Large Traffic Load Research Articles

ANALISIS TEBAL PERKERASAN LENTUR JALAN DENGAN METODE BINA MARGA

The Tasikmalaya-Karangnunggal road section is one of the roads in Tasikmalaya Regency which is included in the category of provincial road status, the road section is located in the Cibalong-Parungponteng sub-district with a road length of 21,750 Kilometers, a road width of 6.5 meters, and a road shoulder of 2.5 meters. In general, the Tasikmalaya-Karangnunggal road section is in good condition, but at several points damage was found, either with potholes or bumps.As one of the roads that connect vital places, for example in shopping centers, education centers and other activities.With a high intensity of traffic flow and a large traffic load, it must be balanced with good road pavementIn this study the Bina Marga Method Pd T-01-2002-B was used to find the thickness of the flexible pavement. The data needed in finding the thickness of the flexible pavement is in the form of primary data obtained from direct field observations and secondary data obtained from the Department of Highways, Tasikmalaya Regency. The result of a flexible pavement with a design life of 20 years, with traffic growth of 5%, based on the Bina Marga Method Pd T-01-2002-B obtained 3,153,688,757.75Iss/Lajur/UR, the surface layer thickness of AC-WC was 4 cm, AC-BC 6 cm, class A aggregate was 15 cm, and class B aggregate was 26 cm .

Malicious traffic detection on sampled network flow data with novelty-detection-based models

Cyber-attacks are a major problem for users, businesses, and institutions. Classical anomaly detection techniques can detect malicious traffic generated in a cyber-attack by analyzing individual network packets. However, routers that manage large traffic loads can only examine some packets. These devices often use lightweight flow-based protocols to collect network statistics. Analyzing flow data also allows for detecting malicious network traffic. But even gathering flow data has a high computational cost, so routers usually apply a sampling rate to generate flows. This sampling reduces the computational load on routers, but much information is lost. This work aims to demonstrate that malicious traffic can be detected even on flow data collected with a sampling rate of 1 out of 1,000 packets. To do so, we evaluate anomaly-detection-based models using synthetic sampled flow data and actual sampled flow data from RedCAYLE, the Castilla y León regional subnet of the Spanish academic and research network. The results presented show that detection of malicious traffic on sampled flow data is possible using novelty-detection-based models with a high accuracy score and a low false alarm rate.

Optimal Traffic Load Allocation for Aloha-Based IoT LEO Constellations

The deployment of satellite networks is key to providing global wireless connectivity for the Internet of Things (IoT). In this line, we consider a cluster of IoT devices served by a constellation of low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites, while slotted Aloha is used as a medium-access-control (MAC) technique in the uplink. To characterize the channel, we employ an ON–OFF fading channel model that estimates the quality of the links between the cluster of IoT devices and the LEO satellites within the constellation, by taking into account their relative positions. Since each relative position of the constellation with respect to the cluster of IoT devices leads to a different throughput for a given traffic load, we propose a novel traffic load distribution strategy based on successive convex approximation (SCA) to maximize the system throughput. The method adequately allocates the traffic load among the different constellation positions with respect to the IoT cluster. Finally, the results show that the proposed method outperforms other recently proposed strategies based on heuristics for traffic load allocation, while it also achieves a stable nonzero throughput even for large traffic loads.

The Innovative Model of Runway Sustainable Management on Smaller Regional Airports

Airport runways are exposed to large traffic loads and other external factors which cause their transformation. Monitoring the state of the unevenness and determining the runway defectiveness is a complex procedure which includes fast and qualitative measurements of the execution of flatness, their evaluation and the determination of the level of runway defectiveness. For this purpose, an improved process of determining airport runway defectiveness is proposed, based on geodetic survey and the management information system prototype, which enables evaluating the results of the executed survey and suggesting the runway maintenance measures. A similar analysis of the considered data on the example of a smaller, regional airport in Maribor, Slovenia, was performed with the help of our own algorithm, which, on various platforms, enables the tabular and graphical display of surface irregularities. The algorithm prototype allows the automated monitoring and evaluating of the unevenness or runway states, determining their defectiveness and advising adequate action. With the help of the suggested method and developed information system prototypes, it is possible to confirm the demand for professionally adequate and on-time planning of necessary maintenance works, with which it is surely possible to prevent an eventual unexpected closing of the runway and related costs. The suggested method is also usable in evaluating the state of other traffic infrastructure.

Research on distributed real-time synchronous motion control based on time-sensitive networking

As a set of protocol standards defining time sensitive mechanism of Ethernet data transmission, Time sensitive network (TSN) can support transmission of isochronous data and non-periodic data in the same network . Distributed synchronous control plays an important role in large precision manufacturing scene. In this paper, a distributed real-time synchronous motion control scheme of two motors based on TSN is proposed, and the experiment shows that the two motors moving at high speed can still maintain phase synchronization under the scheduling mechanism of IEEE Std 802.1Qbv even if there is a large traffic load in the network.

Fault-tolerant and Congestion Balanced Routing Algorithm for 2D Mesh NoCs

With the number of cores and nodes in networks-on-chips (NoCs) growing, the node fault occurrence probability is increasing. Although the existing turn model can route packets around the fault area and avoid deadlocks, a large traffic load is generated in the non-rightmost column of the fault region. This paper presents a novel fault-tolerant and congestion balanced (FTCB) routing algorithm that chooses a lower load area as the optimal router path by calculating the maximum path channels to balance traffic load and avoid network congestion. Two methods are proposed to calculate path channels for the fault-free mesh and the fault mesh. The improved odd-even turn rule is introduced to calculate path channels for the fault-free mesh. To balance the network load, free buffer length information is added to path channel calculations, which reflects the global perception. For the non-fault region, we update path channels by using the back formulas from the destination node to the source node. In a fault region, the modified calculation rules of path channels and fault-location odd-even turn rules are given. Compared to the other two related works, the throughput of the FTCB algorithm is improved by 6.92% and 10.7%. Meanwhile, the traffic load of FTCB is decreased to some degree in whole mesh, which shows the FTCB routing algorithm can obviously improve network load balanced, saturation throughput and network latency.

Optimal link rewiring strategy for transport efficiency on scale-free networks with limited bandwidth

The network topology structure has great impact on its traffic capacity. Most of the biological and technological networks have been proved to exhibit scale-free feature. In real networks, the hub links, which usually bear large traffic loads, have restricted transport efficiency of the complex networks. In this paper, we focus on the bandwidth congestion and propose a rewiring link strategy to optimize traffic dynamics on scale-free networks. Two link rewiring strategies are compared and the simulation results on scale-free networks show that our strategy has more advantages, which makes the degree distribution of the network more uniform, reducing the average path length of different nodes, balancing the resources of the network and increasing the traffic capacity of the network. This work will be beneficial for designing network topology and optimizing network performances.

Optimization of Structure Parameters of Airfield Jointed Concrete Pavements under Temperature Gradient and Aircraft Loads

Daily changing temperature causes significant thermal stress in concrete pavement. Tensile stress obtained can exceed flexural tensile strength when the concrete slabs are subjected to large temperature gradient and traffic loads, resulting in pavement damages. In this paper, maximum tensile stresses in concrete slabs with different slab sizes, thicknesses, and length to width (L/W) ratios were investigated by using the finite element (FE) method. The important parameters in the design of concrete pavement are the flexural tensile strength and the fatigue limit. By analyzing the comparison results between the maximum tensile stress and the fatigue limit, the optimum slab size and the critical thickness were determined. The results indicate that the maximum tensile stress obtained is higher for larger slab size with thin thickness. Furthermore, to reduce cutting work and the amount of dowel bars, the optimum slab sizes of the regional airport concrete pavement are recommended as 4 m × 4 m to 6 m × 6 m. The critical thicknesses of 4 m × 4 m slab and 6 m × 6 m slab are determined as 28.2 cm and 34.7 cm, respectively, based on the most unfavorable coupling between positive and negative temperature gradients and the Boeing 737–800 aircraft load. Moreover, the maximum tensile stress increases as the L/W ratio increases. When the slab length is less than 6 m, it is better to use square slab in airport jointed concrete pavement (JCP).

Semi‐passive optical front‐haul supporting channel monitoring and link protection for the cloud radio access network

To accommodate the extremely large traffic load on the front-haul of a cloud radio access network, optical fibres along with wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology have become the de facto solution. In this study, the authors propose the model of a semi-passive front-haul device that can overcome the vulnerability of the optical fibre by using duplicated optical fibres and optical power monitoring for each WDM channel. Experiments conducted on the implemented prototype demonstrate that the link protection mechanism satisfies the regulation imposed by the international standard and that the optical power monitoring results are accurate. Thus, the proposed semi-passive front-haul device provides a high link reliability, fault reporting capability, and low operating cost.

ACCELERATED TINES TECHNOLOGIES FOR TRAM TRACKS

[For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version)].ABSTRACT The article presents a way to organize repair of a tram track in the street with a large traffic load. In connection with the special location of the facility, the key aspect in the choice of technology was a short period of work, with mandatory obtaining of high technical and operational parameters ensuring long-term and reliable operation of the rail track after reconstruction. The contractor used a TINES LC-L XL type system, the main element of which is a prefabricated reinforced concrete plate 17 m long, with a built-in ERS-M module. The repair technology and the construction of tram tracks were chosen to limit the risk of a possible extension of the project implementation time. This was in line with the investor’s expectations, the main goal of which was to spend not more than 60 hours to dismantle and upgrade. Keywords: tramway, track, track superstructure, repair, accelerated technologies, TINES LC-L XL, Krakow, quality.

Geodiverse routing with path delay and skew requirement under area‐based challenges

With the increasing frequency of natural disasters and intentional attacks that challenge communication networks, vulnerability to cascading, and regional‐correlated challenges is escalating. Given the high complexity and large traffic load of communication networks, these correlated challenges cause substantial damage to reliable network communication. In this work, we extend the GeoDivRP routing protocol to consider delay‐skew requirement when using multiple geographically diverse paths for telecommunication networks under area‐based challenges. We present a flow‐diverse minimum‐cost routing multicommodity flow problem. Furthermore, we present a nonlinear delay‐skew optimization problem to balance between delay and traffic skew on paths. We investigate the tradeoff between the delay and skew in choosing multiple geodiverse paths. We implement GeoDivRP in ns‐3 to use the optimized paths given by the two optimization solutions and demonstrate their effectiveness compared to open shortest path first Equal‐Cost Multi‐Path routing in terms of overall link utilization. It guarantees the delay‐skew constraint provided by the upper layer while satisfies the traffic demand imposed by multiple routing commodities in the telecommunication networks. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 66(4), 335–346 2015

Analysing GeoPath diversity and improving routing performance in optical networks

With the increasing frequency of natural disasters and intentional attacks that challenge telecommunication networks, vulnerability to cascading and regional-correlated challenges is escalating. Given the high complexity and large traffic load of optical networks, these correlated challenges cause substantial damage to reliable network communication. In this paper, we propose a network vulnerability identification mechanism and study different vulnerability scales using real-world optical network data. We further propose geographical diversity and incorporate it into a new graph resilience metric cTGGD (compensated Total Geographical Graph Diversity), which is capable of characterising and differentiating resiliency levels among different optical fibre networks. It is shown to be an effective resilience level indicator under regional network challenges or attacks. We further propose two heuristics for solving the path geodiverse problem (PGD) in which the calculation of a number of geographically separated paths is required. Geodiverse paths can be used to circumvent physical challenges such as large-scale disasters in telecommunication networks. We present the GeoDivRP routing protocol with two new routing heuristics implemented, which provides the end nodes with multiple geographically diverse paths. Our protocol demonstrates better performance compared to OSPF when the network is subject to area-based challenges. We have analysed the mechanism by which the attackers could use to maximise the attack impact with a limited budget and demonstrate the effectiveness of restoration plans.

Telecommunications Network Planning Method Based on Probabilistic Risk Assessment

Telecommunications networks have become an important social infrastructure, and their robustness is considered to be a matter of social significance. Conventional network planning methods are generally based on the maximum volume of ordinary traffic and only assume explicitly specified failure scenarios. Therefore, present networks have marginal survivability against multiple failures induced by an extraordinarily high volume of traffic generated during times of natural disasters or popular social events. This paper proposes a telecommunications network planning method based on probabilistic risk assessment. In this method, risk criterion reflecting the degree of risk due to extraordinarily large traffic loads is predefined and estimated using probabilistic risk assessment. The probabilistic risk assessment can efficiently calculate the small but non-negligible probability that a series of multiple failures will occur in the considered network. Detailed procedures for the proposed planning method are explained using a district mobile network in terms of the extraordinarily large traffic volume resulting from earthquakes. As an application example of the proposed method, capacity dimensioning for the local session servers within the district mobile network is executed to reduce the risk criterion most effectively. Moreover, the optimum traffic-rerouting scheme that minimizes the estimated risk criterion is ascertained simultaneously. From the application example, the proposed planning method is verified to realize a telecommunications network with sufficient robustness against the extraordinarily high volume of traffic caused by the earthquakes.

Functional distress modelling in Portland cement concrete pavements

Concrete is widely used as a construction material in pavements by public and private agencies that administer highway networks because of its high durability and capacity to resist large traffic loads and very rigorous climates. Nevertheless, these agencies have to estimate the evolution of pavement performance to plan and optimize the application of adequate maintenance activities, allowing the pavement to be maintained at an optimum service level throughout its lifetime. Predictive distress models of the incremental type, that is, models capable of predicting annual increments of different distress indicators in the pavement, could be very useful tools in the implementation of maintenance plans, with minimal need for previous data, especially with regard to information on cumulative traffic loads. This paper offers incremental models for distress prediction in jointed plain concrete pavements, related to joint problems such as faulting and spalling, which clearly affect the pavement ride quality. The equations obtained allow for not only the calculation of distress predictions in analyzing road maintenance policies, but also the adjustment of the original designs of these pavements, to minimize the occurrence and magnitude of distress problems.Key words: concrete pavements, distress models, pavement performance, pavement management systems.

HEAVY TRAFFIC APPROXIMATIONS FOR A SYSTEM OF INFINITE SERVERS WITH LOAD BALANCING

We consider an exponential queueing system with multiple stations, each of which has an infinite number of servers and a dedicated arrival stream of jobs. In addition, there is an arrival stream of jobs that choose a station based on the state of the system. In this paper we describe two heavy traffic approximations for the stationary joint probability mass function of the number of busy servers at each station. One of the approximations involves state-space collapse and is accurate for large traffic loads. The state-space in the second approximation does not collapse. It provides an accurate estimate of the stationary behavior of the system over a wide range of traffic loads.

Asymptotic bounds on the performance of a class of dynamic channel assignment algorithms

Dynamic channel assignment, adapting both to traffic variations as well as to changing mobile locations, is investigated. Several ad hoc schemes of this type have been described in the literature and found to yield interesting performance improvements. However, very little is known about the performance of the optimum assignment schemes. Both upper and lower bounds for the performance of optimum algorithms within the class of reuse-type dynamic channel assignment (DCA) for a simple propagation model are established. The authors focus on the asymptotic performance, i.e., the performance in systems with large traffic loads. As a performance measure, the probability of assignment failure (intracell handoff failure) is used. Results show that the capacity one may expect to achieve with these algorithms in the asymptotic case is just above twice the capacity of a fixed channel allocation scheme.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Proyecto y ejecución del nuevo tramo de la autopista Londres-Yorkshire

The author describes a representative section of the new British motor roads. He states briefly the main features of the design, including its topographical and structural characteristics, and gives data on the magnitude and special aspects of the project. The significance of many of the solutions adopted for a motor road carrying a large traffic load is specially emphasized. Attention is given to the pavement construction, its thickness and the materials of the various layers, as well as to the drainage system.