Large Time Differences Research Articles

Assessing the influence of latency variability on EEG classifiers - a case study of face repetition priming

AbstractData-driven strategies have been widely used to distinguish experimental effects on single-trial EEG signals. However, how latency variability, such as within-condition jitter or latency shifts between conditions, affects the performance of EEG classifiers has not been well investigated. Without explicitly considering and disentangling such attributes of single trials, neural network-based classifiers have limitations in measuring their contributions. Inspired by domain knowledge of subcomponent latency and amplitude from traditional cognitive neuroscience, this study applies a stepwise latency correction method on single trials to control for their contributions to classifier behavior. As a case study demonstrating the value of this method, we measure repetition priming effects of faces, which induce large reaction time differences, latency shifts, and amplitude effects in averaged event-related potentials. The results show that within-condition jitter negatively impacts classifier performance, but between-condition latency shifts improve accuracy, whereas genuine amplitude differences have no significant influence. While demonstrated in the case of priming effects, this methodology can be generalized to experiments involving many kinds of time-varying signals to account for the contributions of latency variability to classifier performance.

Identical Parallel Machine Scheduling to Minimize Makespan Using Suggested Algorithm Method at XYZ Company

XYZ company produce the various shape of motor spare parts product. The company has threeidentical parallel spot welding machines that use a random method of production scheduling, basedon machine capacity without any sequence of jobs, and only use daily production targets given tooperators. Based on the data, the actual scheduling of the machines has a very large completion timedifference between each machine, or the machine loading is uneven. As a result, the makespanbecomes longer with a value of 440000 seconds (26 days). This research aims to minimize the existingmakespan by giving proposed scheduling, using the suggested algorithm method, which has a smallnumber of iterations and has an optimal result. The method begins with the longest processing timesequence rule which is used as the upper bound for the first iteration, then continued to calculate thelower bound and machine workload. The calculation stops at the 15th iteration because the completiontime value exceeds the lower and upper bound so that the optimal scheduling taken is scheduled inthe 14th iteration with a makespan value of 914412 seconds (16 days). The proposed scheduling canminimize the makespan from the actual schedule by 38%.

Weather variability risks slow climate adaptation: An empirical analysis of forestry

The timing of climate adaptation decisions can have substantial consequences for the assessment of climate damages. Since weather variability can create risks for natural resource management that differ across adaptation choices, such variability has the potential to alter the speed of climate adaptation. This paper estimates the effect of weather variability on the timing of adaptation decisions of forest landowners in the Eastern United States. A discrete-choice econometric model of forest management is estimated and used in a bio-economic simulation that shows how variability in cold temperatures can significantly slow the rate of adapting from cold-tolerant natural hardwood forests to cold-sensitive, but highly valuable pine plantations. The range of weather variability in climate projections and across the landscape generates large differences in adaptation timing. Ignoring projected future decreases in weather variability results in a large downward bias in estimating future paths of climate adaptation. Since pine plantations produce fewer non-market ecosystem services than natural hardwood forests, an important source of future conservation uncertainty is the economic response of private forest landowners to changing weather variability.

Analysis of Fluid-Solid coupling heat transfer characteristics of hydrogen circulating pump

The hydrogen circulating pump (HCP) is in a high-temperature state during operation due to the heat generated by the pressure change of the transported gas. The current research on the flow characteristics of the HCP has not taken into account the influence of internal heat transfer factors, resulting in significant errors between the research results and actual test results. In this article, we define the contact modes of the fluid–solid interfaces based on heat transfer theory, propose a step-by-step calculation method based on different time scales, and complete the simulation of the fluid–solid coupling model. Compared with the test flow rate of 15.44 g/s, the fluid–solid coupling model considering heat transfer factors calculated a flow rate of 15.15 g/s with an error of only 1.85 %, while the single fluid model without considering heat transfer effects calculated a value of 14.67 g/s with an error of 5.0 %. Analyzing the internal mechanism of heat transfer leading to an increase in simulated flow rate, the external surface heat dissipation and internal heat conduction on one hand lead to a decrease in gap leakage flow rate, thereby reducing leakage volume, and on the other hand, increase the density of gas transported in the rotor cavity area, thereby improving the conveying capacity. The calculation method proposed in this article solves the problem of the large time difference between instantaneous fluid flow and slow heat transfer, shortens the calculation time, has higher calculation accuracy, and plays an important role in the precise design process of HCPs.

Stereoscopic Image Enabled Animation Art Design Exploration

Abstract With the emergence of movie art, many related art forms were born. Animation art has gained a large number of audiences due to its exaggerated expression. In order to improve the problems of character image overlapping and scene distortion that may occur in the original two-dimensional space, this paper constructs a semi-global stereo image matching algorithm based on the use of point cloud matching in the animation screen for the determination of the screen position and the morphology of the animated character. To compensate for the radiation difference in the stereo image matching algorithm, object-square geometric constraints are proposed to improve the matching cost calculation process. After calculating the matching cost, the original animation model is optimized or rebuilt by creating a depth space image. Taking Disney animation characters as an example, the number of joints required for the reconstruction of the “Snow White” character is 2.9 times more than that of the “Mickey” character, but the reconstruction time of the skeleton is only 12 times longer than that of the “Mickey” character. However, the skeleton reconstruction time is only 12.1 seconds longer than that of the “Mickey” character, which indicates that the algorithm proposed in this paper does not produce a large difference in reconstruction time due to the difference in characters. For the construction of animated indoor scenes, in the eight experimental scenes, the maximum number of grids can be divided into 42365412, and the processing time required is 276.413 seconds. It shows that the algorithm in this paper is capable of subregionally refining the indoor space of the animation. The proposed semi-global stereo image matching-based pan can quickly reconstruct animated character models and animated scenes, as can be seen.

P182: Effects of Physical Environment on Quality of Life of Residents in Dementia Facilities in Canada & South Korea: A Longitudinal Observational Study

Approximately 44% of new residents of care facilities in Korea were diagnosed with dementia (Song, Park & Kim, 2013), and in Canada, about one-third of older adults younger than 80 who have been diagnosed with dementia live in long-term care facilities (Canadian Institute for Health Information, 2018). Due to the rapid increase of these figures in the future, continuing to provide assistance services and appropriate environment for residents with dementia could be challenging for both countries.This longitudinal observational study aims to examine whether residents with dementia in long-term care facilities with variability in physical environment attributions in Vancouver (N=11), Canada and Seoul (N=9), South Korea had a distinction in their quality of life (QoL). Physical environmental assessment was conducted using the Therapeutic Environment Screening Survey for Nursing Homes (TESS-NH) (Sloane et al., 2002). QoL was assessed three times over one year using Dementia Care Mapping tool (DCM) (University of Bradford, 2010). The results of the study demonstrated that the residents with dementia living in an institutional large-scale setting showed statistically more withdrawn behavior and spent more time to be negative mood or affect compared to the ones in a small-scale setting. This study also found that the number of potential positive behaviors of residents in a small-scale setting was three times higher than that of residents in an institutional large-scale setting. When looking at the distinction between two countries in the behavior category with a large average time difference, the residents with dementia in Korea had shorter meal/dessert times compared to those in Canada. The study supports that the small-scale homelike environment is intensely associated with a therapeutic environment for older adults with dementia.

Strategic management of the support of international relocators by domestic enterprises as a tool for trend analysis of the international labor market in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine

Introduction. In wartime, many companies remain without offices, and company management faces the question of closing the business or moving (relocating) to another city in order to continue the company's activities. Relocation requires careful consideration and planning. Also, over time, all labor migrants began to be called relocants. And with the beginning of the full-scale invasion, millions of Ukrainians left Ukraine. From this side, the second question opens: how to organize the company in such a way as to support people who are currently abroad? This mostly applies to law firms, because problems may arise not depending on geolocation. Therefore, the question of how to adjust the work of a company that works with Ukrainians abroad is relevant for business, especially during martial law. The purpose of the paper is to determine the features of resource management to ensure the international movement of workers and the specifics of working with Ukrainians abroad. Results. Relocation managers should develop a relocation strategy to streamline the process, namely: 1. Determination of the need for relocation and the suitability of the employee; 2. Determination of internal and external factors of displacement; 3. Preparation for moving; 4. Assistance during relocation; 5. Adaptation of personnel after relocation; 6. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the program and introduction of adjustments. If we consider the issue of support of Ukrainian emigrants by domestic companies, using the example of legal companies, it can be noted that there are additional difficulties in working with Ukrainians abroad: some documents must be sent by mail; the complexity of communication between countries; a large time difference affects; documents may be lost due to a quick move; other problems are determined by the specifics of the client's case. Conclusion. In order to move employees to other countries, financial costs are required to ensure the move and initial residence in another country, as well as costs for additional personnel who will directly deal with the settlement of the move. On the other hand, it is an opportunity to improve staff qualifications and close staff shortages in individual branches. If we consider immigrants as customers, this is an opportunity for geographical expansion, when the number of consumers in the country itself has decreased. On the other hand, immigrants have problems that need to be solved in their homeland. Thus, there is a demand for services abroad. But cooperation with such clients has difficulties that require increased management and digitization.

Spatiotemporal analysis of bike-share demand using DTW-based clustering and predictive analytics

This paper investigates bike-share activities and explores their relationships with neighborhood features, advancing our current knowledge for integrating cycle facilities into urban space to support first/last-mile mobility. To identify distinct demand patterns, bike stations are clustered based on time-series ridership. Measuring the similarity between time-series data in the transportation field should take into account the influence of phase difference because similar demands happening in the morning and in the afternoon should be considered dissimilar. This study uses a weighted Dynamic Time Warping to address this issue by assigning a larger weight to data points with a larger time difference, enabling a more realistic measure to compare ridership. Using bike-share trip data from Citi Bike, we identified eight station clusters, each of which exhibits unique temporal activities. We further integrated the locations of various points of interest to explore the profiles of the clusters. Bike stations that are closer to public transport, commercial buildings and food service establishments are generally more popular, suggesting that incorporating spatial contexts can develop a richer understanding of bike-share usage. In addition, this study goes beyond descriptive analytics by investigating the role of neighborhood features in predicting cluster memberships of bike stations. Our results show that non-tree-based models, such as Support Vector Machines and K-Nearest Neighbors, outperform tree-based models. This study provides valuable insights for both urban planners and bike-share operators. When assessing the potential of new bike-share infrastructure, urban planners can deploy our models to identify the cluster-specific demand pattern based on neighborhood features. Bike-share operators can also utilize our findings to identify neighborhoods that require strategic supply of bikes and parking space that may vary within a day.

Magnetic field control of high-enthalpy shock wave/boundary-layer interactions using a fully implicit thermochemical non-equilibrium solver

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) heat shield systems have been proven to be highly effective in hypersonic blunt-nosed bodies. Thus, it is natural to consider the application of MHD to more complex geometries that induce shock wave/boundary-layer interactions associated with locally high heat load, which is a lack of deep research, especially for the large-size model in high-enthalpy conditions. To investigate the possibility and mechanism of the control of shock wave/boundary-layer interactions using local magnetic fields, the partially ionized flow of the hollow cylinder/flare coupling of these fields was numerically analyzed using a hypersonic thermochemical nonequilibrium solver. It consisted of an 11-species reaction model and a Park two-temperature model based on the low magneto-Reynolds assumption. To address the numerical stiffness introduced by the large difference in the characteristic time of the thermochemical non-equilibrium and grid refinement in the boundary layer and interaction zone, a fully implicit block lower–upper symmetric Gauss–Seidel algorithm was developed. This algorithm improved the accelerating rate and the solver was validated using cases involving MHD control of flow around a typical reentry vehicle, and the measured double cone and hollow cylinder/flare data for a high-enthalpy wind tunnel. After that, a parametric study of high-enthalpy flow over the hollow cylinder/flare model was conducted and MHD control was divided into three categories. Among these, N-type control led to the largest reduction in the peak value of the total wall heat flux near the neck region, which was obtained using a uniform magnetic field. Specifically, the peak heat flux and the peak skin friction coefficient were reduced by 20.0% and 48.0%, respectively. Then, two local MHD interaction parameters were newly proposed for mechanism analysis and can serve as an effective indicator for MHD controllability. The numerical results demonstrated that the Lorentz force in the counter-streamlined direction induced by the external magnetic field and ionized flow were key factors that influenced the control of the local heat flux. The results of this study lay the foundation for the design of MHD experiments in a high-enthalpy wind tunnel.

Lateral Boundaries of the Ventricular Tachycardia Circuit Align With Sinus Rhythm Discontinuities

BackgroundSinus rhythm electrical activation mapping can provide information regarding the ischemic re-entrant ventricular tachycardia (VT) circuit. The information gleaned may include the localization of sinus rhythm electrical discontinuities, which can be defined as arcs of disrupted electrical conduction with large activation time differences across the arc. ObjectivesThis study sought to detect and localize sinus rhythm electrical discontinuities that might be present in activation maps constructed from infarct border zone electrograms. MethodsMonomorphic re-entrant VT with a double-loop circuit and central isthmus was repeatedly inducible by programmed electrical stimulation in the epicardial border zone of 23 postinfarction canine hearts. Sinus rhythm and VT activation maps were constructed from 196 to 312 bipolar electrograms acquired surgically at the epicardial surface and analyzed computationally. A complete re-entrant circuit was mappable from the epicardial electrograms of VT, and isthmus lateral boundary (ILB) locations were ascertained. The difference in sinus rhythm activation time across ILB locations, vs the central isthmus and vs the circuit periphery, was determined. ResultsSinus rhythm activation time differences averaged 14.4 milliseconds across the ILB vs 6.5 milliseconds at the central isthmus and 6.4 milliseconds at the periphery (ie, the outer circuit loop) (P ≤ 0.001). Locations with large sinus rhythm activation difference tended to overlap ILB (60.3% ± 23.2%) compared with their overlap with the entire grid (27.5% ± 18.5%) (P < 0.001). ConclusionsDisrupted electrical conduction is evident as discontinuity in sinus rhythm activation maps, particularly at ILB locations. These areas may represent permanent fixtures relating to spatial differences in border zone electrical properties, caused in part by alterations in underlying infarct depth. The tissue properties producing sinus rhythm discontinuity at ILB may contribute to functional conduction block formation at VT onset.

인질범죄에 대한 형의 임의적 감경 규정의 실효성 분석 연구

In order to protect the life and safety of hostages in hostage-taking crimes, Criminal Law stipulates provisions for reducing the sentence in Articles 295-2 and 324-6. The purpose of the regulation is to deter secondary crime against hostages as an incentive for actors to safely release hostages. However, it is somewhat questionable whether the preferential treatment of criminal policy at the level of arbitrary mitigation is an effective motive for the hostage offenders to safely release the hostage. Accordingly, using the sequential game model of game theory, this study analyzes what selective strategies are carried out under the interdependence between hostage criminals and law enforcement authorities.&#x0D; In the game model, the compensation vector of each participant used Becker's equation of criminal utility theory. First, the strategic choices of hostage offenders, law enforcement authorities, the general public, and law enforcement authorities were examined separately to derive the limit and general deterrence effects of the hostage release reduction regulations respectively. In addition, in the strategic choice analysis between hostage offenders and law enforcement authorities, the tendency of hostage offenders was divided into risk avoidance, risk neutrality, and risk preference type, and in each case, the hostage offender made a choice between necessary reduction or arbitrary reduction. In order to promote the safety of hostages, necessary reduction or exemption was found to be the most effective incentive. However, it should be noted that this result may give the wrong signal as an incentive for hostage crimes to the general public, who are potential criminals.&#x0D; Furthermore, this study also examines the possible improvements of the current liberation reduction regulations by reflecting the golden time in relation to the age of hostages. Given that the purpose of the liberation and mitigation regulations is to protect the lives and security of hostages, it is highly likely that the law enforcement authorities' attempts to negotiate after the golden time will be meaningless. It was confirmed that the golden time, which can guarantee the safety of the hostages, has a large time difference depending on the age of the hostages. As a result, in order to ensure the safety of hostages and to ensure the fair exercise of national punishment rights, the temporal application of the liberation and mitigation regulations should be more precisely defined by reflecting the golden time. In order to safely release hostages within the period by applying the golden time, the average time after victims are robbed and attracted, the need to define greater incentives for compensation than the current arbitrary reduction should be considered.&#x0D; Finally, this study suggests that the method of statistics collection and crime analysis on hostage crimes needs to be completely reorganized as a premise to reflect the difference in golden time in legislation.

Research on Relative Threshold of Abnormal Travel in Subway Based on Bilateral Curve Fitting

Abnormal passenger behavior in rail transit has become a top priority, as it affects operational safety. Passenger travel time is the main basis for identifying abnormal behavior while considering the flexibility of travel time. Currently, the main method is to use absolute threshold discrimination based on the distribution of travel time. However, there is a problem of missing abnormal passenger behavior due to the large difference in travel time between the Origin-Destinations (ODs). Therefore, this paper proposes a method of setting corresponding thresholds for each OD. By analyzing the percentile curves of the overall and individual OD pairs, it was found that the turning point of the curve had a significant feature, and the difference between the two sides of the curve was obvious. This paper proposes a bilateral fitting method, and the results show that this method can calculate the relative threshold for different OD pairs. The significant advantages of this method are its low cost and wide coverage.

Inspection of Pipe Welds Using the Radiogrphy Method with the Double Wall Double Image Technique

Inspection of 900 angle pipe welds using the Radiography method with an Ir.192 source with a capacity of 150 Curie while operating 56 curies using the Double Wall Double Image Technique Case study at (PT. Sinar Mas, Riau). Errors and inaccuracies in timing result in the resulting image being damaged, not meeting radiographic film acceptance quality standards. irradiation (exposure time). The purpose of this paper is to be able to calculate the exposure time using computation, and to know the type of defects in the welding and there are significant undercutting defects that require repair or re-welding and are declared rejected by the radiographer. The results of the exposure time calculation between the calculations of several processes have a relatively large time difference, this is because they do not follow the curve value. In the end it can be concluded from the results of the film is very influential on the exposure time. Based on this, the resulting software can be declared in accordance with field conditions

River Deltas and Sea-Level Rise

Future sea-level rise poses an existential threat for many river deltas, yet quantifying the effect of sea-level changes on these coastal landforms remains a challenge. Sea-level changes have been slow compared to other coastal processes during the instrumental record, such that our knowledge comes primarily from models, experiments, and the geologic record. Here we review the current state of science on river delta response to sea-level change, including models and observations from the Holocene until 2300 CE. We report on improvements in the detection and modeling of past and future regional sea-level change, including a better understanding of the underlying processes and sources of uncertainty. We also see significant improvements in morphodynamic delta models. Still, substantial uncertainties remain, notably on present and future subsidence rates in and near deltas. Observations of delta submergence and land loss due to modern sea-level rise also remain elusive, posing major challenges to model validation. ▪ There are large differences in the initiation time and subsequent delta progradation during the Holocene, likely from different sea-level and sediment supply histories. ▪ Modern deltas are larger and will face faster sea-level rise than during their Holocene growth, making them susceptible to forced transgression. ▪ Regional sea-level projections have been much improved in the past decade and now also isolate dominant sources of uncertainty, such as the Antarctic ice sheet. ▪ Vertical land motion in deltas can be the dominant source of relative sea-level change and the dominant source of uncertainty; limited observations complicate projections. ▪ River deltas globally might lose 5% (∼35,000 km2) of their surface area by 2100 and 50% by 2300 due to relative sea-level rise under a high-emission scenario.

A flexible Python-based touchscreen chamber for operant conditioning reveals improved visual perception of cardinal orientations in mice.

Natural scenes are composed of a wide range of edge angles and spatial frequencies, with a strong overrepresentation of vertical and horizontal edges. Correspondingly, many mammalian species are much better at discriminating these cardinal orientations compared to obliques. A potential reason for this increased performance could be an increased number of neurons in the visual cortex that are tuned to cardinal orientations, which is likely to be an adaptation to the natural scene statistics. Such biased angular tuning has recently been shown in the mouse primary visual cortex. However, it is still unknown if mice also show a perceptual dominance of cardinal orientations. Here, we describe the design of a novel custom-built touchscreen chamber that allows testing natural scene perception and orientation discrimination performance by applying different task designs. Using this chamber, we applied an iterative convergence towards orientation discrimination thresholds for cardinal or oblique orientations in different cohorts of mice. Surprisingly, the expert discrimination performance was similar for both groups but showed large inter-individual differences in performance and training time. To study the discrimination of cardinal and oblique stimuli in the same mice, we, therefore, applied, a different training regime where mice learned to discriminate cardinal and oblique gratings in parallel. Parallel training revealed a higher task performance for cardinal orientations in an early phase of the training. The performance for both orientations became similar after prolonged training, suggesting that learning permits equally high perceptual tuning towards oblique stimuli. In summary, our custom-built touchscreen chamber offers a flexible tool to test natural visual perception in rodents and revealed a training-induced increase in the perception of oblique gratings. The touchscreen chamber is entirely open-source, easy to build, and freely available to the scientific community to conduct visual or multimodal behavioral studies. It is also based on the FAIR principles for data management and sharing and could therefore serve as a catalyst for testing the perception of complex and natural visual stimuli across behavioral labs.

Analysis of the Evacuation Time based on the Desk Spacing Used by Internet Computer Gaming Facility Providers

This study aims to measure changes in the evacuation time with respect to the desk spacing used by internet computer gaming facility providers using an evacuation simulation program and to analyze the results. Currently, the “Special Act on the Safety Management of Multi-Use Businesses” only regulates the width of the internal evacuation passage. There is no regulation on the width of the evacuation space as determined by the arrangement of furniture in internet computer gaming facilities. Considering this, the evacuation times for evacuation passage widths of 190, 210, 230, and 260 cm were compared and analyzed considering various variables of the facility space. The results show that there is a large difference in the evacuation time, ranging from 166.0 s to 154.0 s, as the passage width increases from the minimum to the maximum. With the increasing popularity of internet gaming facilities and considering the safety of the evacuees, it is necessary to draft regulations on the width of new evacuation spaces during the deployment of internet computer gaming facilities.

Season Match Loads of a Portuguese Under-23 Soccer Team: Differences between Different Starting Statuses throughout the Season and Specific Periods within the Season Using Global Positioning Systems.

This study aimed to quantify the external match loads (EMLs) of a Portuguese u-23 soccer team, competing at the highest national level for the age group, comparing players with different starting status throughout a competitive season and specific blocks. Thirty-five outfield soccer players were split into three groups for the entire season analysis and for each 3-month block, based on the percentage of games played as a starter. The three groups consisted of “starters” (≥55% of the games as a starter), “fringe” (30–54%), and “non-starters” (<30%). EMLs were recorded using 10 Hz GPS technology throughout the whole season (26 matches). Differences (p < 0.05) were found for total distance (TD), exposure time, and the number of accelerations and decelerations between starters and non-starters throughout the season (d = 0.73 to 1.08), and within each block (d = 0.59 to 1.68). Differences were also found between starters and fringe players for the number of accelerations in Block 2 (p = 0.03; d = 0.69), and TD (p = 0.006; d = 1) and exposure time (p = 0.006; d = 0.95) in Block 3. Differences in the EML were almost always accompanied by large differences in game time. Our results highlight the differences in the EML of starters and non-starters, emphasizing the need for compensatory training, especially with players that obtain significantly less playing time, to prepare the players for match demands (e.g., high-intensity efforts such as sprinting, accelerations, and decelerations).

Chemical Isolation of Isomerically Purified Sc3n@C68

Metallofullerenes with fused pentalenes are rare in arc soot. By far, the majority of endohedral fullerene cages obey the isolated pentagon rule (IPR). In a recent landmark paper (Santiago et al., JACS, 2021, 143, 6037-6042) by the Echegoyen group, they experimentally demonstrated the use of Sc3N@C68 as a new molecular catalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reactions. Indeed, this fused pentalene metallofullerene (Sc3N@C68) successfully outperformed six other “conventional” (i.e., IPR) endohedrals. Thus, application development for fused pentalene metallofullerenes may open new doors.In this presentation, we discuss our chemical-based purification approach specifically designed for fused pentalene systems such as Sc3N@C68. We find that after two types of selective chemical reaction, we obtain a highly enriched sample of primarily two species, Sc3N@D3(6140)-C68 and Sc3N@Ih(7)-C80. Due to the large retention time difference between C68 and C80 endohedral cages, only a single injection is necessary for a final purification step.

Ultrafast vibrational dynamics of the free OD at the air/water interface: Negligible isotopic dilution effect but large isotope substitution effect.

Vibrational relaxation dynamics of the OH stretch of water at the air/water interface has been a subject of intensive research, facilitated by recent developments in ultrafast interface-selective nonlinear spectroscopy. However, a reliable determination of the vibrational relaxation dynamics in the OD stretch region at the air/D2O interface has not been yet achieved. Here, we report a study of the vibrational relaxation of the free OD carried out by time-resolved heterodyne-detected vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy. The results obtained with the aid of singular value decomposition analysis indicate that the vibrational relaxation (T1) time of the free OD at the air/D2O interface and air/isotopically diluted water (HOD-H2O) interfaces show no detectable isotopic dilution effect within the experimental error, as in the case of the free OH in the OH stretch region. Thus, it is concluded that the relaxation of the excited free OH/OD predominantly proceeds with their reorientation, negating a major contribution of the intramolecular energy transfer. It is also shown that the T1 time of the free OD is substantially longer than that of the free OH, further supporting the reorientation relaxation mechanism. The large difference in the T1 time between the free OD and the free OH (factor of ∼2) may indicate the nuclear quantum effect on the diffusive reorientation of the free OD/OH because this difference is significantly larger than the value expected for a classical rotational motion.

Feasibility and Error Analysis of Using Fiber Optic Temperature Measurement Device to Evaluate the Electromagnetic Safety of Hot Bridge Wire EEDs.

Most studies assessing the safety of hot bridge wire EEDs employ temperature sensors that directly use the measurements of the temperature measurement device without analyzing the accuracy of the temperature measurement. This study establishes the response function of the exposed bridge and exposed bridge temperature rise system of hot bridge wire EEDs through the Rosenthal’s temperature rise equation and Laplace transformation as well as experimental tests, and through the response function, the response law and numerical characteristics of the two are compared and analyzed under four typical excitations. Under steady current injection and continuous-wave radiation, both exposed bridge and exposed bridge temperature measurement systems can reach thermal equilibrium, and the equilibrium temperature of both are the same. However, under pulse excitation, the temperature rise measurement value is significantly different from the actual value due to the large difference in response time of the exposed bridge (1 ms) and the exposed bridge temperature measurement device (0.82 s). Studies have shown that under steady current injection and continuous-wave radiation, temperature rise measurements can be directly applied to the safety assessment of hot bridge wire EEDs, while under pulsed conditions, temperature rise measurements cannot be directly applied.