Large Table Research Articles

Practice-oriented numerical model for seismic response of cold-formed steel-framed mid-rise buildings

Cold-formed steel (CFS) framed buildings are becoming increasingly common, notably in the high seismic regions of the United States (US). However, research to understand the seismic performance of CFS-framed buildings specifically using large-scale (building-level) specimens has begun only recently. Therefore, efforts to validate and improve numerical modeling of whole building systems have been limited due to this lack of experimental data. A recently completed experimental program, conducted at the Large High-Performance Outdoor Shake Table at the University of California, San Diego, involved earthquake testing of a full-scale 6-story CFS-framed building. The test building adopted an assembly of continuous tie-rod and built-up compression stud pack at the ends of individual shear walls to resist seismic overturning moment and uplift forces within the building. The objective of this paper is to present a practice-oriented phenomenological finite element modeling approach intended for design engineers and compare the predictions from this model against the measured seismic response of the 6-story building. The model aims to provide a robust, yet computationally efficient approach, with minimal degrees-of-freedom, while also capturing the salient features of seismic response of mid-rise CFS-framed buildings suitable for nonlinear time history analyses-based design. The building model, developed within the OpenSeesPy finite element platform, includes the shear walls and gravity walls as well as the lateral strength and stiffness contribution from exterior and interior gypsum sheathing. The continuous tie-rod system is also modeled to capture the cumulative floor displacements caused by the axial elongation in the steel rods. The effect of built-up compression stud packs on the lateral behavior of a shear wall was estimated using available experimental data and a detailed numerical model of an isolated shear wall, then subsequently incorporated in the nonlinear hysteretic material model. The numerical model captured the natural frequencies of the translation modes of the building in its undamaged state with <3% error. It also predicted the peak roof drift ratio within an error of 0.03% drift ratio under the design earthquake event. These results provide confidence in the proposed numerical modeling approach as a tool for seismic response prediction of mid-rise CFS-framed buildings with similar structural detailing features.

ComPipe: A Novel Flow Placement and Measurement Algorithm for Programmable Composite Pipelines

Programmable networks comprise heterogeneous network devices based on both hardware and software. Hardware devices provide superior bandwidth and low latency but encounter challenges in managing large table entries. Conversely, software devices offer abundant flow tables but have a limited forwarding capacity. To overcome this limitation, some commercial switches offer implementations that combine both hardware and software devices. In this context, this paper presents the Composite Pipeline (ComPipe), an algorithm for high-performance and high-precision flow placement and measurement. ComPipe utilizes a multi-level hashing algorithm for the real-time identification of heavy hitters, incorporates a unique flow eviction strategy, and is implemented on commercial programmable hardware. For non-heavy flows, ComPipe employs sketch structures to accomplish a high-performance flow synopsis within limited memory constraints. This design allows to replace flow rules entirely in the data plane, ensuring the timely detection and offloading of heavy-hitter flows, and offering a unified interface to the controller. The ComPipe prototype has been implemented in both testbed and simulation environments. The results indicate that ComPipe is an effective solution for dynamic flow placement in programmable networks, distinguished by its low cost, high performance, and high accuracy.

Implementation of real-time hybrid simulation using a large shake table with onboard actuators

In recent decades, shake table real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) has emerged as a promising seismic testing approach for complex engineering structures. However, the current shake table RTHS systems with actuators typically install the dynamic actuators on a reaction wall outside the table, which introduce interaction issues between the dynamic actuators and the shake table. This study proposes a potential improvement by developing a shake table RTHS platform with onboard actuators. The platform incorporates a 6 m × 9 m large-scale shake table where the physical substructure, two dynamic actuators, and the reaction frame are all positioned. To validate the effectiveness of the developed platform, a two-story steel frame is tested by both full structure shake table test and substructure shake table RTHS. In the shake table RTHS, the lower part of the frame serves as the physical substructure and is simultaneously loaded by the shake table and dynamic actuators, while the upper part is numerically analyzed in OpenSees, using OpenFresco and Simulink as intermediate softwares. The test results demonstrate that the developed shake table RTHS platform provides reasonable predictions to the structural seismic responses. In addition, time delay is optimized using both inner and outer loop compensators, highlighting the effectiveness of inverse compensation and adaptive time series (ATS) compensation schemes. This paper successfully develops a shake table RTHS platform using a large shake table with onboard dynamic actuators, providing a valuable seismic testing platform for RTHS of large-scale complex engineering structures.

Modal characterization of a three‐story buckling‐restrained braced frame steel building by non‐destructive field testing

AbstractA full‐scale, reconfigurable, three‐story steel building was constructed and its modal properties identified prior to shake table testing on the UC San Diego Large High Performance Outdoor Shake Table (LHPOST6). The aim of this pre‐shake table test erection was to demonstrate the rapid constructability of the building and identify construction fit issues prior to its assembly on LHPOST6. This posed a unique opportunity to characterize the building's modal properties using a variety of non‐destructive, low‐amplitude techniques. To this end, two novel, non‐destructive methods were used, namely: (1) impact tests conducted by swinging a tire from a crane to impact strategically selected locations, and (2) dynamic base vibration tests, induced by driving heavy machinery in the vicinity of the base of the structure. A system of accelerometers located throughout the structure captured waves propagating from each test to characterize the as‐built dynamic properties of the building. Results from various system identification methods are presented and compared to theoretical and numerical analysis. Comparisons indicate that the theoretical, numerical, and experimentally determined periods are nominally within 15% of each other. The erection of the structure was complete over the course of 3 days and construction fit‐up issues were addressed. The structure was then rapidly deconstructed and stored prior to erection for full‐scale shake table testing. This pre‐shake table test exercise demonstrated the viability of two, simple, low‐amplitude excitation approaches for use in the dynamic characterization of full‐scale buildings, with results consistent with theoretical and numerical models.

A look-up-table development to facilitate CT simulation of MR-Linac treatment

While current MR-Linac (MRL) treatment workflows utilize a large table overlay during CT simulation to convert indexing between the two machines, we developed a look-up-table (LUT) as an alternative approach. After populating the LUT, index conversion factors were verified at three separate table locations. The resultant root-mean-square isocenter shifts on the MRL were 0.04/0.08 cm, 0.08/0.07 cm, and 0.09/0.08 cm with/without using the table overlay during simulation in the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical directions, respectively, which is within registration tolerance. Clinical implementation of the LUT has resulted in a more efficient MRL treatment workflow while maintaining accurate patient setup.

Obstacles shape the way we walk at home

IntroductionWalking indoors, particularly at home, presents a distinct experience compared to the conventional pedestrian walking classically described. Our homes encompass intricate, confined, and cluttered architectural spaces that necessitate a predominantly curvilinear walking pattern. Despite the growing interest in studying our home, spurred by successive COVID-19 lockdowns, there remains a dearth of information regarding our walking behaviors inside homes, yet rich in data on the physical and sensory links between humans and their daily interior environment.MethodsThis study presents the outcomes of a controlled experiment conducted in an apartment in Montpellier, France. Participants were tasked with traversing the living room at a natural pace, encountering two natural obstacles-a large dining table and a small coffee table. They then walked back in opposite direction, circumnavigating the same two obstacles. To examine walking behavior within a pseudo-natural context, three conditions were tested: a controlled condition and two conditions that perturbed the natural curvilinear trajectory perceptually, by imposing an unpleasant sound, or physically, by suddenly displacing the coffee table between conditions. Twenty participants performed 30 trials in each condition. We approximated the position of their center of mass and computed various metrics related to their trajectories, including walking speed, obstacle clearance distance, its adaptation over time, and inter-trial trajectory variability.ResultsFindings revealed a greater visual clearance distance for the dining table compared to the coffee table, a difference reduced by the perturbation caused by displacing the coffee table. This clearing distance diminished with repetitions, showing that over time we tend to walk closer to obstacles around us. These adaptations were clearly the result of an active visuo-motor regulation, as evidenced by the reduced trajectory variability at, or just before, the location of the obstacles.DiscussionCollectively, these results demonstrate that walking at home is a flexible behavior necessitating continuous perceptual adaptations in our daily trajectories. These findings could contribute to a detailed analysis of walking indoors under natural conditions, and the investigated metrics could serve as a baseline for comparing the embodiment of physical and mental health in walking patterns, for instance during lockdowns. Furthermore, our findings have consequences for safer mediated human architecture interaction.

Revealing observatory networks through object stories: Object itineraries

In this paper, each contribution uses an object biography – or object itinerary – methodology, tracking their chosen objects from conception and purchase, across time and space, to today. The function of each object could change significantly over time, and these stories serve to remind us of the range of projects and activities that observatories might support or host, including overseas astronomical expeditions, a local time service, mathematical calculations, measurement of photographic plates, magnetic, meteorological and seismological observation, the hosting and dining of visitors, and the display and promotion of the observatory’s status. In each case, the object’s movements and location within particular spaces point the reader to consider a wide range of people, whether located within the observatory, beyond its walls, or within international scientific networks. The objects considered here are a London-made marine chronometer purchased by the Palermo Observatory, which was not used for navigation but was nevertheless well travelled; a large wooden table placed in the Octagon Room of the Royal Observatory Greenwich; and a British seismograph set up in at the Meteorological and Magnetic Observatory of the University of Coimbra. These itineraries also show how the value attached to objects changes over time: they shift from functional tools to obsolescence, then regain significance as their histories have been recovered and re-examined. This paper forms part of the collection ‘Revealing observatory networks through object stories’ where object stories are presented in three themed papers (with further papers being ‘Instrumental networks’ and ‘Observatory audiences’). The genesis of the collection is described in the ‘Introduction’.

A Large-Scale Validation of an Improved Embryo-Rescue Protocol for the Obtainment of New Table-Grape Seedless Genotypes.

The new trends in the consumption of table grapes and the growing interest in the environmental impact of this crop have pushed breeders toward the development of seedless cultivars endowed with resistance, through crossbreeding programs. To obtain seedless grapes, the use of embryo-rescue techniques is fundamental. In this research, a grape embryo-culture protocol was optimized and validated by using 39 cultivars and 41 cross-combinations carried out in the framework of a large private table grape program of the private network Italian Variety Club in the period 2017-2021 evaluating several factors, such as the improvement in embryo formation, germination and growth, and plantlet development. The embryo culture attitude of crosses between different combinations of seedless parents was assessed, and the rates of embryo development from the extracted ovules mostly ranged from 3.5 to 35.5% with 5 out of 43 genotypes outliers. Experiments conducted at different sampling times, in a range of 43-62 days after pollination (DAP), did not show significant differences between the samples analyzed, while the rate of embryos developed with the applied protocol proved its employability on multiple genotypes, although the grapevine genotype significantly influenced the technique efficiency.

A novel algorithmic Data-Collision SDRAM-based TCAM architecture on FPGA

Ternary Content-Addressable Memory (TCAM) is one of the most effective methods for high-speed data searching in networking infrastructure. Despite the excellent performance and large look-up table, application-specific integrated- circuit-based TCAMs cost massive power supply and are challenging to configure. Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have become the alternative solution for integrating TCAM due to their minimal power consumption and reconfigurability. Methods using on-chip registers, BRAMs, or LUTRAMs to implement large-size TCAM suffer excessive resource consumption. Researchers introduced DDR-SDRAM-based CAM to provide high-performance and economic packet inspections to overcome such issues; however, they only support binary look-up. This paper presents a novel algorithmic Data-Collision TCAM architecture on FPGA for SDRAM compatibility. The proposed SDRAM- based TCAM supports ternary value look-up function for practical Ethernet packet processing. The architecture outperforms conventional TCAMs regarding BRAMs, logics consumption, and look-up table sizes. The proposed architecture is the first SDRAM-based TCAM on FPGA with a 128Mbyte look-up table.

Evaluation of Seismic Performance of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations with Slip Joints by Large Shaking Table Tests

AbstractIn Europe, a monopile is the most commonly used foundation type for offshore wind turbines. Existing connections between the monopile (MP) and transition piece (TP) are generally bolts or grout, but another new method is the slip joint. In this method, the joints between the MP and TP are conically shaped and are simply joined together, which is expected to improve workability and reduce maintenance and management costs. In order to apply this structure in Japan, it is necessary to verify its seismic resistance. This paper reports the results of shaking table tests using a scaled specimen to verify the structural safety of the structure against earthquakes.

Vibration characteristics and comfort evaluation of a large shake table during operation

AbstractShake tables are useful instruments for investigating structural seismic responses, while they may introduce excessive vibrations on surrounding environments during operation. This study investigates the impact of vibration generated by a 6 m×9 m large shake table on the shake table laboratory and the surrounding buildings. To begin, vibration sensors were strategically installed throughout the shake table laboratory and the surrounding buildings to investigate their vibration characteristics during operations of the shake table. Subsequently, the vibration comfort of the shake table laboratory and the surrounding buildings was thoroughly evaluated. Finally, the overall finite element model of the ground‐shake table laboratory‐surrounding buildings was established by simulating the infinite soil with a viscoelastic boundary, and the parametric study of the vibration isolation trench was conducted. This study is the first to accurately, objectively, and quantitatively investigate the impact of large shake table operation on the surrounding environment. The results presented will be useful for the laboratory managers to develop reasonable loading schemes, as well as to optimize the design of other similar laboratories and vibration isolation measures.

GitTables: A Large-Scale Corpus of Relational Tables

The success of deep learning has sparked interest in improving relational table tasks, like data preparation and search, with table representation models trained on large table corpora. Existing table corpora primarily contain tables extracted from HTML pages, limiting the capability to represent offline database tables. To train and evaluate high-capacity models for applications beyond the Web, we need resources with tables that resemble relational database tables. Here we introduce GitTables, a corpus of 1M relational tables extracted from GitHub. Our continuing curation aims at growing the corpus to at least 10M tables. Analyses of GitTables show that its structure, content, and topical coverage differ significantly from existing table corpora. We annotate table columns in GitTables with semantic types, hierarchical relations and descriptions from Schema.org and DBpedia. The evaluation of our annotation pipeline on the T2Dv2 benchmark illustrates that our approach provides results on par with human annotations. We present three applications of GitTables, demonstrating its value for learned semantic type detection models, schema completion methods, and benchmarks for table-to-KG matching, data search, and preparation. We make the corpus and code available at https://gittables.github.io.

Seismic assessment of free‐standing artifacts: Full‐scale tests on large shake table

AbstractRecent severe earthquakes highlighted the high vulnerability of artistic assets. Thus, the seismic assessment and formulation of preservation strategies of artifacts are key challenges of modern earthquake engineering, which require theoretical and experimental investigations. The present paper discusses the outcomes from large scale shake table tests carried out on full‐scale free‐standing artifacts. The study is also aimed at evaluating the reliability of existing simplified formulations to predict the rocking motion activation. Emphasis is on prototypes of marble busts with solid and hollow pedestals with different geometries. Comprehensive tests were performed within “Seismic Resilience of Museum Contents” (SEREME) project, which was recently funded by H2020 Framework Programme – Seismology and Earthquake Engineering Research Infrastructure Alliance for Europe (SERA). Uniaxial and biaxial earthquake natural records with different amplitudes and frequency contents were considered to assess the rocking motion of the sample specimens. Response parameters such as uplift, horizontal and vertical accelerations, angular velocity were measured to assess the rocking response of the sample freestanding busts and pedestals. Coefficients of amplification (CAF) of acceleration were also computed. The value of CAF showed that for solid pedestals they were not significantly influenced by peak ground acceleration (PGA) and earthquake type. Conversely, hollow pedestals, which were characterized by larger values of CAF than solid counterparts, ranging between 1 and 7, were affected by PGA and earthquake characteristics. Finally, the outcomes of the presented shake table tests showed that uplifts and angular velocity are effective measures for assessing rocking occurrence of tested artifacts.

Geometry in Mathematics Teaching in Undergraduate Courses at Brazilian Federal Universities

Background: Geometry has been an essential point of reflection in Mathematics Education, especially in teaching. Objective: We conducted a numerical calculation to quantify the study load of Euclidean geometry concerning the total course load. From this data, we established different pathways to explore the Geometry subjects of these courses and their approaches. We aimed to outline an understanding of Geometry teaching in Mathematics teaching courses in the selected universities. Design: We consulted the CPPs through the official websites of the universities. We catalogued the total study load, the subjects of Geometry, and a comparison of the Geometry subjects and their occurrence. Finally, we analysed the syllabuses and bibliography of one subject listed. Context and participants: We surveyed 68 Brazilian Federal Universities, all institutions that offer the Mathematics Teaching course. Data collection and analysis: We treated the data through qualitative analysis and presented them in a large table subdivided into smaller tables to present the data. Results: After analysing the tabulated data, its result corroborated the research of Crescenti (2005), Lorenzato (1995), Lovis (2009, 2013), Pavanello (1989, 1993), Perez (1991, 2000), Serralheiro (2007) that Geometry is little taught in educational institutions, be them K-12 or higher education. Conclusions: We have identified a significant variation in each course's study load percentage dedicated to Geometry. Even among those that reached the highest values, it is still possible to question if those numbers are enough to solve the issues pointed out by K12 teachers. We have also identified divergencies in the approach suggested in the syllabuses and bibliographies of the subject Plane Geometry. Such numerical and approach deviations need to be deepened by other works.

Jan Sawka: Theatre of Image and Metaphor

Jan Sawka: Theatre of Image and Metaphor

Literary Seoul

Literary Seoul Anton Hur (bio) and Krys Lee (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution Click for larger view View full resolution We asked writers and translators two questions: What is the book, available in English, that best evokes Seoul? What is a favorite Seoul bookstore? Here are their answers. A Shimmering Summer Haze by Anton Hur I'M SOMETIMES ASKED if I ever encounter harassment in Seoul for holding my husband's hand in public. "It's Seoul," I explain, "no one cares about anyone." Violets (2022), by Kyung-Sook Shin, describes exactly that kind of Seoul where no one cares about anyone, and when they do, it's either miraculous or fatal. The "action"—for lack of a better word in this mostly atmospheric novel—takes place in a Seoul that's made of concrete and bathed in hot summer light, where pedestrians walk in crowds but at the same time are completely isolated from one another, whether they're on the streets of Jongno, the little parks in Gangbuk, or the grandness of Gwanghwamun Plaza where the protagonist, San, works at a flower shop, communing with the only living things that respond to her care: the plants and flowers she sells. To me, Seoul in the summer is a haze of white-gray concrete, lush greens, and the dazzling, eye-piercing shimmer of the Han River. Never has a novel captured the city as accurately as Violets, evoking in its very title the beauty and fragility of the lives lived in that city, and the violence that lies beneath. A City of Readers by Krys Lee I HEAR YOUR VOICE (2017), by Young-ha Kim, captures the landscape of a Seoul little known even to Koreans. In the novel, motorcycle groups of runaway and homeless teenagers roam the city on their bikes, which is their only claim to Seoul. It's a dark portrait of the city's unheard, disenfranchised, and most vulnerable of populations (see WLT, Nov. 2017, 83). My favorite bookstore in Seoul is Onul Books (책방오늘), a surprising gem in the middle of the Gangnam district. Entering the bookstore is like entering a new book itself: it immediately surrounds you with smells of paper and wood. The cozy store is the quintessential neighborhood bookstore with an impeccable curation of books from around the world. The back, where book events are held, is intimate and inviting, with a curve of chairs surrounding a large wooden table. The community of readers literally completes the circle. [End Page 25] Anton Hur Anton Hur is the translator of Violets, by Kyung-Sook Shin; of the 2022 International Booker Prize shortlisted Cursed Bunny, by Bora Chung, and of the longlisted Love in the Big City, by Sang Young Park; and contributor to Violent Phenomena: 21 Essays on Translation (ed. Kavita Bhanot & Jeremy Tiang; see WLT, July 2022, 6). Krys Lee Krys Lee is the author of the story collection Drifting House and the novel How I Became a North Korean and the translator of I Hear Your Voice and Diary of a Murderer, by Young-ha Kim. She has won the Rome Prize in Literature, the Story Prize Spotlight Award, and the Honor Title in Adult Fiction Literature from the Asian/Pacific American Libraries Association. Lee teaches creative writing at Underwood International College in Seoul. Copyright © 2022 World Literature Today and the Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma

“Greasy Thumb”—The Man Who Made the Chicago Mob

“Greasy Thumb”—The Man Who Made the Chicago Mob

Large-scale paleo water-table rise in a deep desert aquifer recorded by dissolved noble gases

• Very high amounts of dissolved noble gases were identified in a deep desert aquifer. • Large water table fluctuations during past pluvial periods are reconstructed. • Hydrogeological settings highly affect the air entrapment and dissolution process. • Similar excess air dissolution patterns are identified in distinct desert aquifers. Illuminating past hydrological and climatological conditions in arid regions may provide insights into future trends in groundwater availability. The main objective of this study is to explore paleorecharge processes in the deep regional Nubian Sandstone Aquifer (NSA), which stretches below the hyperarid deserts of the Sinai Peninsula (Egypt) and the Negev (Israel), using dissolved noble gas data. Extremely high amounts of dissolved excess air (Ne concentrations up to 4 × solubility equilibrium) were observed in the ancient ( 81 Kr-depleted) groundwater that was recharged during past pluvial epochs in the basin. The observed unique excess air signal and the clear spatiotemporal structure of the noble gas compositions in the aquifer are hypothesized to reflect two major characteristics of the groundwater system: (a) large-scale, long-term rises in the water table that facilitate the entrapment and dissolution of air bubbles under increased hydrostatic pressure, and (b) the geological settings in the southern recharge area in Sinai, including an almost horizontal position of the layers and intercalation of low-permeability rock formations within the aquifer, which inefficiently reject air bubbles from groundwater, thereby allowing for substantial entrapment of bubbles that dissolve as the water table rises. Enhanced dissolution of entrapped air was also observed in other paleo-groundwater-containing regional sandstone aquifers across North Africa, which, together with the recent findings from the NSA, suggest that large-scale water table fluctuations have likely extensively occurred during past pluvial periods over these (and possibly other) arid regions. A preliminary assessment of noble gas recharge temperatures (NGTs) indicates an apparent decoupling of surface and water table temperatures in the case of deep aquifers with a thick (hundreds of m) unsaturated zone. This observed decoupling calls for a re-evaluation of previously obtained NGT records and a need for future work to consider the modification of NGTs due to soil air fractionation and geothermal heating of the underlying deep unsaturated zones.

Analytical Expressions of Drainable and Fillable Porosity for Layered Soils Under Shallow Groundwater Environments

AbstractThis study presents the analytical expressions of drainable and fillable porosity for layered soils under shallow groundwater environments. The expressions of drainable porosity λd and fillable porosity λf for two‐layered soils are first derived with water table depth change ∆d→0 under dynamic soil moisture conditions. The expressions of λd and λf consider the dynamic soil moisture conditions through the assumption of vertical fluxes in the unsaturated zone, varying as functions of water table elevation h. The analytical expressions of λd and λf have the same formula form but different values under evapotranspiration and recharge conditions, which is also verified using the numerical calculation. The case comparisons indicate that the vertical distribution of soil layers and the fluxes have significant effects on the performance of λd and λf. Our proposed expressions could effectively characterize the effects of soil layering and vertical fluxes on λd and λf. They could improve the accuracy of the previous expressions for single‐layer soils, and complement the lack of description for layered soils under dynamic soil moisture conditions in previous expressions. Furthermore, under the hydrostatic assumption (static equilibrium of soil water pressure distribution) in the unsaturated zone, the expressions of drainable porosity λd* and fillable porosity λf* for two‐layered soils with large water table fluctuations are derived based on λd and λf (asterisks in λd* and λf* is to distinguish them from λd and λf derived based on ∆d→0). Verification with drainage experimental data indicates that the proposed expressions can be extended to well capture the λd* and λf* changes for two‐layered soils. Application scenarios suggest that our analytical expressions of drainable and fillable porosity are useful to improve the application performance of related subsurface modeling and groundwater estimation for layered soils under shallow water table environments.

Cascaded Fuzzy Logic for Adaptive Cruise Control

Application of fuzzy logic is a powerful approach that could be applied in a large number of disciplines, starting with engineering control systems, as shown here, but also in other business areas. After a short introduction to fuzzy logic, its application for adaptive cruise control (ACC) is presented. ACC is a driver assistance feature that deals with the problem of speed control, while keeping the safe distance from the vehicle ahead. In the hierarchy of autonomous vehicles autonomy levels, as defined by Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) International, adaptive cruise control appears in the vehicles at the level 1 and above. We developed a fuzzy logic controller where controlled variables are speed and distance. Input variables include weather conditions, style or mode of driving, vehicle speed and steering angle. A large number of input variables improve control but lead to a large fuzzy rules table. Because of that, in the design presented here, a tree of connected fuzzy inference systems (FIS) is applied. Fuzzy inference systems with a smaller number of variables are developed, algorithms explained, rule base defined, and obtained control surfaces presented. This approach requires less processing time enabling real time applications. Since the rules are defined based on drivers’ experiences, fuzzy logic control systems make decisions in the same way as humans do, i.e., as experience drivers. This paper gives a comprehensive presentation of a novel cascaded fuzzy system development. This novel design also involves algebraic subtraction performed through a FIS subsystem.