Large-scale Use Of Electric Vehicles Research Articles

Research on the pricing strategy of park electric vehicle agent considering carbon trading

The large-scale use of electric vehicles provides the strong support for the realization of the decarbonization in the energy sectors. With the maturity of the carbon trading market, a large number of decentralized electric vehicles play an important role in the carbon market because of their zero emission characteristics. However, how the decentralized electric vehicles participate in the carbon market is a challenge in the present world. For the purpose of reducing the load peak-valley difference and guiding a large number of electric vehicles in the park to charge in an orderly manner, we put forward a pricing strategy for the park electric vehicle agent under the background of “carbon peaking and carbon neutralization”. A two-level Stackelberg game model is developed, in which the upper level maximizes the profits of park electric vehicle agent and the lower level minimizes the charging cost of the electric vehicle owners. The park electric vehicle agent participates in the carbon market by selling the carbon emission allowances owned by electric vehicles in the park to obtain subsidies and increase profits. The optimal pricing strategy of the electric vehicle agent can effectively guide the decentralized electric vehicle users in the park to participate in the electricity and carbon market transactions and reduce the peak-valley load difference. The commercial solver CPLEX based on YALMIP is used to solve the model, and a case study is given to verify the feasibility and validity of the proposed scheme.

Microwave-ultra-fast recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries by deep eutectic solvents

The large-scale use of electric vehicles produced massive discarded lithium-ion batteries, containing many recyclable valuable metals and toxic and harmful substances. Biodegradable and recyclable deep eutectic solvent (DES) is considered a green recycling technology for spent LIBs. Herein, we proposed a microwave-enhanced approach to shorten the leaching time in the urea/lactic acid: choline chloride: ethylene glycol DES system. The dipole moments induced by urea or lactic acid on LiCoO2 surface increased over two orders of magnitude under the high electric field. Because of this, over 90 % of Li and Co can be fast leached at 4 min and 160 W in the urea/lactic acid: choline chloride: ethylene glycol DES system. Meanwhile, we established two models to explain the leaching mechanism of metal ions from their leaching kinetics and micro-level behavior, and named them dot-etching and layer-peeling processes, respectively. By further analyzing, we found that the dot-etching can be attributed to the synergistic effect of reduction and coordination, which caused the surface of leaching residues porous. The layer-peeling process depends on neutralization, and the leaching residues had a smooth surface in this process. This work highlights the effect of microwave-enhanced strategy and DES surface chemistry on spent electrode materials recovery.

A smart management system of electric vehicles charging plans on the highway charging stations

Electric vehicles (EVs) are seen as one of the principal pillars of smart transportation to relieve the airborne pollution induced by fossil CO2 emissions. However, the battery limit, especially where the journey is with a long-distance road remains the most formidable obstacle to the large-scale use of EVs. To overcome the issue of prolonged waiting charging time due to the large number of EVs may have a charging plan at the same charging station (CS) along the highway, we propose a communication system to manage the EVs charging demands. The architecture system contains a smart scheduling algorithm to minimize trip time including waiting time, previous reservations and energyare needed to reach the destination. Moreover, an automatic mechanism for updating reservation is integrated to adjust the EVs charging plans. The results of the evaluation under the Moroccan highway scenario connecting Rabat and Agadir show the effectiveness of our proposal system.<br /><div> </div>

Charging station planning based on the accumulation prospect theory and dynamic user equilibrium

Large-scale use of electric vehicles will greatly increase the traffic pressure on urban road network. Therefore, planning of charging stations for electric vehicles considering charging demand and transportation network is particularly important for the coordinated development of electric vehicles and intelligent transportation. Under the condition of bounded rationality, this paper considers such factors as the travel utility perception difference between the users of fuel vehicles and electric vehicles, the time-varying of traffic flow, the location and service level of charging stations. On this basis, combining the cumulative prospect theory, dynamic traffic flow allocation and charging demands, a two-level programming model is established to solve the problem of charging station site selection. The upper layer is a system optimal model, the goal is to minimize the travel time of the network. The lower model describes the time-variability of departure time and the randomness of charging and travel behaviors, establishes the dynamic user equilibrium model and designs the heuristic algorithm. The validity of the model and algorithm is verified by a numerical example. Through the simulation experiment, the optimal location scheme of charging station under different electric vehicle proportion is obtained, and the driving characteristics of two types of vehicles are analyzed. Compared with the traditional model, it is found that the charging station planning considering bounded rationality can achieve higher road network traffic efficiency with fewer charging piles.

Reliability improvement of distribution system considering EV parking lots

Metropolitan cities have hundreds of parking lots (PLs), where each PL may have a capacity to hold hundreds of cars. Large-scale use of electric vehicles coupled with technological advancements in battery storage systems provide several technical and economic benefits of integrating PLs into the grid. This study presents the impacts of electric vehicle PLs on the distribution system reliability. The reliability indices of the distribution feeder are determined using recently proposed novel storage capacity model of a PL that accounts for the load and component outage data of the distribution feeder. The paper uses average interruption duration, average interruption frequency, and energy not served as feeder reliability indices. For load point reliability indices interruption frequency, interruption duration and energy not served are used. Numerical results, thus attained, show that for the backup operation mode of the PL; the feeder reliability indices and load point reliability indices improve up to 26% and 44% respectively.

Charging and Discharging Scheduling for Electrical Vehicles Using a Shapley-Value Approach

The number of electric vehicles (EV) in the world has been increasing and is gaining momentum. The large-scale use of EVs in public life has initiated the need to establish EV battery charging services within the power system. Currently, EVs serve as a transportation tool and also as a flexible load. This publication examines the possibility of the owner of an electric vehicle choosing a battery recharging point, as well as of the involvement of several decision makers in the selection of a charging schedule. This problem is important because we assume that a significant proportion of EVs mainly use two parking spaces, one located close to the place of residence and another close to the workplace. We accept and prove that a car charging station can be created by the employer (company) and implemented in the best interests of the employer and the employee (EV owner). For that, a coalition between the company and the EV owner has to be formed. To support rational decisions, this study solves the problem using the cooperative game theory and designs a payment distribution mechanism based on the Shapley value. The results obtained prove that the coalition is beneficial under different conditions, which depend on the capacity of the EV, the distance between the workplace and the place of residence, the difference in the electricity prices of the day, as well as the consumption of the company. In order to estimate the coalition’s gain, it is necessary to take into account the structure of the power tariff system for both the company and the EV owner. Furthermore, we prove that the presence of a coalition allows the company and the EV owner to reduce the annual fee for consumed power. The results of this analysis could be adopted by decision makers such as government agencies, companies, EV owners, and they are recommended for potential investors for the development of transport electrification and smart energy.

Multi-objective Planning Model of Electric Vehicle Charging Station

Reasonable planning of electric vehicle charging station is of great significance for large-scale use of electric vehicles. Based on the analysis of charging station construction requirements, a multi-objective planning model for charging station location problem considering users' satisfaction and operator benefits is constructed. From the point of view of users' satisfaction, consider the electric vehicle charging station's location problem with two parts, one is minimum of driving distance, the other is shortest time of waiting for charging. From the point of view of operator benefits, is the lowest cost of construction of charging station. Then, the improved tabu-genetic algorithm is proposed to solve this model. The test results show that the model proposed in this paper can effectively determine the locations and the service regions of the recharging stations, and the algorithm is quick and effective.