Large-scale War Research Articles

Main channels and consequences of the influence of war on educational inequality in society

A new, difficult and tragic research page is opening in domestic sociology – a detailed study of the effects of the Russian-Ukrainian war on all spheres of life of Ukrainian society, its social structure, institutional transformations, economic capabilities, political organization, as well as the daily life of citizens. An integral component of both the institutional structure of society and the everyday life of citizens is the sphere of education with its inherent and constantly reproduced educational inequality. A large-scale war has the potential to quickly and for a long period of time disrupt social order and change established patterns of social inequality in society, particularly in education, unevenly distributing stratified negative effects. With the beginning of large-scale hostilities, the educational infrastructure of Ukraine has suffered almost the greatest destruction since the Second World War. Schools and preschool education institutions have suffered the greatest damage and destruction. A large number of families with their children have been forced to move internally or externally, thus temporarily interrupting the opportunities for children’s education. The article summarizes the results of research in various countries that have experienced short or long-term periods of international or civil wars, which made it possible to identify the main channels of the war’s impact on educational inequality and the corresponding short- and long-term effects of the war. Seven main direct and indirect channels of the war’s impact on educational inequality have been identified, including the destruction of educational infrastructure; lack of teachers due to internal and external displacement, recruitment into the army or death; reduction of state expenditures on education; movement of a large number of adults and children; redistribution of power and wealth in society; the growth of poverty, the reassessment and change of priorities regarding education within the family; deterioration of children’s physical and mental health, malnutrition, stress, trauma, feeling of insecurity. Short- and longterm effects on the educational achievements of children are formed through channels of influence, which take the form of stratified educational losses, a decrease in family expenditures on education, as well as losses in the future lifetime income of individuals.

THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR AND THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY: MAIN DIRECTIONS, PROBLEMS AND SOME LESSONS OF WESTERN SUPPORT FOR UKRAINE

Despite the heroic resistance of Ukrainians, in particular the Armed Forces of Ukraine, during the current Russian-Ukrainian war, without effective assistance, especially military, from the Western democratic world, Ukraine would hardly have withstood the Russian aggressor's more than two-year-long large-scale armed invasion and would have been able to preserve national statehood and the Ukrainian nation from genocide and destruction in the event of a protracted war of attrition. For such a war, Ukraine will need at least $150 billion a year, which can only be provided by its Western partners. And the World Bank estimates that over the next 10 years, about $500 billion will be needed to rebuild Ukraine's war-torn infrastructure, which is more than Ukraine's GDP, so without investment and financial assistance from our partners, we will not be able to find these resources in the country either. The purpose of the article is to systematise the huge amount of information available in accessible/open sources about the central, fateful event of modern international relations - Russia's war against Ukraine and the international community's attitude to it, in particular, to highlight the main directions, problems and some preliminary lessons of Western support for Ukraine in its resistance to Russian aggression, which can already be outlined in the third year of the large-scale war. Russia's unprovoked and brutal large-scale armed attack on Ukraine in February 2022 left no choice but to recognise this aggression as an attack on European and Euro-Atlantic democratic values and the fundamental principles on which the United Nations is built. This was a manifestation of the next stage of Russia's global hybrid war against the West. Unprecedented international support for Ukraine and powerful pressure on the aggressor country - Russia - is manifested in active political, financial, military, and humanitarian assistance to Ukraine from EU and NATO member states and other countries. In total, more than 50 countries provide such assistance to Ukraine during the war. However, our Western partners do not yet have a common strategic plan for the Russian-Ukrainian war and its victorious conclusion, and in the third year of the war, they are increasingly talking about different options for peace talks with the aggressor, so Ukraine must develop its own grand strategy, which should be based on the fact that war and peace coexist and that Russia poses a long-term threat to it and the entire democratic world.

A Study on the Activating Tradition and the Will to Practice in the LiuTao

LiuTao is one of the WuJingQiShu compiled during the Yuanfeng reign of Emperor Shenzong of the late BeiSong Dynasty (1078-1085), which delineated the vertical and horizontal aspects of East Asian military science. Throughout the history of East Asia in this period, library science and bibliography, as official books, formed a huge collection. At the end of the reign of Emperor Shenzong, due to the failure and death of WangAnshi's reform, this was a historical period that could predict the trend of imperial power in the reigns of Emperor Zhezong and Emperor Huizong for more than 40 years. It also foreshadowed a large-scale war, as the capital of the BeiSong Dynasty was relocated to Hangzhou in the NanSong Dynasty (today) due to political struggles and chaos during the war. In addition, the political, social, historical, religious, linguistic, artistic and other cultural areas in this period, in addition to the geopolitical factors in East Asia, also through the textual research of various scholars in the ChunQiuZhanGuo periods, indicate the areas where ancient customs [易俗] can change the development of knowledge and information in the Middle Ages. The distribution and staging of the gains and losses in history, regional, and sociology during the ChunQiuZhanGuo periods have played a role in the development of human civilization and the spirit of war and political humanism in the common track. This is both an economic and moral, legal and educational issue, and also lies in rediscovering the ‘TaoHai (韬海)’ of hegemonic victory to inquiry the Probability variable. In order to investigate the outcome of the ‘Wuyi (无疑)’ military expert hegemony, specifically criticized the traditional activation of military politics based on probability variables and the differences in mercenary techniques and utilitarian positions reflected in the outbreak of war.

Peculiarities of the dynamics of tuberculosis incidence in children in Ukraine

OBJECTIVE. To analyze the dynamics of the epidemiological situation with tuberculosis (TB) in children in Ukraine, taking into account the adverse effects of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and large-scale war. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The epidemiological and statistical indicators of TB incidence in Ukraine were analyzed. RESULTS. During 2022-2023, there was a negative trend in the incidence of TB – an increase in the incidence among all age groups. Among the children with TB, an accretion in the percentage of the most vulnerable contingents – children younger than 1 year old and adolescents (15-17 years old) – has been observed. Simultaneously there were a decrease in the number of children with small, limited forms of TB and an increase in the percentage of patients with bacterial excretion in all age groups. CONCLUSIONS. During the previous 2 years, for obvious reasons, the situation with TB detection, treatment and follow-up has deteriorated significantly. During the war, all children in Ukraine belong to the high-risk group for infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and TB disease and need (at the earliest opportunity) a specific screening examination for TB.

The War Against Ukraine and the EU: Facing New Realities, edited by Claudia Wiesner and Michèle Knodt. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. XIII, 230 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35040-5.

This book discusses the multiple implications of the war against Ukraine for the EU political system. It draws on a number of different authors to analyse the main dimensions of the Russian attack on Ukraine and the subsequent large-scale war, which impact the global order and EU foreign policy. In the context of war and Russia’s large-scale invasion of Ukraine, the EU needs to position itself in a changing world order, internal and external challenges to liberal democracy and the development of its strategic autonomy. In various chapters of the book, the development and strengthening of strategic partnership and friendship with Ukraine is considered by the EU as one of the central foreign policy priorities. Without the support of the Ukrainian partner, it is difficult for the EU to achieve positive results in European politics and play the role of an influential power in the international arena. In this context, various authors note that only the formation of political and economic ties between the EU and Ukraine will be the optimal way out of the full-scale war and crisis that Ukraine has found itself in. Only the combination of opportunities and efforts will allow the Ukrainian political elite and society to eventually stand on par with leading European countries.

Digitization as a new reality under conditions of social instability

The article deals with the phenomenon of digitization as a new reality of today's economic and everyday life, its active development and expansion. Emphasizing the concept of the development of the digital economy and society long before the COVID-19 pandemic and large-scale war (for the period of 2018-2020), and therefore the approval of the National Economic Strategy until 2030, marked the place of Ukraine in the global context and determined the incentives for the further development of digitalization in order to achieve a competitive level of our country in the world. Participation in various world ratings for determining the degree of technological development, network readiness (NRI), innovation level (GII), and global competitiveness (GCI), etc. clearly shows the level of development of information and communication technologies in the country, allows you to assess its potential in this area, and shows its strongest and weakest points. The results of these assessments, published annually in reports, show the ability of our country to be among the top fifty countries of the world and to compete decently on the international market, if not in technical terms, then in the potential of human resources despite any negative circumstances and a long war. The article also talks about the benefits and potential risks of digitization in all areas (the danger of cyber threats, unemployment, digital inequality, of the artificial intelligence development, etc.). Emphasis on positives and negatives is relevant and important for strategic forecasts and planning, both in defeating the enemy on the battlefield and in further rebuilding the state and its competitiveness at the international level.

Environmental impacts of shifts in surface urban heat island, emissions, and nighttime light during the Russia-Ukraine war in Ukrainian cities.

As recent geopolitical conflicts and climate change escalate, the effects of war on the atmosphere remain uncertain, in particular in the context of the recent large-scale war between Russia and Ukraine. We use satellite remote sensing techniques to establish the effects that reduced human activities in urban centers of Ukraine (Kharkiv, Donetsk, and Mariupol) have on Land Surface Temperatures (LST), Urban Heat Islands (UHI), emissions, and nighttime light. A variety of climate indicators, such as hot spots, changes in the intensity and area of the UHI, and changes in LST thresholds during 2022, are differentiated with pre-war conditions as a reference period (i.e., 2012-2022). Findings show that nighttime hot spots in 2022 for all three cities cover a smaller area than during the reference period, with a maximum decrease of 3.9% recorded for Donetsk. The largest areal decrease of nighttime UHI is recorded for Kharkiv (- 12.86%). Our results for air quality changes show a significant decrease in carbon monoxide (- 2.7%, based on the average for the three cities investigated) and an increase in Absorbing Aerosol Index (27.2%, based on the average for the three cities investigated) during the war (2022), compared to the years before the war (2019-2021). The 27.2% reduction in nighttime urban light during the first year of the war, compared to the years before the war, provides another measure of conflict-impact in the socio-economic urban environment. This study demonstrates the innovative application of satellite remote sensing to provide unique insights into the local-scale atmospheric consequences of human-related disasters, such as war. The use of high-resolution satellite data allows for the detection of subtle changes in urban climates and air quality, which are crucial for understanding the broader environmental impacts of geopolitical conflicts. Our approach not only enhances the understanding of war-related impacts on urban environments but also underscores the importance of continuous monitoring and assessment to inform policy and mitigation strategies.

Legitimacy of Israel-Hamas war: an analytical overview

It has been more than two months since the Israel-Hamas war broke out. From the very beginning, the war victims were facing a terrible situation. Ultimately with the mediation of US and Egypt, both parties agreed for a ceasefire of four-day effective from November 25, 2023 to release the people taken captive during the war. According to this ceasefire, Hamas will release 50 Israeli hostages and in return Israel will respond with a release of 150 Palestinians. Israel will respond only if the initiative is taken by Hamas. After seven days, the heavy strikes have again resumed by Israel. But here the question arises, who has been actually benefited by this unwanted war which suddenly exploded? The most sufferers from both sides are the civilians only who have to face hatred from their opponents. The conflict between them is not new; both sides have been utmost disliking for each other since ancient times, resulting in such types of attacks. Even in recent years also, chronological attacks were recorded on Jerusalem from both sides. In these attacks, the world witnessed total contravention of the human being rights of the civilians and even war related international norms were also intentionally ignored. But now, it seems that the present conflict has divided the entire world into two parts. The situation seems to be going out of control day by day as per the commitment of both sides. If this situation continues and couldn’t be handled timely then there might be a possibility of large-scale war and even one couldn’t rule out the feasibility of third world war. Now, it shall remain the matter of time being to see how long this conflict lasts. The present paper is an effort to analytically overview the root cause of the conflict and a mere attempt to evaluate the contemporary situation of the region with a possible positive comment on the resolution side of the dispute in the larger interest of mankind.

ENVIRONMENTAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: ROLE IN SOLVING ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES AND ENSURING SOCIAL INCLUSION

The article studies the essence of environmental entrepreneurship and its role in solving modern environmental challenges and social problems. Balancing economic, social, and ecological goals, environmental entrepreneurs at all stages of their activities prioritize sustainable development and responsible and reasonable strategic decisions that form the long-term value of entrepreneurial activity. Thus, environmental entrepreneurship, introducing social and ecological innovations, rational use of resources and minimization of negative impact on the environment, ensuring a continuous recycling and absorption process of any material, promotes economic growth and social welfare of all segments of the population; promotes social inclusion and integration, a realization of human potential, business activity, entrepreneurial ability; expands opportunities for people with special needs, and marginalized; improves the level and quality of their life, reduces the differentiation of society, etc. Analysis of international experience has revealed that, in modern conditions, environmental entrepreneurship has received international recognition as a response to global environmental challenges. At the same time, international cooperation, standardization, and technology exchange are key factors in the development of ecological entrepreneurship at the international level. Legislative support, financial incentives, and increased consumer awareness create a favorable environment for green (sustainable) businesses. Despite the challenges of a large-scale war, progress is being made in the development of environmental entrepreneurship in Ukraine, in particular through the restoration of infrastructure and the introduction of European environmental standards. It is generalized that the development of environmental initiatives in the context of the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine will ensure the realization of the potential to stimulate economic development, create new opportunities for business and employment, generate profit and income, ensure the restoration of affected areas and rural development, promote the transition to a low-carbon economy, solve social problems. However, the implementation of these tasks requires compliance with the following principles: an integrated approach to the balance of economic, social, and environmental components of environmental entrepreneurship in the interests of sustainable development; investments in education to spread knowledge and skills in the formation of sustainable development public culture; impact investments, inclusive social and environmental innovations as the basis for economic growth; cooperation between governments, businesses, society, and communities as the basis for implementing sustainable development initiatives.

EARLY RESULTS OF SHOULDER ARTHRODESIS WITH 3D-TITANIUM IMPLANTS FOR TREATMENT OF SEVERE GUNSHOT WOUNDS OF THE SHOULDER GIRDLE

As a result of large-scale war in Ukraine, the frequency of gunshot wounds of the upper extremities has increased dramatically, accompanied by massive damage to soft tissue, neurovascular plexuses, and significant bone deficiency, so their treatment with traditional methods is risky. This leads to the development of new treatment methods, in particular, techniques for shoulder arthrodesis. Objective. To investigate the effectiveness of shoulder arthrodesis using an individual 3D-titanium implant and or a locked compression plate (LCP) with bone autoplasty for the treatment of severe combat trauma of the upper extremity. Methods. In 2022–2023, 19 men aged 36.2 (24–52) years with severe combat trauma of the upper extremity underwent shoulder arthrodesis using individual 3D-titanium implants (n = 9) or LCP with bone autoplasty (n = 10). The follow-up period was 18 months. Individual 3D-implants were created in the CAD program Autodesk Fusion 360 and made of Ti6AI4V alloy by three- dimensional metal 3D-printing. The functional status of the shoulder joint was assessed by the Oxford Shoulder Score, VAS at 6 and 12 months after surgery. Fusion was checked radiographically at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. Results. The average follow-up period was 12 months. Ankylosis of the shoulder joint was formed in 18 (95 %) patients, and clinical consolidation without final restructuring with a positive tendency to bone fusion was detected in one patient (5 %). Radiologically confirmed fusion in 8.5 months (6–12). After 12 months, a decrease in pain (VAS: 5 to 1 points; p < 0.001) and improvement in the condition of the shoulder (Oxford Shoulder Score: 25 to 40 points, p < 0.001) were found compared with 6 months. Conclusions. Treatment of severe combat trauma of the upper extremity by shoulder arthrodesis allows to eliminate pain and restore sufficient function to perform daily tasks one year after surgery. The combination of shoulder arthrodesis with individual 3D-implants resulted in the restoration of upper limb function in all 9 patients with massive bone and muscle defects.

World War II and the Theme of Genocide in the Public Memory of Socialist Yugoslavia

The internal Yugoslav massacres and genocide committed during the Second World War left the postwar Yugoslav state with a complicated legacy. How could the new authorities rebuild the country, drawing on the heroic memory of the victories of the communist-led partisans against the wartime occupiers and collaborators, while at the same time explaining the large-scale war crimes and genocide committed by Yugoslavs against other Yugoslavs? This article surveys the ways in which the internal Yugoslav war crimes were described and explained as part of public memory of the Second World War in Socialist Yugoslavia. It explores how the history of massacres and genocide coexisted with the glorious partisan myth and how the history of these massacres in a way contributed to creating a usable memory out of the Second World War. Moreover, it shows how wartime memory was profoundly changed when the history of internal Yugoslav massacres was increasingly understood as part of what Jasna Dragovic-Soso has called a ‘theme of genocide’ during the last decades of the socialist state. The article suggests that the thematisation may have been a logical and necessary rethinking of Second World War history. Yet, it also argues that the substantial revisiting of this history was sometimes accompanied by irresponsible manipulation which contributed to enabling highly problematic types of memory politics both during and after Yugoslavia's existence.

METHODS OF TECHNICAL DIAGNOSTICS OF MILITARY AUTOMOTIVE EQUIPMENT SAMPLES

The article is devoted to the importance of modern diagnostics of military automotive equipment (MAE) in Ukraine to ensure timely and high-quality maintenance and repair, especially amid the full-scale invasion and a large-scale war. With the increasing number of the latest models equipped with advanced electronic systems, the demand for qualified specialists and equipment for their diagnostics maintenance and repair is growing. The article examines recent research and publications in this field, and discusses maintenance and repair strategies, as well as the potential for implementing the latest diagnostic technologies in the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Special attention is given to diagnosing Soviet-made samples and the necessity of developing universal methods to ensure their effective maintenance and repair. The article analyzes the capabilities of computer diagnostics of automobile systems as well as provides a detailed analysis of sensors that allow you to determine the current technical condition of a vehicle.
 In addition, the article describes a motor testing device, its technical capabilities as for computer diagnostics of vehicles that are not equipped with sensors.
 The results of technical diagnostics of a military vehicle using a motor testing device are also presented.
 The article highlights the importance of developing a universal methodology for technical diagnostics that would take into account recent achievements and a high-level of diagnostics for MAE samples of the Ukrainian Armed Forces. A universal methodology for effective diagnostics of the MAE samples of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is proposed. The methodology is based on a detailed description of computer diagnostics, taking into account the importance of the motor tester and the research conducted with its assistance.

Trends of architectural and planning structure of children's preschool institutions in modern conditions

In the conditions of a large-scale war in Ukraine, which began on February 24, 2022, the problem of protecting the population has become urgent. This problem is considered both in the context of housing and businesses that continue to operate. In order to improve the level of safety and comfort, it is important to evaluate the architectural and planning features of existing preschools, to determine the nomenclature of the necessary premises and the possibilities of their arrangement. At this stage, the question arises regarding their improvement and development in accordance with modern achievements of pedagogy, levels of safety and accessibility from the point of view of inclusion. The list of existing standards that can be operated by an architect during the design of preschool institutions is minimal and is supplemented every year with new standards that meet the needs of society. It is necessary not only to provide children with spaces for physical and psychological safety, but also to pay special attention to the filling and zoning of such spaces so that current realities do not prevent children from developing and learning safely. To solve such tasks, it is necessary to analyze the real state of preschool institutions and find directions for their renovation. The reform of preschool education in Ukraine includes a number of measures that will in some way affect the structure of kindergarten buildings in the future. A flexible system of preschool education provides for the creation of different groups in kindergartens: advisory, outing, seasonal, partial weekend, etc. Such a list of options for preschool training will consistently affect the selection of rooms in kindergartens. It will be appropriate to review the number of group cells, the location of the entrances to them, create a room with additional functions, and also take care of a barrier-free space. Examples of additional rooms: salt rooms, psychological relief rooms (sensory rooms), shelters and bomb shelters. Such initiatives contribute to the improvement of psychological well-being and preservation of children's nervous system, solve the issue of children's safety during their stay in kindergartens. In modern projects of preschool institutions, special rooms are already being created that were not relevant before, however, such innovations are rare and their arrangement does not yet have clear requirements. The relevance in the design of shelters, sensory and salt rooms cannot be doubted. The value of rehabilitation spaces in children's institutions grows every year and acquires a new meaning. The use of the additional facilities mentioned in the article allows children to be rehabilitated and to improve their sense of security, easy adaptation to the changes that are happening around them. Such proposals contribute to the preservation of the children's nervous system, which is an important factor in full-fledged development. An analysis of the planning solution of existing kindergartens confirms the need to implement a number of measures regarding their renovation, which are aimed at creating additional functional areas by reducing the number of group cells, replanning and arranging the basement floors, addressing opportunities for creating a barrier-free space on the territory for parents with inclusiveness. Also important are issues related to the solution of strengthening basement floors, equipment of additional ventilation ducts, review of vertical communications - stair-elevator units, evacuation stairs, arrangement of new premises within the existing structure, completion of additional floors.

Escalation of armed violence: the problem of the limit

The article, based on the mimetic model of military activity, examines the problem of the escalation of armed violence. The author identifies constructive mimesis, aimed at strengthening of social solidarity, and destructive mimesis, which can be regarded as a source of escalation of violence. For the classic of military theory Carl von Clausewitz the limit of violence acts as a speculative figure, but in the nuclear era the absolute maximum of violence received clear empirical contours. The article analyzes escalation ladders, the final step of which is the large-scale war using nuclear weapons. It is concluded that modern reflection on armed violence includes the phenomenon of the limit as its integral horizon; it is further connected with the search for tools for self-limitation of military activity.

PECULIARITIES OF THE RELATIONSHIPS OF FAMILY UPBRINGING STYLES AND PARENTAL ATTITUDES WITH CHILDREN’S FEAR AND ANXIETY

The article presents the results of a study comparing family upbringing strategies with parents’ attitudes towards children, comparing the parenting styles of fathers and mothers, comparing groups of children with different levels of parental control during Russia’s large-scale war in Ukraine. It is noted that during Russia’s large-scale war in Ukraine, the focus of scientific research has been somewhat shifted to vectors related to the peculiarities of experiencing traumatic events by different segments of the population. However, the focus of our research is on changes in the family system in times of adversity. The purpose of our study was to identify the peculiarities of the relationship between family upbringing styles and parental attitudes and the fears and anxiety of primary school children during the war.
 Comparison of the groups of mothers and fathers under study made it possible to see differences in family upbringing strategies. It was found that a higher level of fear and anxiety is observed in children whose parents have a high level of parental control. It has been found that an increase in the level of control and the degree of parental demands that characterize authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles contribute to the growth of child anxiety. 
 Based on the study, the following conclusions were made: the overall childhood anxiety of primary school students is inversely related to the family upbringing strategy, so the increase in the level of control and the degree of parental demands (which subjectively increase during the war), which characterize the authoritarian and authoritative styles of upbringing, contribute to the growth of childhood anxiety.
 Comparing groups of children with different levels of control revealed differences in the level of fear and anxiety. Given that the parents studied showed oppositely high rates of authoritarian, authoritative (mothers) and indifferent (fathers) parenting styles, it is argued that the difference in parenting styles is one of the leading psychological factors of anxiety in primary school children during war. 
 This was also confirmed by the results of factor analysis, which revealed one factor – control and negative attitude to the child’s failures (high demands), and another factor – cooperation and emotional acceptance as a prevention of anxiety.

Gradually and then suddenly: the effects of Russia’s attacks on the evolution of cybersecurity policy in Lithuania

ABSTRACT This article examines how public policy, governance and institutional structures have been established and transformed in response to cyberattacks attributed to Russia that focused political attention in Lithuania. It argues that, despite the growing number of cyberattacks, political and institutional change has initially been slow and it has taken a decade to establish an adequate legal and institutional framework. The reasons for such a slow change are analysed, highlighting limited capacity (lack of understanding of cybersecurity by policy-makers and the lack of attention and other resources allocated to it), institutional fragmentation and coordination problems. It was only after Russia’s aggression against Ukraine in 2014 that cybersecurity policy started to be seen through the prism of national security and parliamentary elections created a window of opportunity for change, which resulted in significant policy transformation in 2017–2018. Interestingly, since then it remained relatively stable, even after Russia’s large scale war against Ukraine in 2022, which had only led to operational cybersecurity policy changes in Lithuania. The article contributes to the debates on the role of external shocks on policy change and the mediating factors which can slow down or facilitate change.

SOCIAL PROTECTION AND SOCIAL SECURITY IN UKRAINE UNDER MARTIAL LAW

Introduction. Features of the financing of social protection and social security in conditions of large-scale war include increased spending on military needs, assistance to IDPs, reconstruction of damaged infrastructure facilities, and provision of medical assistance to the injured. On the other hand, martial law can lead to a reduction in spending on social programs due to the redistribution of budget funds to the country’s defense needs. The study of this topic will make it possible to understand how the military conflict affects the financial possibilities of providing social protection and social security for the population of Ukraine, to identify problematic aspects and to look for effective financing strategies in such conditions. The purpose of the article is to reveal the theoretical and practical foundations of the financing mechanism of social protection and social security in Ukraine, to identify possible strategies and prospects for optimizing this system in the face of new challenges. Results. The theoretical foundations of financing social protection and social security in Ukraine are highlighted. The dynamics of budgetary financing of social protection and social security and the structure and composition of expenditures of the State and local budgets for social security and social security are analyzed. The peculiarities of expenditures on social protection and social welfare in the conditions of a large-scale war are highlighted. The main problems were revealed and ways of improving the system of financing social protection and social security were formed. Conclusions. The beginning of a large-scale war on the territory of Ukraine significantly affected the social protection of the population. The hostilities caused an increase in expenses for social assistance, and in the future only an increase in this item of expenses is predicted. In the post-war years, spending on social protection and social security will only increase due to a significant increase in war veterans, persons with disabilities, IDPs affected by the military conflict, as well as citizens who will suffer from economic difficulties and social challenges caused by the war. Therefore, today, an important task for the state is to ensure social protection and social security during such a crisis situation as war, and in the future - comprehensive regulation of the social protection system of Ukraine.

Methodological approaches to determining the levels of motivation of citizens to enlist or continue service in the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the context of a large-scale war

Methodological approaches to determining the levels of motivation of citizens to enlist or continue service in the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the context of a large-scale war

The Civil War (1918-1922) in the historical politics of Russian political parties.

In the Soviet Union, the history of the Civil War was one of the important parts of the historical "myth", which ceased to exist shortly before the collapse of the country. Although three decades have passed since the collapse of the USSR, there has not been a unified attitude in society towards this conflict. The article presents a study of the collective memory of the Civil War in Russia based on the narratives of political parties. Modern parties, as part of the formation of their historical policy, offered their own vision of the events of the Civil War. The author of the article analyzes the attitude of parties to the parties to the conflict and personalities, highlights the key features of the image of the past formed by them. The main sources were official documents of the parties, election programs, speeches and publications of party leaders, books, materials of official websites. The results of the study are based on the use of general scientific methods and principles of scientific cognition, comparative analysis, and a systematic approach. The main conclusion of the study is the lack of a unified approach among modern political parties in assessing the events of the Civil War. Liberal and conservative-patriotic parties blamed the beginning of the conflict on the "Reds", the Communist Party – on the anti-Bolshevik camp, the rest expressed the opinion that all parties to the conflict were to blame. The parties also assessed the degree of foreign influence differently – communist and patriotic associations believe that the conflict has escalated into a large-scale war due to the intervention of the Entente countries. In modern political discussion, appeals to personalities are rare: parties resort to generalizations "Bolsheviks", "whites" and similar synonyms, the parties to the conflict in party narratives, as a rule, are faceless. From the personalities of the Civil War, they often turned to the figures of V. I. Lenin and A.V. Kolchak, evaluating them depending on their political preferences. The only conclusion common to all political parties was the unacceptability of a repeat of civil conflicts in Russia, in their opinion, the country should develop, avoiding such shocks.

DESTRUCTION OF UKRAINIAN CITIES DURING THE RUSSIAN AGGRESSION (SOCIO-GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS BASED ON MARIUPOL)

The objective of this study is to examine and summarize the features and consequences of the devastation of cities in southeastern Ukraine by the Russian invaders during the initial phase of a large-scale war. It has been determined that the occupier’s adoption of the scorched earth tactic resulted in the complete destruction of numerous settlements, including dozens of cities within the country. It led to a severe disruption of the state’s territorial planning structure. Mariupol, a prominent socio-economic center of the nation, endured extensive devastation and significant civilian casualties. The article examines the distinctive characteristics of the town’s economic progress, the development of its society, the identity of its population, and its social roles. Special emphasis is given to the establishment of the city’s planning framework in response to economic and environmental factors. The planning structure significantly influenced the enemy’s advance, the positioning of the city’s defenders’ strongholds, and the areas that were destroyed. The authors aim to analyze the socio-economic and demographic situation in the city under occupation, based on the media screening. The city has experienced significant civilian casualties, and both its economic framework and infrastructure have been entirely demolished. The occupiers’ statements regarding the reconstruction of Mariupol can be characterized as propagandistic and primarily consisting of declarations. The governing authorities are actively implementing measures to alter the ethnic composition of the population and its cultural identity. The authors define the large-scale destruction of Mariupol and the extermination of its population as the initial phase of a more intricate process of comprehensive urban transformation, referred to as urban transmutation. The key component of it involves an extensive redesign of the city’s urban foundation, planning, and functional framework, as well as the city’s population with its demographic traits, educational attainment, and cultural identity. The post-war reconstruction of Mariupol should incorporate a reevaluation of its role, as the complete reconstruction of ferrous metallurgy in Mariupol during this process presents major challenges. The city’s reconstruction should prioritize the adoption of cutting-edge technological systems centered around digitalization, green technologies, circular production, and other similar advancements.