Large Shift Research Articles

Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe Reveals Elevated Mitochondrial Viscosity during Acute Alcoholic Liver Injury.

Acute alcoholic liver injury (AALI) has become an important cause of liver disease worldwide, and there is an urgent need to develop noninvasive and sensitive methods to detect and evaluate AALI. We report herein three novel but readily available mitochondrial targeting fluorescence probes (ICR, ICJ, and ICQ) for AALI detection. These probes contain different electron-donating groups, among which ICQ exhibits NIR fluorescence (740 nm), a large Stokes shift (110 nm), and a sensitive response to viscosity (73-fold enhancement in fluorescence from water to glycerol), making it suitable for in vivo imaging. ICQ also exhibits an excellent ability to image mitochondrial viscosity changes in cells. More importantly, ICQ can target the liver selectively and image the viscosity changes in the liver noninvasively. Through establishing an AALI mouse model, ICQ was successfully applied to the in situ imaging changes in liver viscosity during the AALI process. The results showed a significant increase in liver viscosity in AALI mice, indicating that viscosity can serve as a marker for AALI, and ICQ is a promising noninvasive and sensitive tool for detecting and evaluating AALI.

The impact of COVID-19 on people with epilepsy: Global results from the coronavirus and epilepsy study.

To characterize the experience of people with epilepsy and aligned healthcare workers (HCWs) during the first 18 months of the COVID-19 pandemic and compare experiences in high-income countries (HICs) with non-HICs. Separate surveys for people with epilepsy and HCWs were distributed online in April 2020. Responses were collected to September 2021. Data were collected for COVID-19 infections, the effect of COVID-related restrictions, access to specialist help for epilepsy (people with epilepsy), and the impact of the pandemic on work productivity (HCWs). The frequency of responses for non-HICs and HICs were compared using non-parametric Chi-square tests. Two thousand one hundred and five individuals with epilepsy from 53 countries and 392 HCWs from 26 countries provided data. The same proportion of people with epilepsy in non-HICs and HICs reported COVID-19 infection (7%). Those in HICs were more likely to report that COVID-19 measures had affected their health (32% vs. 23%; p < 0.001). There was no difference between non-HICs and HICs in the proportion who reported difficulty in obtaining help for epilepsy. HCWs in non-HICs were more likely to report COVID-19 infection than those in HICs (18% vs 6%; p = 0.001) and that their clinical work had been affected by concerns about contracting COVID-19, lack of personal protective equipment, and the impact of the pandemic on mental health (all p < 0.001). Compared to pre-pandemic practices, there was a significant shift to remote consultations in both non-HICs and HICs (p < 0.001). While the frequency of COVID-19 infection was relatively low in these data from early in the pandemic, our findings suggest broader health consequences and an increased psychosocial burden, particularly among HCWs in non-HICs. Planning for future pandemics should prioritize mental healthcare alongside ensuring access to essential epilepsy services and expanding and enhancing access to remote consultations. We asked people with epilepsy about the effects of COVID-19 on their health and healthcare. We wanted to compare responses from people in high-income countries and other countries. We found that people in high-income countries and other countries had similar levels of difficulty in getting help for their epilepsy. People in high-income countries were more likely to say that their general health had been affected. Healthcare workers in non-high-income settings were more likely to have contracted COVID-19 and have the care they deliver affected by the pandemic. Across all settings, COVID-19 associated with a large shift to remote consultations.

Inorganic/organic sublattice roles in band edge photodynamics of isoelectronically substituted hybrid semiconductors

Zero-dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid metal halides are unique semiconductors with fruitful physical properties. Usually, only the inorganic polyhedrons dominate the band edge electronic and photophysical properties of such hybrid semiconductors, whereas the organic components mainly act as structure-stabilizing units. Herein, we study the electronic structures and photodynamics of isoelectronically Br-substituted (I) zero-dimensional organic–inorganic copper halide semiconductors (C9H14N)3Cu3(BrxI1−x)6. They are composed of both inorganic [Cu3(BrxI1−x)6]3− units and organic C9H14N+ skeletons. It is surprising to find that unlike usual organic–inorganic metal halides, although the heavily isoelectronic substitution of halogen atoms in the (C9H14N)3Cu3I6 crystal leads to significant shrinkage of the lattice, it does not remarkably alter the bandgap and luminescence peak owing to the site-projected density of states as revealed by the density functional theory calculation. The inorganic units dominate the valence band edge quantum states, whereas the organic skeletons dominate the conduction-band edge states. However, the isoelectronic substitution significantly lowers the symmetry of the crystal, and as a result, the quantum transition probability at the band edge increases first and decreases then with increasing concentration of substituting bromine atoms. The (C9H14N)3Cu3(BrxI1−x)6 crystals exhibit dual-band luminescence with large Stokes shift and near-unity quantum yield. It arises from the excitons trapped by two kinds of centers. The critical participation of the organic skeletons in the electronic structures and band edge photodynamics refresh our knowledge of their roles in the hybrid semiconductors.

Lanthanide metal-organic framework functionalized with 10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline for ratiometric sensing to real-time determine monophenolase activity through indicator displacement assay

Tyrosinase monophenolase activity plays a crucial role in various biological processes and industrial applications, making the development of continuous monophenolase assays highly significant. In this study, ratiometric fluorescence sensing using a dual-emission sensor was established to determine monophenolase activity in real-time by integrating indicator displacement assay with lanthanide metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Europium MOFs functionalized with 10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline (HBQ) were fabricated by conjugating an HBQ guest fluorophore to the 3,5-dicarboxyphenylboronic acid (DBA) ligand using a solvothermal method. The conjugated HBQ served as an optical indicator at 510 nm with large Stokes shift, whereas the Eu-MOFs acted as a fluorescent internal standard at 616 nm for dual emission. DBA acts as an antenna ligand and provides a competitive receptor site for L-3,4-dihydroxyphenlalanine (L-DOPA) and HBQ. L-DOPA competitively binds to DBA owing to its higher affinity and displaces the conjugated HBQ, resulting in the quenching of HBQ and Eu-MOFs fluorescence. A linear change in the dual-emission intensity ratio was observed as a ratiometric response towards L-DOPA. The sensor quantified L-DOPA with a detection limit of 0.13 μM. Monophenolase activity was correlated with the real-time change in the ratiometric signal using L-DOPA as the product of the enzymatic reaction. A progression curve for the formation of L-DOPA was constructed to calculate the initial rate, yielding a low detection limit for monophenolase activity of 0.15 U·mL−1. The method has been successfully applied to real samples, kinetic studies, and high-throughput screening of inhibitors. This sensing platform opens a new avenue for determining tyrosinase activity.

Near-infrared multi-functional aggregation-induced emission fluorescent probe for detection of viscosity and peroxynitrite and its imaging application

Viscosity and peroxynitrite (ONOO−) are two crucial elements that influence the operational status of biological processes within living organisms. Their abnormal changes cause metabolic disorders and even diseases. Therefore, it is important to develop a near-infrared (NIR) probe with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) feature that is capable of dual channel detection of both viscosity and ONOO−. Here, a new NIR fluorescent probe LY with large Stokes shift was synthesized in which triphenylamine was conjugated to a pyridinium phenylborate salt. Probe LY with the distorted intramolecular twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) properties is sensitive to systemic viscosity and exhibits enhanced fluorescence emission with peak at the 704 nm. On the other hand, the probe is also susceptible to peroxynitrite-triggered borate oxidation, providing an AIE fluorescence-enhanced response at the 639 nm peak. Moreover, with excellent photochemical stability, lower cytotoxicity and a precise targeting ability for mitochondria, probe LY was used to visualize imaging changes in endogenous and exogenous cellular viscosity and peroxynitrite. The imaging results of the probe during ferroptosis confirmed that both the intracellular viscosity microenvironment and peroxynitrite were further overexpressed. Finally, in vivo imaging experiments showed that the occurrence of inflammation was accompanied by an increase in the viscosity and the release in peroxynitrite.

An activatable near-infrared fluorescent probe with large Stokes shift for visualizing peroxynitrite in Alzheimer’s disease models

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), characterized by its incurable nature and prevalence among the elderly, has remained a focal point in medical research. Increasing evidence suggests that peroxynitrite (ONOO−) serves as a crucial biomarker for the diagnosis of AD. In this study, we present a novel, easily available, high-yield, and cost-effective near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe, CDCI-ONOO. This probe utilizes a coumarin-dicyanoisophorone conjugate as the fluorophore and diphenylphosphinic chloride as the recognition site, enabling the detection of ONOO− both in vitro and in vivo. Upon interaction with ONOO−, CDCI-ONOO exhibits a distinct maximum emission peak at 715 nm with a substantial Stokes shift of 184 nm. The probe demonstrates excellent selectivity and sensitivity (LOD = 144 nM), along with noticeable colorimetric and fluorescence changes after the reaction. Comprehensive analyses using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm that the reaction with ONOO− restores the initially quenched Intramolecular Charge Transfer (ICT), resulting in the formation of CDCI-OH, a product that emitting fluorescence in the near-infrared region. Furthermore, we demonstrated the successful application of CDCI-ONOO for ONOO− detection in neuronal cells and imaging of ONOO− in the brains of mice. These findings underscore the potential of CDCI-ONOO as a near-infrared fluorescent probe for in vivo ONOO− detection, offering a significant avenue for advancing our understanding of AD pathology and diagnosis.

2996: Performance of large longitudinal shifts on treatment couches with automatic couch compensation

2996: Performance of large longitudinal shifts on treatment couches with automatic couch compensation

Emissively enhanced novel azo compounds featuring with ESIPT core

This study presents the synthesis and detailed characterization of novel azo compounds featuring Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer (ESIPT) cores derived from orcinol, resorcinol, and 2-naphthol. Using a comprehensive suite of spectroscopic techniques, including Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), Ultraviolet-Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy, we explored the unique photophysical properties of these compounds. Notably, the synthesized compounds exhibited exceptionally large Stokes shifts, with values recorded at 204 nm, 251 nm, and 168 nm for compounds 1A, 2A, and 3A, respectively. These shifts indicate significant potential for applications in areas such as optical sensing and fluorescent imaging. Furthermore, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were employed to investigate the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the enol and keto tautomeric forms of these compounds. The findings revealed that compound 2A, in particular, demonstrated impressive first-order hyperpolarizability, especially in chloroform, underscoring its suitability for advanced nonlinear optical applications. The study highlights the pivotal role of the ESIPT mechanism, where efficient intramolecular hydrogen bonding facilitates proton transfer upon excitation, leading to enhanced fluorescence properties. This phenomenon is particularly pronounced in compound 2A, where dual O—H interactions contribute to its remarkable fluorescence behavior, making it a standout candidate for use in high-performance optical materials. These findings not only advance our understanding of azo compounds and their versatile photophysical characteristics but also open new avenues for their application in cutting-edge technologies such as optical sensors, imaging agents, laser materials, and other fluorescence-based devices. By strategically leveraging the ESIPT process and the unique structural features of these compounds, this research paves the way for future innovations in the field of advanced optical materials and photonic devices.

Nanoscale Trench Gate Engineered JAM Gate-All-Around (TGE-JAM-GAA) Label-Free BioFET for Charged/Neutral Biomolecules Detection

In this manuscript, a Trench Gate Engineered Junctionless Accumulation Mode Gate-All-Around (TGE-JAM-GAA) BioFET structure has been proposed and critically analyzed for the label-free identification of biomolecules using extensive numerical device simulations. This device is superior in terms of a variety of performance metrics, including higher sensitivity, a larger shift in threshold voltage, drain current, transconductance, and the ION/IOFF current ratio. These improvements are due to both the triple metal gate engineering and the trench gate. A comparative analysis of TGE-JAM-GAA BioFET has been performed with a triple metal normal gate JAM Gate-All-Around FET (TMNG-JAM-GAAFET) and a conventional single metal normal gate JAM Gate-All-Around FET (SMNG-JAM-GAAFET) biosensor. For instance, in the case of APTES biomolecules, the drift in threshold voltage obtained is 236.24 mV, which is 58.75% and 159.18% higher than that of the TMNG-JAM-GAAFET and SMNG-JAM-GAAFET, respectively, demonstrating that the TGE-JAM-GAA BioFET is more suitable for applications in biosensing.

Confining Thiolysis of Dinitrophenyl Ether to a Luminescent Metal-Organic Framework with a Large Stokes Shift for Highly Efficient Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide in Rat Brain.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous signaling molecule that regulates various physiological and pathological processes in the central nervous system. It is vital to develop an effective method to detect H2S in vivo to elucidate its critical role. However, current fluorescent probes for accurate quantification of H2S still face big challenges due to complicated fabrication, small Stokes shift, unsatisfactory selectivity, and especially delayed response time. Herein, based on simple postsynthetic modification, we present an innovative strategy by confining H2S-triggered thiolysis of dinitrophenyl (DNP) ether within a luminescent metal-organic framework (MOF) to address those issues. Due to the cleavage of the DNP moiety by H2S, the nanoprobe gives rise to a remarkable fluorescence turn-on signal with a large Stokes shift of 190 nm and also provides high selectivity to H2S against various interferents including competing biothiols. In particular, by virtue of the unique structural property of the MOF, it exhibits an ultrafast sensing ability for H2S (only 5 s). Moreover, the fluorescence enhancement efficiency displays a good linear correlation with H2S concentration in the range of 0-160 μM with a detection limit of 0.29 μM. Importantly, these superior sensing performances enable the nanoprobe to measure the basal value and monitor the change of H2S level in the rat brain.

Ultrabroadband Long-Wavelength Near-Infrared MgIn2O4:Ni2+ Phosphor Synthesized via Sol-gel Combustion Method as a Light Source for Night Vision Imaging, Nonvisual Detection, and Anticounterfeiting Display.

Long-wavelength near-infrared (LWNIR) imaging technology has exciting application potential across various fields due to its ability of deeper penetration and unique properties related to its emission wavelength, when compared to short-wavelength near-infrared imaging. However, the limited availability of materials for LWNIR light sources, due to the lack of suitable host materials that constitute luminescence centers, has been a major challenge and technical obstacle in realizing such applications. Here, we developed MgIn2O4:Ni2+ phosphors with an antispinel structure and LWNIR luminescence properties through a sol-gel combustion method. Under excitation at 365 nm, its emission wavelength covers the range of 1000-2000 nm, with a peak emission at approximately 1520 nm, a full width at half-maximum of ∼340 nm, and an optimized photoluminescence quantum yield of ∼21.22%, when an optimal Ni2+ doping content of 1 mol % was used. Studies on the crystal structure of MgIn2O4 have shown that Ni2+ ions preferentially replace the lattice position occupied by Mg2+ ions in the [MgO6] octahedrons, which provides a crystal field microenvironment of weak strength to the Ni2+ luminescence centers and promotes their LWNIR emission with a large Stokes shift. A LWNIR pc-LED device was assembled using the optimized MgIn2O4:Ni2+ phosphor and a near-ultraviolet LED chip (@ 365 nm), and its potential applications, including NIR night vision imaging, nonvisual detection, and anticounterfeiting displays, were demonstrated. Our results show that the antispinel MgIn2O4:Ni2+ phosphor prepared by the sol-gel combustion method is a promising LWNIR luminescence material.

Prediction of simultaneous enhancement of Goos-Hänchen shift and reflectance in VO2 grating structure

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) material stands out in the family of the phase change materials due to its temperature-dependent phase transition properties, which make it a promising candidate for the temperature-dependent optoelectronic devices. Enhancement of the Goos-Hänchen (GH) shift is essential in VO2-based nanostructures for their applications, but it has been limited to the multilayered structures with VO2 materials so far. Here, we theoretically investigate the GH shift and corresponding reflectance in the VO2-based grating structure. We evidence that this structure has two GH peaks (3107λ and 2266λ) and high reflectance values (both up to 1) when VO2 is in the insulating phase as well as the maximum GH valley (−1061λ) and low reflectance (0.19) when VO2 is in the metallic phase. The electromagnetic field distributions in this hybrid structure suggest that the guided mode resonances (GMRs) can be excited no matter whether VO2 is in its insulating or metallic phases due to the couplings between the incident waves and the adjacent evanescent diffracted order waves, which produces their enhanced GH shifts. Different from the former case with the high reflectances and the large GH shifts, the latter has the low maximum magnetic field intensity due to the lossy property of the metallic VO2, which leads to the low reflectance and small GH valley value. Additionally, we have also found that by the alterations of the temperature-dependent conductivity of VO2 and the geometric parameters of the structure allows for the control the magnitude and position of the GH peak or valley. The simultaneously enhanced GH shifts and reflectances in the VO2-based grating structure, associated with its controllable features, enable it an effective configuration for establishing the temperature sensors and optoelectronic switches.

Investigation of Threshold Voltage Instability and Bipolar Degradation in 3.3 kV Conventional Body Diode and Embedded SBD SiC MOSFET

The 3.3 kV SiC MOSFETs are essential for traction applications, so it is important to investigate the reliability of the recently developed high voltage MOSFETs and power modules as they are believed to be more susceptible to the effects of basal plane dislocations (BPDs). This paper presents measurement results and analysis of bipolar degradation and threshold voltage instability in 3.3 kV SiC MOSFETs having two distinct kinds of integrated diode, conventional body diode and embedded Schottky Barrier Diode (SBD). No bipolar degradation was observed both in MOSFET with conventional body diode and with embedded SBD after accumulated test with 100 hours each of 200%, 400% and 600% rated current stress in the 3rd quadrant of operation. However, the output characteristics show 1% (~0.2 mΩ) and 2% (~0.4 mΩ) increase in on resistance (RDS(on)) and 11% (0.23 V) and 5% (0.1 V) increase in threshold voltage (VTH), respectively, after total bipolar degradation test in the case of the MOSFET with conventional body diode and up to 74 hrs of 600% rated current stress in the case of the MOSFET with embedded SBD at 70°C. A rapid large negative VTH shift was observed in the MOSFETs with embedded SBD after ~ 74 hrs of 600% rated current stress. After accumulated Bias Temperature Instability (BTI) test at 150°C, the VTH value at 25°C has increased by 9.7% (0.14 V) and 14.5% (0.2 V) for the MOSFET with conventional body diode and with embedded SBD, respectively, while RDS(on) increased by 1mΩ at 25°C and by 5mΩ at 150°C, for both types of MOSFETs.

Dithieno[3,2‐b; 2′,3′‐f]phosphepinium‐Based Near‐Infrared Fluorophores: px–π* Conjugation Inherent to Seven‐Membered Phosphacycles

AbstractPositively charged phosphorus‐containing heterocycles are characteristic core skeletons for functional molecules. While various phosphonium‐containing five‐ or six‐membered‐ring compounds have been reported, the seven‐membered‐ring phosphepinium have not been fully studied yet. In this study, dithieno[3,2‐b; 2′,3′‐f]phosphepinium ions containing electron‐donating aminophenyl groups were synthesized. An X‐ray crystallographic analysis of the resulting donor–acceptor–donor dyes revealed a bent conformation of the central seven‐membered ring. These compounds exhibit fluorescence in the near‐infrared region with a bathochromic shift of ca. 70 nm compared to a phosphepine oxide congener and a large Stokes shift. High fluorescence quantum yields were obtained even in polar solvents due to the suppression of the nonradiative decay process. A theoretical study revealed that the phosphepinium skeleton is highly electron‐accepting owing to the orbital interaction between a px orbital of the phosphonium moiety and a π* orbital of the 1,3,5‐hexatriene moiety. Due to the lower‐lying px orbital in the phosphonium moiety compared to that of the phosphine oxide and the bent conformation of the seven‐membered ring, the phosphepinium ring permits effective px–π* conjugation. A large structural relaxation with a contribution of a quinoidal resonance structure is suggested in the excited state, which should be responsible for the bright emission with a large Stokes shift.

One N-glycan regulates natural killer cell antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and modulates Fc γ receptor IIIa / CD16a structure.

Both endogenous antibodies and a subset of antibody therapeutics engage Fc gamma receptor (FcγR)IIIa / CD16a to stimulate a protective immune response. Increasing the FcγRIIIa/IgG1 interaction improves the immune response and thus represents a strategy to improve therapeutic efficacy. FcγRIIIa is a heavily glycosylated receptor and glycan composition affects antibody-binding affinity. Though our laboratory previously demonstrated that natural killer (NK) cell N-glycan composition affected the potency of one key protective mechanism, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), it was unclear if this effect was due to FcγRIIIa glycosylation. Furthermore, the structural mechanism linking glycan composition to affinity and cellular activation remained undescribed. To define the role of individual amino acid and N-glycan residues we measured affinity using multiple FcγRIIIa glycoforms. We observed stepwise affinity increases with each glycan truncation step with the most severely truncated glycoform displaying the highest affinity. Removing the N162 glycan demonstrated its predominant role in regulating antibody-binding affinity, in contrast to four other FcγRIIIa N-glycans. We next evaluated the impact of the N162 glycan on NK cell ADCC. NK cells expressing the FcγRIIIa V158 allotype exhibited increased ADCC following kifunensine treatment to limit N-glycan processing. Notably, an increase was not observed with cells expressing the FcγRIIIa V158 S164A variant that lacks N162 glycosylation, indicating the N162 glycan is required for increased NK cell ADCC. To gain structural insight into the mechanisms of N162 regulation, we applied a novel protein isotope labeling approach in combination with solution NMR spectroscopy. FG loop residues proximal to the N162 glycosylation site showed large chemical shift perturbations following glycan truncation. These data support a model for the regulation of FcγRIIIa affinity and NK cell ADCC whereby composition of the N162 glycan stabilizes the FG loop and thus the antibody-binding site.

One pot synthesis and crystal of N-benzoyl(benzo)thiazol-2-amine borodifluoride complexes (NBO) with aggregation induced luminescence properties

In this paper, N-benzoyl(benzo)thiazol-2-amine borodifluoride complexes (NBOs) were synthesized directly from benzoyl chloride and (benzo)thiazol-2-amine by one-pot method. The molecular structures of the target compounds were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high resolution mass spectrometry and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The optical properties of the compounds were measured by UV–Vis absorption and fluorescence spectra. In CH2Cl2, this compounds exhibit large Stokes shifts, the maximum absorption peaks of NBO-1, NBO-2 and NBO-3 are 327 nm, 342 nm and 362 nm, and the maximum emission peaks are 400 nm, 442 nm and 498 nm, respectively. It can also be found that the absorption and emission spectra are redshifted with the increase of the conjugated system. Further more, we found that NBO-2 and NBO-3 molecules with additional benzo structure have the properties of aggregation induced emission, while NBO-1 show weak fluorescence in both solution and aggregation state.

Activatable Heavy-Atom-Free Photosensitizer with Large Stokes Shift and a NIR-II Emission Harnessing Rhodamine Ring-Opening Strategy.

Activatable photosensitizers (PSs) generating 1O2 only under specific conditions can minimize concomitant injury to normal tissues. Heavy-atom-free PSs hold the merits of low dark toxicity, long triplet-state lifetimes, good photostability, and relatively low cost. PSs with emission in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window are highly valuable for deep-tissue, high-contrast imaging. Herein, we have designed and synthesized a series of heavy-atom-free PSs by a one-step reaction between an easily accessible rhodamine derivative and commercially available thiophene aldehydes. One of the as-prepared PSs, 2b-3T, exhibits emission maxima at 810 nm and tails to the NIR-II region at 1140 nm, together with large Stokes shift (178 nm). Importantly, the newly developed PSs, featuring functional carboxylic acid groups, present promising opportunities as versatile platforms for creating activatable PSs. To validate our concept, we developed Cu2+/pH-activatable PSs using the spirocyclization mechanism of rhodamine. Ultimately, we showcased the effectiveness of these innovative PSs in photodynamic therapy through in vitro experiments.

Zero-dimensional hybrid Cu(I) halide with cyan light emission for use in white light emitting diode

Traditional white light-emitting diode (WLED) is mainly depending on coating broadband yellow phosphors (520–700 nm) on blue emitting LED chip (440–460). However, too strong blue light and absence of cyan light results in incongruous emission strength and low color rendering index (CRI), which cause serious damage to retina of eye. To overcome these shortcomings, cyan light emitting phosphor is highly desirable for the full-visible-spectrum LED with high CRI, but bright cyan phosphor remains rare. Herein, a new 0D hybrid copper(I) halide of [TMPDA]Cu2I6 (TMPDA = N,N,2,2-tetramethyl-1,3-propylenediamine) single crystal is reported as a cyan light emitter with mominant emission wavelength at 489 nm, photoluminescence quantum yield of 26.66 % and large Stokes shift of 198 nm exceeding most of organic-inorganic metal halides. Remarkably, the single crystals display stable emission in various polar organic solvents and high temperature with sufficient emitting stability. More significantly, this 0D cuprous halide act as down-conversion cyan phosphor to fabricate WLED with a high CRI of 95 by reducing the cyan gap. In this study, we demonstrate an optical engineering strategy to prepare efficient cyan light emitting 0D cuprous halide and assembly high-performance WLED.

Unveiling dynamic alterations of lipid droplet polarity during NAFLD-triggered lipophagy utilizing a far-red fluorescent probe with large stokes shift

Lipophagy as a form of autophagy, can degrade lipid droplets, thereby acting as a critical regulator of cellular lipid metabolism, helping maintain the intracellular lipid homeostasis. In this study, we developed LP-SCUN, a far-red fluorescent probe for pinpointing lipid droplets with high sensitivity to solvent polarity. This probe allows for in situ imaging of lipophagy, tracking how lipid droplets move from non-polar to polar environments within lysosomes, leading to noticeable changes in fluorescence signals. The triphenylamine and triethylene glycol monomethyl ether groups of LP-SCUN facilitated its selective binding toward lipid droplets. Significantly, lipophagy and subsequent formation of autolysosomes decreased the environmental polarity, leading to a significant decrease in red fluorescence intensity (λex = 500 nm and λem = 643 nm). As such LP-SCUN was suitable for the in situ and real-time tracking of the cellular lipophagic processes. With this research we used LP-SCUN to elucidate the mechanism of lipid metabolism in liver cells of palmitate-induced hyperlipidemia cell models and high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia animal models. The results indicated that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can trigger an increase in cell lipophagy levels, while the inhibition of cell lipophagy can effectively alleviate the damage caused by NAFLD to cells and liver tissue in mice.

Differences in Presenting Health Warning Labels on Hookah Venue Menus Between Immersive Virtual Reality and Online Surveys

Background Virtual reality (VR) platforms can simulate the real world, whereas online surveys are efficient settings for assessing and testing information. In this study, the effects of presenting health warning labels (HWLs) on hookah venue menus were compared between these two message-testing settings. Methods Separate studies were conducted in VR (n = 96) and online survey (n = 213) settings. Participants in both studies were randomly assigned to view menus with or without HWLs. This secondary data analysis compared outcomes between settings after propensity score weighting to account for differences in age, race, marital status, and education between studies. Results Significant between-study differences were noted for the effects of HWLs on people’s perceptions of the absolute harm of hookah smoking (p = 0.0363), the relative harm of hookah compared to cigarettes (p < 0.001), the absolute addictiveness of hookah (p < 0.001), and the relative addictiveness of hookah compared to cigarettes (p = 0.0352). When outcome variables differed significantly between the HWL and control conditions in only one of the two studies, smaller p-values were identified for the online survey setting than for the VR setting. Conclusions This study represents the first direct comparison of the effects of hookah HWLs between two message-testing settings. HWLs tested in the online survey setting were associated with larger shifts in attitudes and beliefs than those tested in the VR setting, suggesting that the effectiveness of hookah HWLs on attitudes and beliefs may be moderated by the message-testing platform. Additional real-world experiments remain necessary to determine whether either setting can accurately assess the effectiveness of HWLs.