Large Touch Research Articles

Influence of size and location of buttons on the usability of interface on large touch screens

This study examined how large touchscreen buttons affect user task completion time, error rate, and subjective satisfaction (ease of pointing and clicking on targets). In this experiment, 31 participants completed button click tasks of square targets placed at 30 (5 × 6) different locations, with seven button sizes (10 mm, 30 mm, 50 mm, 70 mm, 90 mm, 110 mm, and 130 mm). Repeated measures ANOVAs showed that on a 65'' large touch screen (W 1428 × H 803 mm), 70 mm buttons achieved essentially the best performance in completion time, 50 mm in error rates, and 90 mm in subjective satisfaction, respectively. We also compare the differences in efficiency among different button areas and button sizes. The surrounding area and lower area require a bigger button size to achieve the best performance in terms of error rates and subjective satisfaction. The right area requires a bigger optimal button size than the left area considering error rates, while it is the opposite for subjective satisfaction. Practitioner summary: This study investigates how the size and location of buttons on the increasingly popular large touch screen affect user experience. The study reveals that 70, 50, 90 mm size buttons are recommended when speed, accuracy and satisfaction are priorities respectively. The interaction between button size and button area is significantly different. The surrounding area and lower area require a bigger button size to achieve the best performance in terms of error rate and subjective satisfaction. Considering error rates, the right area requires a bigger optimal button size than the left area, while it is opposite for subjective satisfaction. These findings could facilitate the optimal design of usable large touch screens.

Modeling and Experimental Evaluation of Haptic Localization Using Electrostatic Vibration Actuators

Touch screen devices have become ubiquitous in modern day-to-day lives. While smaller touchscreen devices provide enough user engagement with meaningful haptic feedback, large touch devices still lack meaningful haptic stimulation. Existing literature for large touch surface vibrotactile localization uses many actuators and conventional boundary conditions. Previous numerical studies on haptic localization do not address multi-frequency excitation. This research proposes a new spring-damper boundary condition for a large bar-type display. Subsequently, a mechanical model of the large touch bar surface with multiple-electrostatic vibration actuators is developed using material damping information with multi-frequency excitation. Simultaneously, an experimental setup is developed for validation of the developed model. An optimization technique to localize vibrotactile haptic rendering at multiple selected zones of the touch bar is proposed. It has been established that by varying frequencies of excitation of two electrostatic resonant actuators, localizable vibrotactile feedback can be generated across the length of the touch bar. The experimental results corroborate the simulation results. Finally, the proposed optimization strategy for multi-zone vibrotactile rendering is experimentally verified.

Reducing the Latency of Touch Tracking on Ad-hoc Surfaces

Touch sensing on ad-hoc surfaces has the potential to transform everyday surfaces in the environment - desks, tables and walls - into tactile, touch-interactive surfaces, creating large, comfortable interactive spaces without the cost of large touch sensors. Depth sensors are a promising way to provide touch sensing on arbitrary surfaces, but past systems have suffered from high latency and poor touch detection accuracy. We apply a novel state machine-based approach to analyzing touch events, combined with a machine-learning approach to predictively classify touch events from depth data with lower latency and higher touch accuracy than previous approaches. Our system can reduce end-to-end touch latency to under 70ms, comparable to conventional capacitive touchscreens. Additionally, we open-source our dataset of over 30,000 touch events recorded in depth, infrared and RGB for the benefit of future researchers.

DETERMINATION OF STOMACH SOLUBLE AND FOAMING RABEPRAZOLE AND METRONIDAZOLE TABLETS FORMULATION

Since the discovery of Helicobacter pylori, numerous studies have been performed on its effective eradication, both in vitro and in vivo. Proton pump inhibitors, antibiotics of different groups, their modified drug form, etc. were tested. However, studies confirm that using these remedies does not achieve the desired pharmacotherapeutic effect.Foams - are light systems, have a large touch surface, completely cover the mucous membrane and penetrate into it. Concentrated solutions are not taken at the place of foam formation, which does not cause irritation of the mucous membrane. Characterized with high bioavailability and rapid therapeutic effect.The aim of the study was to determine the targeted delivery of H. pylori's eradication "gold standard" ingredients - rabeprazole and metronidazole, gastric soluble and foaming tablets.Taking into account the physico-chemical and technological properties of the active pharmaceutical ingredients, excipients are selected, their quantitative ratios are established, and the composition of rabeprazole and metronidazole foaming and gastric-soluble tablets is determined.Rabeprazole stomach-soluble and foaming tablets were prepared by direct compression with the use of excipients, including the antacid sodium bicarbonate, and metronidazole with the classic wet granulation.

17‐1: Self‐Capacitive Touch Sensor Design for OLED On‐Cell Touch

In this work, we propose a self‐capacitive touch sensor for OLED On‐Cell touch. Using self‐capacitive On‐Cell touch sensor, we improve the touch performance including thin cover thickness and large touch area in LGM (Low Ground Mode), miss‐touch issue with multi‐fingers operation and water proof (touch with wet fingers) in traditional mutual‐capacitive OLED On‐Cell touch device. We also reduce the Cs loading of self‐capacitive pattern design in OLED On‐Cell touch structure to get better signal by ratio Δ Cs/Cs. In order to integrate self‐capacitive touch IC and OLED driver IC, we propose a creative OLED TDDI (Touch and Display Driver Integration), which is called NT38770.

Integration of an Intensive Care Unit Visualization Dashboard (i-Dashboard) as a Platform to Facilitate Multidisciplinary Rounds: Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background Multidisciplinary rounds (MDRs) are scheduled, patient-focused communication mechanisms among multidisciplinary providers in the intensive care unit (ICU).Objectivei-Dashboard is a custom-developed visualization dashboard that supports (1) key information retrieval and reorganization, (2) time-series data, and (3) display on large touch screens during MDRs. This study aimed to evaluate the performance, including the efficiency of prerounding data gathering, communication accuracy, and information exchange, and clinical satisfaction of integrating i-Dashboard as a platform to facilitate MDRs.MethodsA cluster-randomized controlled trial was performed in 2 surgical ICUs at a university hospital. Study participants included all multidisciplinary care team members. The performance and clinical satisfaction of i-Dashboard during MDRs were compared with those of the established electronic medical record (EMR) through direct observation and questionnaire surveys.ResultsBetween April 26 and July 18, 2021, a total of 78 and 91 MDRs were performed with the established EMR and i-Dashboard, respectively. For prerounding data gathering, the median time was 10.4 (IQR 9.1-11.8) and 4.6 (IQR 3.5-5.8) minutes using the established EMR and i-Dashboard (P<.001), respectively. During MDRs, data misrepresentations were significantly less frequent with i-Dashboard (median 0, IQR 0-0) than with the established EMR (4, IQR 3-5; P<.001). Further, effective recommendations were significantly more frequent with i-Dashboard than with the established EMR (P<.001). The questionnaire results revealed that participants favored using i-Dashboard in association with the enhancement of care plan development and team participation during MDRs.Conclusions i-Dashboard increases efficiency in data gathering. Displaying i-Dashboard on large touch screens in MDRs may enhance communication accuracy, information exchange, and clinical satisfaction. The design concepts of i-Dashboard may help develop visualization dashboards that are more applicable for ICU MDRs.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04845698; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04845698

E- Notice Board System

A University with its cutting edge state of the art infrastructure heavily relies on communication and information processing from one key location to another. This research paper focuses on Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University. As its case study, and appears at the development of an records processing infrastructure containing hardware and software program modules that are set up and ported on a number key locations within an institute. Although with such excessive precedence of communication, most of the universities nonetheless use a timber word board striking on a wall to show daily announcements or paper primarily based attendance system. The over-reliance of this practice in a college is still now not adequate to skip applicable statistics around. The foremost electricity of the lookup work is its usability and facts processing in the course of the tutorial or business vicinity. The modules include a large spread touch display appearing as a digital notice board showing facts to students. An admin panel that would handle network communication, software interface created via web technology and teacher interface that would upload information to be displayed on the notice board.

Investigating the Roles of Document Presentation and Reading Interactions on Different Aspects of Multiple Document Comprehension

The present study examined reading interactions and multiple document comprehension of 108 university students who read five partly conflicting documents on a health-related issue. Documents were presented on a large touch interface that either enabled a simultaneous or imposed a sequential presentation of the documents. None of the three multiple document comprehension measures (number of intertextual connections in essays, score in source-content mapping task, and number of source names recalled) was affected by document presentation. However, in the sequential condition, the number of revisits to documents was positively related to memory for source names and source-content integration, but not to intertextual integration. Conversely, in the simultaneous condition, participants who grouped documents during reading showed greater intertextual and source-content integration, but no greater memory for source names than those who had not grouped documents. To conclude, reading interactions played a more important role in readers’ multiple document comprehension than document presentation.

Personalized Touch-Based Exergame System for Unilateral and Bilateral Rehabilitation Training.

Background: Natural and intuitive interfaces that monitor and promote upper limb task-specific training need to be developed. This article presents the development and testing of a touch-based game system for training and assessment of unilateral (ULR) and bilateral (BLR) reaching movements. Interaction becomes intuitive and simple by introducing in-game touch and pressure onto virtual targets projected on a custom-made large touch panel. Materials and Methods: A custom-made App integrates exergames and a biomechanical model with advanced algorithms for movement analysis. It processes and manages data from a motion-tracking sensor and a large touch panel equipped with 1222 (26 × 47) piezoresistive sensors, including high-speed readout electronics and algorithms to measure touch points and contact forces during fingertip interaction. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the experience, motivation, and movements of healthy and stroke subjects when interacting with the proposed system. The panel height, dispersion of virtual targets, and required contact force were customized based on motor skills of each group of subjects. Results: Both groups of subjects showed high level of motivation and user experience when interacting with the virtual environments. Stroke subjects performed the task slower and traveled a similar path length than healthy subjects, but with shorter range of motion. The mechanical work and potential energy profiles of both groups are consistent with those achieved when reaching real objects. Conclusions: The proposed contact-based exergames are a feasible solution for performing natural and intuitive therapeutic ULR and BLR exercises. They elicit appropriate reaching movements and contact forces in healthy and stroke subjects. The spatial and temporal attributes of the proposed solution can be customized to influence the movement and energy expenditure of specific joints.

Functional Living Skills: A Non-Immersive Virtual Reality Training for Individuals with Major Neurocognitive Disorders.

The loss of functional living skills (FLS) is an essential feature of major neurocognitive disorders (M-NCD); virtual reality training (VRT) offers many possibilities for improving FLS in people with M-NCD. The aim of our study was to verify the effectiveness of a non-immersive VRT on FLS for patients with M-NCD. VRT was carried out for 10 to 20 sessions, by means of four 3D apps developed in our institute and installed on a large touch screen. The experimental group (EG) and the control group (CG) included 24 and 18 patients with M-NCD, respectively. They were administered the in vivo test (in specific hospital places reproducing the natural environments) at T1 (pre-training) and T3 (post-training); at T2, only EG was administered VRT. Statistically significant differences between EG and CG in all the in vivo tests were found in the number of correct responses; during VRT, the number of correct responses increased, while the execution times and the number of clues decreased. The improvement in the in vivo tests appeared to be related to the specific VRT applied. The satisfaction of participants with the VRT was moderate to high.

A PAPR Reduction Technique for Fast Touch Sensors Adopting a Multiple Frequency Driving Method on Large Display Panels.

The multiple frequency driving method (MFDM) capacitive touch system (CTS), which drives transmit (TX) electrodes in parallel, has been developed to improve the touch-sensitivity of large touch screens at high speed. However, when driving multiple TX electrodes at the same time, TX signals are merged through the touch panel, which results in increasing the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of combined signals. Due to the high PAPR, the signal is distorted out of the power amplifier’s linear range, causing a touch malfunction. The MFDM CTS can avoid this problem by reducing the drive voltage or partially driving the TX electrodes in parallel. However, these methods cause a significant performance drop with respect to signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the MFDM systems. This paper proposes a stack method which reduces PAPR effectively without the performance degradation of MFDM and achieves real-time touch sensitivity in large display panels. The proposed method allocates a suitable phase for each TX electrode to reduce the peak power of combined signals. Instead of investigating all of the phases for the total number of TX electrodes, the optimal phase is estimated from the highest frequency to the lowest one and fixed one by one, which can reduce the required time to find a suitable phase considerably. As a result, it enables high-speed sensing of multi-touch on a large touch screen and effectively reduces PAPR to secure high signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR). Through experiments, it was verified that the proposed method in this paper has an SNR of 39.36 dB, achieving a gain of 19.35 and 5.98 dB compared to the existing touch system method and the algorithm used in the communication system, respectively.

A multi-user collaborative BIM-AR system to support design and construction

Augmented Reality (AR) is fast becoming an established tool for the construction industry. Previous research reports on the conversion of BIM geometric models and the implementation of these with marker-based AR, or the use of more wide area AR taking positional input from GPS. Much of this focused on the use of AR in an individual context, so there is need to align AR with the more collaborative nature of BIM. By implementing marker-based AR, and connecting to a cloud-based database, the presented BIM-AR system provides the ability to view, interact and collaborate with 3D and 2D BIM data via AR with geographically dispersed teams. An Agile Scrum Method was used to develop the prototype system including a mobile AR application and a Large Touch Screen application based on and a Model, View, Controller (MVC) approach. Finally, the system was tested and verified using a focus group of construction practitioners.

Experimental Evaluation on the Effect of Electrode Configuration in Electrostatic Actuators for Increasing Vibrotactile Feedback Intensity

Vibrotactile feedback is a key feature of many modern touch displays, which greatly enhances user experiences when interacting with an onscreen interface. Despite its popularity in small touch screen devices, this haptic feature is absent in most large displays due to a lack of suitable actuators for such applications. Thus, a growing need exists for haptic actuators capable of producing sufficient vibrations in large touch displays. This study proposes and evaluates a novel electrostatic resonant actuator (ERA) with a moving mass and dual electrodes for increased vibration feedback intensity. The dual-electrode ERA was fabricated along with a comparable single-electrode ERA to investigate the effect of the electrode configuration on the maximum vibration intensity. When measured directly on the mass, the maximum vibration intensity of the dual-electrode actuator increased by 73% compared to the single-electrode actuator. When mounted and measured on a mock panel, the maximum vibration intensity of the dual-electrode actuator increased by nearly 65% compared to a similarly mounted single-electrode actuator. These results show that the dual-electrode configuration can significantly increase the vibration intensity when compared to the conventional ERA. This demonstrates a promising potential for the use of the proposed actuator for generating vibrotactile feedback in large touch displays.

A Study on the Cooling Block Design for a Large Touch Screen Panel (TSP) Cover Glass Molding System

A Study on the Cooling Block Design for a Large Touch Screen Panel (TSP) Cover Glass Molding System

Virtual Dissector Technology Implementation in an Undergraduate Anatomy Lab – Fun and Fresh or Stuck in the Corner

BackgroundComputer‐aided instruction is becoming increasingly popular in anatomy education and previous research has demonstrated some positive impacts when supplementing traditional teaching methods (Wilson et al., 2018). Our mixed methods analysis sought to determine student perceptions and outcomes related to supplementing traditional pedagogical methods in an undergraduate anatomy lab with the VH Dissector (VHD) Software on a large touch screen terminal.Experimental DesignThe software and touch screen terminal were added to the curriculum of our large undergraduate anatomy lab during the Fall semester of 2018 and Spring semester of 2019. Ten VHD lesson modules were implemented throughout the semester with a cross‐over, longitudinal study design (i.e., each student completed half of the modules and served as the control for the other half). All students had the same amount of time to study anatomy content on plastic models and two prosected cadavers. In addition, students in the experimental group completed a 10‐minute module using the VHD software on the large screen terminal that reinforced the topics. Students took a pre‐quiz prior to covering a topic, and then a post‐quiz following the sessions covering that topic. The mean difference between pre‐quiz and post‐quiz scores was calculated. Independent Samples t‐tests compared the mean difference between intervention and control groups. Post‐course surveys were also obtained to examine students’ perceptions of the usability and efficacy of the technology using open‐ended and Likert scale questions. Frequencies and Spearman’s Rho correlations were then calculated for each Likert‐scale question. Thematic analyses were completed on the open‐ended questions.ResultsThere was significant improvement in student scores with the intervention (over those of controls) in the Spring 2019 semester (Meanintervention = 1.13, Meancontrol = 0.92, P &lt;0.01). In the post‐course survey, 54.1% of students indicated that they would not recommend using the VHD in future semesters. Among the students that recommend using it, 64.8% stated it helped to rotate structures, 51.4% stated it helped provide context for what they saw on models, and 48.9% stated that it was a change of pace from other lab responsibilities. Among the students that wouldn’t recommend using the VHD, 50.1% stated they did not find it beneficial, 34% stated it helped to rotate structures, and 23.4% stated it was a change of pace from other lab responsibilities. A statistically significant correlation was also found between enjoying use of the VHD and perception of learning using the VHD (r = 0.794, P &lt;0.01). Thematic analyses demonstrate that, while students identify the benefits of using the new technology and recognize the niche that it is meant to fill, they would prefer further scaffolding early in the process and additional emphasis on the exams if the lab is to continue utilizing this form of instruction.Conclusion and Potential ImpactThese results indicate that there is a benefit to student outcomes with dissection software at the undergraduate level. Furthermore, students recognize this benefit, yet require additional instruction and assessment with the technology to further buy‐in to its use in the lab.Support or Funding InformationThis work was partially supported by IMPRS.

Superstable copper nanowire network electrodes by single-crystal graphene covering and their applications in flexible nanogenerator and light-emitting diode

Copper nanowires (CuNWs), with excellent electronic properties and high cost-effectiveness, have tremendous potential in the field of transparent conductive electrodes for flexible electronics, large touch screen display and triboelectric energy harvesters, while their vulnerability to oxidation in air has impeded possible practical applications. Fortunately, it has been recognized that graphene encapsulation of CuNWs is capable of protecting CuNWs. However, neither self-assembled reduced graphene oxide nor chemical vapor deposition-grown polycrystalline graphene coatings can guarantee full protection to CuNWs, due to their ubiquitous voids, grain boundaries and wrinkles that allow water and oxygen molecules to pass through and result in the accelerated electrochemical corrosion at the graphene-copper interface, especially under folding conditions. Herein, we demonstrate a sandwich-structured single-crystal graphene/copper nanowire network/UV-curable resin (SCG/CuNW/UVR) composite film with ultrahigh electronic performance stability. The SCG/CuNW/UVR electrode exhibits a good optical and electrical performance (~19 Ω sq−1 under 84.3% transmittance), excellent mechanical robust and remarkably high oxidation resistance (ΔR/R0 < 0.2 within 180 days), in sharp contrast with the bare CuNWs (ΔR/R0 > 1 after 1 day) and polycrystalline graphene-covered CuNWs counterparts (ΔR/R0 > 1 after 7 days). Furthermore, the SCG/CuNW/UVR electrodes can replace indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes to construct the triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) and quantum dot light emitting diodes (QLED), comparable to the flexible commercial ITO counterparts. The fabrication of such high-performance SCG/CuNW/UVR electrode is facile to be scaled-up with low cost, providing the feasibility for industrial applications of flexible ITO-free electronic and optoelectronic devices.

Enhanced Haptic Sensations Using a Novel Electrostatic Vibration Actuator With Frequency Beating Phenomenon

Generating haptic sensations in large touch displays is highly desirable, yet producing them for such application is challenging with conventional haptic actuators used in hand-held devices. This study proposes an electrostatic actuator utilizing frequency beating phenomenon with the goals of generating haptic sensations for large touch sensitive displays (TSDs). Unlike typical electrostatic actuators, the proposed haptic actuator incorporates two high-volt electrodes and a spring supported disk (moveable grounded mass) to enhance the intensity and pattern of haptic sensations. After fabricating a proof-of-concept prototype, its performance was experimentally evaluated by varying the beat frequency and the carrier frequency. Using mock-up LCD panels, a feasibility of the proposed actuator was evaluated for generating meaningful haptic sensations in large TSDs. Testing results show that the prototype generated a variety of unique vibration patterns at varying intensities based on combinations of the two input voltage signals. The results further show that the proposed actuator can produce sufficiently strong vibrotactile feedbacks in mock-up panels, indicating that the proposed electrostatic actuators can be a viable option for providing haptic sensations in large TSDs.

A Simple Target Interception Task as Test for Activities of Daily Life Performance in Older Adults.

Previous research showed that a simple target interception task reveals differences between younger adults (YA) and older adults (OA) on a large screen under laboratory conditions. Participants intercept downward moving objects while a horizontally moving background creates an illusion of the object moving in the opposite direction of the background. OA are more influenced by this illusory motion than YA. OA seem to be less able to ignore irrelevant sensory information than YA. Since sensory integration relates to the ability to perform Activities of Daily Living (ADL), this interception task can potentially signal ADL issues. Here we investigated whether the results of the target interception task could be replicated using a more portable setup, i.e., a tablet instead of a large touch screen. For YA from the same, homogeneous population, the main effects were replicated although the task was more difficult in the tablet set-up. After establishing the tablet’s validity, we analyzed the response patterns of OA that were less fit than the OA in previous research. We identified three different illusion patterns: a (large) illusion effect (indicating over integration), a reverse illusion effect, and no illusion effect. These different patterns are much more nuanced than previously reported for fit OA who only show over integration. We propose that the patterns are caused by differences in the samples of OA (OA in the current sample were older and had lower ADL scores), possibly modulated by increased task difficulty in the tablet setup. We discuss the effects of illusory background motion as a function of ADL scores using a transitional model. The first pattern commences when sensory integration capability starts to decrease, leading to a pattern of over-integration (illusion effect). The second pattern commences when compensatory mechanisms are not sufficient to counteract the effect of the background motion, leading to direction errors in the same direction as the background motion (reverse illusion). The third pattern commences when the task requirements are too high, leading OA to implement a probabilistic strategy by tapping toward the center of the screen.

Proposal of CPU-Free Environment Using PC in Your Pocket Technology

This product is compatible with all modern android devices that helps in turn your android smartphone into a complete laptop. This product help to overcome the small screen size problem and limited mobile interface when using smartphones. This product can provide a large screen, keyboard and multi touch track pad. Problem statement that should be overcome by develop this product are people must spend a lot amount of money to upgrade or buy a new laptop, utilizes smartphone resources and limited usability of an android smartphones because of smaller screen compared to a laptop. Objectives of this product are to design a solution that can help the user to reduce cost of buying a new laptop, to develop a product that can improve the usability of the smartphones and to verify whether the product can utilize smartphone resources. Methodology use in development of this product is Rapid Application Development (RAD) which is a software development methodology that uses minimal planning in favor of rapid prototyping. This product enables user to display all the applications inside the smartphones into the larger screen and using the smartphones operating system. The contribution of this research will enable the consumer to utilize their pocket PC resources efficiently.

The test tool development for driving characteristic evaluation of large size touch panel

ABSTRACTRecently, touch screen panel technology is applied not only mobile device but also large size display. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the evaluation tool for large size touch sensor. In this study, the touch sensor used 23 inch size panel. The touch sensor used metal mesh as a transparent electrode. The metal mesh electrodes are a diamond shape structure and Cu material. The width between the electrodes is 10 μm. The structure of touch sensor is glass/film/film. The numbers of transmit layer and receive layer are individually 78 and 141. The characteristic evaluation of touch sensor is used by touch evaluation program which is based on Window 7. There are 4 anti-vibration poles under touch sensor for reducing ground vibration noise. The signal of touch input is made by conductive pen which is 8Φ, Cu rod. A new evaluation tool was proposed in order to promote the objective operation evaluation of a large size touch panel. The performance evaluation index is signal noise ratio, response time, hover effect, accuracy, precision and multi-touch recognition. The proposed evaluation tool is able to evaluate the large-size touch sensors.