies that drive the filament formation and thereby reveals |Ro|&lt;0.1. Ship-based measurements in the surface mixed layer reveal 0.5&lt;|Ro|&lt;1, indicating the presence of unbalanced, ageostrophic motions. Time series of Ro from triplets of surface drifters trapped within the filament confirm these relatively large Ro values and show a high variability along the filament. A scale-dependent analysis of Ro, which relies on the second-order velocity structure function, was applied to the latter drifter group and to another drifter group released in the upwelling zone. The two releases explored the area nearly distinctly and simultaneously and reveal that at small scales (&lt;15 km) Ro values are twice as large in the filament in comparison to its environment with Ro&gt;1 for scales smaller than ∼500 m. This suggests that filaments are hotspots of ageostrophic dynamics, pointing to the presence of a forward energy cascade. The different dynamics indicated by our Ro analysis are confirmed by horizontal kinetic energy wavenumber spectra, which exhibit a power law k−α with α∼5/3 for wavelengths 2π/k smaller than a transition scale of 15 km, supporting significant submesoscale energy at scales smaller than the first baroclinic Rossby radius (Ro1∼30 km). The detected transition scale is smaller than those found in regions with less mesoscale eddy energy, consistent with previous studies. We found evidence for the processes which drive the energy transfer to turbulent scales. Positive Rossby numbers 𝒪(1) associated with cyclonic motion inhibit the occurrence of positive Ertel potential vorticity (EPV) and stabilize the water column. However, where the baroclinic component of EPV dominates, submesoscale instability analysis suggests that mostly gravitational instabilities occur and that symmetric instabilities may be important at the filament edges.

Magnetization reversal and domain wall pinning in nanowires with nonlinear modulation of diameter

Micromagnetic simulation of magnetization reversal is studied on cylindrical tapered nanowire with radii 50nm and 10nm at wider and narrower end respectively. The radius decreases from wider end to the narrower end non-linearly as R-βzδ where δ is the degree of non-linearity. Value of δ is either an integer (n) or reciprocal of integer (1/n). At remanence, a vortex and flower state at the wider and narrower extremes respectively are exhibited combined with ferromagnetic ordering in the majority of volume. When δ is below 1/2, pinning and depinning of domain wall drives the hysteresis following a Modified Kondorsky model. Otherwise, the magnetization reversal proceeds with nucleation and propagation of vortex domain wall according to Kondorsky model. The propagation of domain wall is dependent upon the value of δ which suggests tunability of magnetic characteristics with modulation of diameter. For instance, large values of coercivity is observed for wires that have strong domain wall pinning which is considerably reduced when depinning and propagation of domain wall takes over. A large range (20kA/m to 130kA/m) of coercivity can be obtained by changing the modulation.

Spin current generation in an organic antiferromagnet via photo-excitation

We investigate the spin current generation in a one-dimensional organic antiferromagnetic system under light illumination via the quadratic response theory. We show that when the light energy is greater than the band gap of the system, a finite DC spin current of the shift type can be excited while the charge current remains zero. The spin conductivity is found to be an even function of the chemical potential μ, and can take comparatively large values around μ=0. The estimated nonlinear spin conductivity might be on the order of 10−6ħe⋅A/V2, which is comparable to the values reported recently for some inorganic systems, indicating that the optical approach may be an efficient way to generate spin currents in organic materials.

Characterisation of flavour profiles and microbial communities of fermented peppers with different fermentation years by combining flavouromics and metagenomics

The changes in flavours, volatile aromas and microbial communities of fermented peppers with different fermentation years and their relationships were investigated in this study. Results indicated a gradual increase in organic acids during fermentation, whereas free amino acids and capsaicinoids reached stability after 1 year of fermentation. Overall, the analysis detected 340 volatile compounds in fermented peppers and regarded 69 of them as differential compounds. Peppers fermented for 2 (FY2) and 4 years (FY4) possessed a greater number of differential volatiles with large odour activity values, thus endowing them with more favourable flavours. Hence, metagenomic analysis compared their microbial communities and functional annotations. Results revealed that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii were the dominant bacterium and fungus, and metabolism was the main Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway in FY2. Correlation analysis demonstrated that Hyphopichia, Kazachstania and Clavispora were highly positively correlated with 12 key aroma flavours.